自由汇流旋涡多相耦合输运演变机理

含自由液面的汇流旋涡抽吸演变中存在多相耦合、物质传输、能量剧烈交换等物理过程,其中所涉及的多相流体耦合输运机理是具有高度非线性特征的复杂动力学问题,多相黏滞耦合输运动力学建模与数值求解具有较高难度.针对上述问题,提出一种含自由液面的汇流旋涡多相耦合输运建模与求解方法.基于水平集-流体体积耦合(CLSVOF)计算方法,结合连续表面张力模型和可实现(k-ε)湍流模型,建立含自由液面的汇流旋涡多相耦合输运动力学模型;利用一种有效的体积修正方案来计算高速旋转多相流,保证流场质量守恒和无散度的速度场;结合相间耦合求解策略对多相流体分布与多相界面进行精确追踪.基于旋流场多特征物理变量,得到多相耦合界面动态演变与跨尺度涡团输运规律,揭示了多相耦合输运过程与压力脉动特性之间的相互作用机理.研究结果表明:多相耦合输运过程是流体介质过渡的关键状态,旋涡微团受到不同时空扰动模式在界面处形成层层螺纹波形;旋涡多相耦合输运过程随着水口尺度增大而增强,且耦合能量激波引起非线性压力脉动现象.研究结果可为旋涡输运机理、涡团跨尺度求解、流型追踪等方面的研究提供有益借鉴.     

可压流体Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性的离散Boltzmann模拟

使用离散Boltzmann模型模拟了可压流体系统中多模初始情况下的Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性.该离散Boltzmann模型等效于一个Navier-Stokes模型外加一个关于热动非平衡行为的粗粒化模型.通过模拟Riemann问题:Sod激波管、冲击波碰撞和热Couette流问题验证模型的有效性,所得数值结果与解析解一致.利用该模型对界面间断随机多模初始扰动的可压Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性进行数值模拟研究,得到不稳定性界面演化过程的基本图像.由于黏性和热传导共同作用,一开始扰动界面被"抹平",演化较慢;随着模式互相耦合而减少,演化开始加速,并经历非线性小扰动阶段和不规则非线性阶段,而后发展成典型的"蘑菇状",后期进入湍流混合阶段.由于扰动模式的耦合与发展,轻重流体的重力势能、压缩能与动能相互转化,系统先是趋于热动平衡态,而后偏离热动平衡态以线性形式增长,接着再次趋于热动平衡态,最后慢慢远离热动平衡态.     

自由液面高度对圆柱绕流特性的影响

本文采用有限体积法和VOF方法,对不同自由液面高度(Z=1D~4D,其中D为圆柱直径)下的圆柱绕流进行了数值研究。研究1×10~4≤Re≤7×10~4范围内,自由液面高度对圆柱绕流流场动力学特性和尾迹旋涡形态的影响。结果表明:自由液面的存在会导致圆柱的阻力系数和升力系数较无自由液面时减小。当Re一定时,阻力系数随着Z的增大而减小,升力系数随着Z的增大而增大。Z=1D时,自由液面的波动和变形较大,圆柱后旋涡形成受到自由液面的扰动,无法完全形成即脱落。随着Z增大,圆柱边界层逐渐向下拉伸,自由液面对圆柱后旋涡形成的扰动作用减弱。当.Z=4D时,圆柱后尾迹旋涡形态已经基本与无自由液面流场的一致,可以观察到标准的卡门涡街图像。     

超声速边界层中壁面抽吸对流动分离的抑制作用

当超声速或高超声速来流经过压缩折角时，由于壁面的位移效应，折角附近往往出现较强的逆压梯度，进而很可能导致流动分离，并伴随着激波与边界层干扰问题的出现.在工程应用中，流动分离会带来诸多不利因素.一个抑制流动分离的有效措施是在折角的上游引入定常的壁面抽吸单元.基于大Reynolds数渐近理论框架下的三层结构理论，文章研究了壁面抽吸抑制层流边界层分离的机理.研究发现，只要抽吸元被安置在折角上游O（R-3/8L）范围内，决定抑制效果的关键参数是抽吸的流量，而与抽吸元的位置无关；同时改变抽吸元的宽度和抽吸速度而保持抽吸流量不变并不影响其对分离区的抑制效果.      

