模拟的对流边界层大气闪烁频谱特性研究

边界层是地面与自由大气的过渡带,对人类活动有重要影响.由于边界层上部位置较高,进行精细结构观测很难.在室内对流水槽(150 cm×150 cm×60 cm)中模拟了大气对流边界层的发生发展.将准直光通过模拟对流边界层得到光斑图像数据,对光斑图像数据进行频谱分析.根据光在湍流介质中的传输理论确定无标度区间得到边界层各高度处的标度指数.研究表明,均匀下垫面标度指数在混合层基本在-8/3左右,接近各向同性湍流的理论值.而夹卷层的标度指数,实验初期严重偏离理论值,但在实验后期,由于对流剧烈也逐渐接近-8/3,此时夹卷层也趋于混合均匀.夹卷层平均标度指数与对流Richardson数存在一定的关系.标度指数廓线随高度的变化特点与同时刻的热通量廓线和归一化光强方差廓线有比较一致的对应关系.     

对流边界层顶部光学湍流的室内模拟研究

对流边界层顶部夹卷层是边界层和自由大气之间的过渡带,夹卷层的湍流结构是其主要特征之一。由于夹卷层的位置较高,进行精细结构观测很难,对此认识较少。利用尺寸为150 cm×150 cm×60 cm室内对流水槽模拟了大气对流边界层的发生和发展。将准直光通过模拟对流边界层,根据光在湍流介质中的传输理论得到混合层顶部夹卷层的温度结构常数的特点,在夹卷层内,归一化的温度结构常数满足相同的规律;在高度0.8zi处,温度结构常数最小,随着高度增加,温度结构常数增大,zi处达最大,然后又随着高度减逐渐小,在高度1.2zi处湍流消失。在边界层顶部zi处,归一化的温度结构常数处于一定的变化范围,归一化温度结构常数处于0.08~0.3之间,这可能与夹卷层的大尺度结构有关。     

基于空间光调制器的MIMO大气传输特性研究

大气湍流对无线光通信系统的影响不可忽视,为了更准确地反映实验室模拟多输入、多输出(MIMO)大气湍流信道的实际特征,提出了一种利用相位屏来模拟MIMO大气湍流信道的方法,并针对基于液晶空间光调制器（LC-SLM）的液晶调制法展开研究,通过实验验证该方法的可行性。实验结果表明:通过相位屏模拟MIMO大气湍流信道的激光光斑发生不同程度的畸变,湍流环境下两路激光发射系统比单路发射激光系统功率稳定性好,在前向纠错误差极限（3.8×10?3）下,单个发射单个接收系统的链路代价为10.5 dB,2个发射2个接收的MIMO系统的链路代价为9.3 dB。该项研究对于实验室模拟MIMO大气湍流信道实验方法提供一种新思路。     

大气对流边界层光传输的实验室模似

利用湍流池模拟大气对流边界层的光传输 ,同时测量了到达角起伏和光路上的温度脉动。结果表明 ,在混合层的上部 ,对数温度谱偏陡 ,和大气中的观测结果一致 ,到达角起伏谱也偏陡 ,但到达角起伏谱曲线反映了湍流在小尺度范围内具有各向同性的特征 ,此时利用温度脉动方法得到的折射率结构常数小 ;当边界层顶部逆温层消失 ,发展为完全对流状态时 ,温度谱幂率等于“ - 5 3” ,到达角起伏谱幂率等于“ - 8 3” ,两种方法测量得到的折射率结构常数一致。     

大气对流边界层光传输的实验室模拟

利用湍流池模拟大气对流边界层的光传输,同时测量了到达角起伏和光路上的温度脉动。结果表明,在混合层的上部,对数温度谱偏陡,和大气中的观测结果一致,到达角起伏谱也偏陡,但到达角起伏谱曲线反映了湍流在小尺度范围内具有各向同性的特征,此时利用温度脉动方法得到的折射率结构常数小。当边界层顶部逆温层消失,发展为完全对流状态时,温度谱幂率等于“－5／3”,到达角起伏谱害虫率等于“－8／3”,两种方法测量得到的折射率结构常数一致。     