锅炉干排渣机内空气流动和传热的数值模拟

本文对锅炉于排淹机内的空气流动和传热进行了数值模拟,并将数值结果与实验数据进行了比较.数值结果表明,本文数值计算获得的数据与实验数据基本是吻合的;当增加干排淹机进山口压差时,空气对渣的冷却加强;在保持流量不变时,干排渣机尾部进气口对渣的冷却效果影响较大;在渣的厚度不变时,增加钢带速度,出口渣温增高.本文数值结果和分析,可为设计和进一步发展下式除渣系统提供参考.     

离心泵流量突增过程瞬态流动研究

为研究离心泵流量突增过程所表现的外部瞬态水力特性及其内部流动机理,对离心泵在管路阀门突然开启条件下的特性进行数值模拟和实验研究。测试了不同稳定流量下的离心泵外特性和内流场,验证了稳态工况下的仿真结果。在稳态实验与仿真的基础上,利用分离涡模型(DES)对离心泵流量突增过程的流场进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明,流量突增的瞬态过程的流量-扬程曲线明显偏离稳态值,其主要原因是流量变化引起的流体加速效应及泵内的旋涡结构的不断演化。     

液滴超声速气动破碎初期界面不稳定性

针对液滴破碎问题,获得并揭示两相界面演化特征机理.采用数值模拟方法,观察了超声速条件下的液滴气动破碎初期的界面不稳定性.基于数值模拟结果和线性稳定性理论,综合分析表明,Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性和Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性均对源于驻点和外环之间中段附近处的主导扰动产生作用.保持其他流动特性不变,降低K-H不稳定性的影响,对数值模拟进行了专门改进,进一步验证了前述结论.      

气泡与自由液面相互作用形成水射流的机理研究

为探究气泡与自由液面相互作用形成水射流的机理,利用高速摄影系统对电火花引起的气泡脉动和水射流现象进行了实验研究.通过改变气泡初始深度,得到了不同无量纲距离条件下气泡与自由面相互作用形成水射流和气泡脉动的动态过程的图像.通过对不同工况下水射流的形成过程的图像进行分析,发现气泡二次脉动引起的水面扰动与一次脉动引起的水面扰动的叠加是产生不同水面现象的实质性机理,而气泡距离自由液面的无量纲距离对两次扰动的叠加效果起着决定性影响.研究结果可以为气泡与自由液面相互作用导致不同水面现象的认知提供新的视角和参考.     

多光子T-C模型中场熵的演化

利用Tavis-Cummings模型研究了耦合二能级原子通过多光子跃迁与相干态光场相互作用系统中场熵的演化规律,讨论了原子间耦合强度和光场初始平均光子数的变化对场熵演化的影响。数值计算结果表明: 场熵的演化受原子间耦合强度和光场初始平均光子数的变化的影响.随光场初始平均光子数的增大,场熵平均值增大。     

无限薄平板边界层前缘感受性过程的数值研究

在边界层流中层流向湍流转捩机理的研究一直是人们所关注的重要理论课题之一.感受性阶段是边界层内整个转捩过程中的初始阶段,它在层流向湍流转捩过程中起着关键性的作用.但是,在过去的边界层前缘感受性研究中大多数都是针对外部声波小扰动,很少见到考虑在自由流中普遍存在的自由来流湍流作用下边界层内诱导前缘感受性问题的相关报道.本文采用直接数值模拟的方法,研究自由来流湍流与无限薄平板前缘驻点扰动作用下边界层流中前缘感受性过程的内在机理.数值结果发现,在自由来流湍流与无限薄平板前缘驻点扰动作用下边界层流中能被感受出一组小扰动波,且它们的色散关系、增长率、中性曲线等结果都与流动稳定性中的线性理论获得的理论解相一致,由此可知在边界层内被激发产生的一组小扰动波就是Tollmien-Schlichting波,这也证明自由来流湍流与无限薄平板前缘驻点扰动相互作用是激发边界层流中前缘感受性过程的另一种物理机理;另外,还探讨了自由来流湍流度以及自由来流湍流的运动方向对无限薄平板边界层前缘感受性过程有何影响等.总之,开展边界层前缘感受性过程的深入研究,有益于完善流动稳定性理论,将为层流向湍流转捩过程的预测提供合理的理论依据.     

Anatomy of a bathtub vortex

We present experiments and theory for the "bathtub vortex," which forms when a fluid drains out of a rotating cylindrical container through a small drain hole. The fast down-flow is found to be confined to a narrow and rapidly rotating "drainpipe" from the free surface down to the drain hole. Surrounding this drainpipe is a region with slow upward flow generated by the Ekman layer at the bottom of the container. This flow structure leads us to a theoretical model similar to one obtained earlier by Lundgren [J. Fluid Mech. 155, 381 (1985)]], but here including surface tension and Ekman upwelling, comparing favorably with our measurements. At the tip of the needlelike surface depression, we observe a bubble-forming instability at high rotation rates.     

Interaction of a submerged horseshoe vortex with a free surface

In this paper a submerged horseshoe vortex under a free surface is discussed and the algebraic expression of the wave elevation is obtained. From this expression, some characteristics of the ship wave are described. There exists a smooth region near $\theta = 0^\circ$, but when the uniform stream passes the other singularities (source, sink, doublet, etc.) there is no smooth region. The mechanism of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the narrow ship wakes is also explained.     

垂直排液过程不稳定性的数值模拟

为分析线框排液实验中液膜表面出现的不稳定现象及其成因,针对含有不溶性活性剂的线框液膜排液过程,模拟液膜底部的不稳定现象,分析Marangoni效应、膨胀黏性和扰动波数因素的影响。结果表明：底部扰动在排液开始比较剧烈,而后快速减弱,到排液后期又逐渐增强。排液开始的扰动是由初始扰动引起,而排液后期的扰动与活性剂分布有关。较弱的Marangoni效应可增强表面扰动,而较强的Marangoni效应则减弱底部扰动,使液膜呈刚性,发生表面逆流现象;较高的膨胀黏性减慢液膜排液进程,降低表面速度,且能抑制Marangoni效应引起的逆流现象;波数较大的扰动使液膜在排液初期的扰动变强,但对排液后期的稳定性不产生影响。     

Marker transfer in a settled composite vortex

The characteristics of the motion of solid-body markers over a settled composite vortex surface were studied using a laboratory apparatus. The vortex was generated in a cylindrical container filled with water using a rotating disc on the container bottom. The paths of solid-body markers were visualized. The radial distribution of the angular velocity of marker revolution around the container center was obtained. A relationship between eigenrotation frequencies and rotation around the container center occurred for two types of polypropylene markers (a flat square plate and a voluminous small tube).     

HYDROELASTIC COUPLED VIBRATIONS IN A CYLINDRICAL CONTAINER WITH A MEMBRANE BOTTOM, CONTAINING LIQUID WITH SURFACE TENSION

A linear free hydroelastic vibration analysis of a frictionless liquid with a free surface contained in a cylindrical tank with a flexible bottom has been performed. The side-wall has been treated as rigid and the effect of surface tension taken into consideration. The container bottom was treated as a membrane, while for the free liquid surface the effect of two contact line conditions has been investigated. One edge condition was that of a slipping contact line, while the other one treated the contact line as fixed, ie., an anchored edge. The vibration characteristics of a membrane-liquid coupled system have been investigated for various system parameters, i.e., membrane tension parameter T, liquid surface tension parameter σ, material density parameter ρ, liquid height ratio ?₀ and vibration mode numbers m and n. The degree of coupling between a membrane and a liquid was represented with vibration mode diagrams as well as with frequency diagrams. For axisymmetric coupled vibrations with anchored edge condition, vibration mode exchanging of both a membrane and liquid free surface with membrane bottom tension parameter T has been investigated. An interesting phenomenon which is only observed for a flexible bottom container and an anchored edge free surface condition is presented.     

Frequency Response of Near-Wall Coherent Structures to Localized Periodic Blowing and Suction in Turbulent Boundary Layer

We experimentally investigate the frequency response of near-wall coherent structures to localized periodic blow- ing and suction through a spanwise slot in a turbulent boundary layer by changing the frequency of periodic disturbance at similar velocities of free stream. The effects of blowing and suction disturbance on energy redistri- bution, turbulent intensity U^＋ rums over y^＋ and waveforms of phase-averaged velocity during sweeping process are respectively discussed under three frequencies of periodic blowing and suction in near-wall region of turbulent boundary layer, compared with those in a standard turbulent boundary layer. The most effective disturbance frequency is figured out in this system.     

Lagrangian coherent structures analysis of gas-liquid flow in a bubble column

The objective of this paper is to apply a new identifying method to investigating the gas-liquid two-phase flow behaviors in a bubble column with air injected into water.In the numerical simulations,the standard k-?turbulence model is employed to describe the turbulence phenomenon occurring in the continuous fluid.The Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponent(FTLE)and Lagrangian Coherent Structures(LCS)are applied to analyze the vortex structures in multiphase flow.Reasonable agreements are obtained between the numerical and experimental data.The numerical results show that the evolution of gas-liquid in the column includes initial and periodical developing stages.During the initial stage,the bubble hose is forming and extending along the vertical direction with the vortex structures formed symmetrically.During the periodical developing stage,the bubble hose starts to oscillate periodically,and the vortexes move along the bubble hose to the bottom of column alternately.Compared to the Euler-system-based identification criterion of a vortex,the FTLE field presents the boundary of a vortex without any threshold defined and the LCS represents the divergence extent of infinite neighboring particles.During the initial stage,the interfaces between the forward and backward flows are highlighted by the LCS.As for the periodical developing stage,the LCS curls near the vortex centers,providing a method of analyzing a flow field from a dynamical system perspective.     

表面弹性对含可溶性活性剂垂直液膜排液的影响

针对含可溶性活性剂的垂直液膜排液过程,在考虑表面弹性作用的基础上,采用润滑理论建立了液膜厚度、表面速度、表面和内部活性剂浓度的演化方程组,通过数值计算分析了表面弹性和活性剂溶解度耦合作用下的液膜演化特征.结果表明：表面弹性是影响可溶性活性剂垂直液膜排液过程中必不可少的因素.排液初期,随表面弹性增加,液膜初始厚度增大,表面更趋于刚性化.随排液进行,弹性不同的液膜呈现不同的典型排液特征：当弹性较小时,液膜上部表面张力高,下部表面张力低,产生正向的马兰戈尼效应,与重力作用相抗衡.当弹性较大时,膜上部表面张力低,下部表面张力高,产生逆向的马兰戈尼效应,促使液膜排液加速,更易发生失稳.活性剂溶解度通过控制液膜表面的活性剂分子吸附量,进而影响表面弹性：当活性剂溶解度较大时,液膜厚度较小,很快发生破断;随溶解度降低,液膜稳定性增加,初始表面弹性也随之增大,并随液膜变薄逐渐接近极限膨胀弹性值.     

The peculiarities of admixture transport in a stationary vortex flow

We consider the pattern of species transport in a compound vortex flow contacting with a free surface. The evolution of a compact marker stain (aniline ink or sunflower oil) is traced in spiral arms on the vortex surface created by a uniformly rotating disk in a cylindrical container. The parameters of the structural elements of currents are determined. The geometry of the spiral flow is structurally stable for a wide range of experimental parameters.     

Heat transfer and fluid flow of benard-cell convection in rectangular container with free surface sensed by infrared thermography

The natural convection flow phenomena that occur inside an enclosed space are very interesting examples of complex fluid systems that may yield to analytical, empirical and numerical solutions, and many reports have looked into this basic problem. In the present study, heat transfer and fluid flow for natural convection in a horizontal rectangular container with a free surface are investigated using infrared thermography. The temperature field was measured and visualized at a gas-liquid (air — silicon oil) interface using infrared thermography. The heat transfer phenomena were also investigated by statistically analyzing the temperature data. The applicability of the infrared thermography to quantitative heat transfer measurement at the gas-liquid interface was evaluated. It is revealed that infrared thermography is effective not only in visualization of a gas-liquid interface but also in heat transfer measurement. A new heat transfer correlation is proposed for the gas-liquid interface of this flow system. The coefficient of heat transfer can be summarized by a specific heat transfer correlation formula regardless of several conditions, including container aspect ratio, fluid viscosity and fluid layer depth.