采用分区法生成稀疏谱湍流相位屏

为了更好地研究光束在大气湍流中的传播特性，提出了基于稀疏谱模型的湍流相位屏模拟方法，对生成相位屏的灰度图、结构函数和光束漂移量进行了研究分析。首先采用数学方法分析光波的方向、大小和振幅，并由此得到稀疏谱相位屏；然后分别在不同相干半径下，与功率谱反演法生成的相位屏灰度图进行对比，并分析稀疏谱模型下的结构函数和光斑位置拟合度。仿真和实验测试结果表明，实验结构函数的平均误差为6.1%，该模拟方法下的相位屏细节信息更为丰富，大气湍流光斑质心的均方根误差为1.013×10?7 m，具有精度高、运行速度快、模拟周期长等优点，能够较好地模拟真实大气湍流。     

机载合成孔径激光雷达相位误差补偿研究

为了研究大气湍流对合成孔径激光雷达(SAL)成像的影响,基于Monte-Carlo随机因子,对满足Kolmogorov统计规律的大气湍流相位屏进行数值模拟,计算了不同湍流、不同波长情况下的机载SAL成像结果,数值分析了不同斜距、不同波长条件下合成孔径长度与大气相干长度比值随大气湍流强度的变化关系。结果表明大气湍流效应严重影响了SAL的方位向成像,随着湍流强度的增大,SAL图像散焦越来越严重,直至目标无法分辨。同一湍流强度下,光束波长越长,SAL成像效果越好。对于湍流效应造成的SAL图像失真,采用改进的秩一相位误差估计(IROPE)法对SAL图像进行补偿,当大气相干长度大于实孔径长度时,IROPE算法能够有效改善图像的聚焦效果,提升SAL成像分辨率。     

发射系统遮拦比对均强聚焦光束光斑扩展的影响

 利用数值模拟方法讨论了发射系统遮拦比对均强聚焦光束湍流大气传输光斑扩展的影响。结果表明，对于均强聚焦光束湍流大气传输，在弱湍流效应条件下，光斑扩展受遮拦比影响较大；在较强湍流效应条件下，不同遮拦比光斑扩展变化趋势相同，此时远场光斑扩展主要还是受湍流效应强弱的影响。获得了常用遮拦比条件下均强聚焦光束光斑扩展和湍流效应特征参数的定标关系。     

被湍流大气退化的激光光斑：尺度测量与形变特征描述

根据数值方法获得的在湍流大气中传播的激光束的长曝光光斑空间分布特征，确定了ＣＣＤ成像技术中的背景信号的大小，进而解决了光斑尺度的测量问题。从数值分析和实验测量了两方面分析了被湍流大气退化的光斑的形变特征的描述方法，引入了对应于工程应用的高于一定阈值的最大光斑半径和占空比。     

基于小波分析的大气湍流相位屏模拟

大尺寸、高分辨率大气湍流相位屏的快速模拟对于在实验中验证自适应光学系统的性能及控制算法的稳定性至关重要。提出了一种基于小波分析模拟大气湍流相位屏的方案。根据离散小波变换的频段分割性质,对Von Karman型功率谱进行切割;基于能量守恒原理,生成不同尺度上对应频段的近似高频系数;利用小波层之间低频系数的递推关系,得到最高层低频系数的相关函数,并利用相关函数法来模拟低频系数;通过小波合成算法得到最终的大气湍流相位屏。模拟结果表明,基于小波分析产生的大气湍流相位屏与Von Karman模型较好地吻合;该方法的计算复杂度低,能快速模拟大尺寸、高分辨率大气湍流相位屏。     

Mie散射激光雷达研究大气边界层特性

基于Mie散射大气激光雷达,应用Klett算法对回波信号进行了反演,得到大气消光系数和后向散射系数。然后,通过对大气后向散射系数曲线进行拟合得到大气边界层混合层高度以及卷夹层厚度等特征参数。对比雷达实测数据与探空气球所测数据,证明二者存在较好相关性。基于实测数据讨论了四川盆地大气边界层特性对气候的影响。     

A new parameterization of temperature structure parameter in entraining convective boundary layer

Temperature structure parameter () controls the propagation of electromagnetic and acoustic waves in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), but it is difficult to be measured, especially in the upper part of the ABL. In this paper, optical turbulence is simulated in a laboratory convective tank, and profiles in the tank are measured by using laser beam patterns. Simulation results show that the Wyngaard’s scaling relationship for in the entrainment layer is only valid for large convective Richardson number (Ri > 40) cases. When Ri < 40, a new scaling relationship is proposed based on the laboratory and field measurements. The application of these relationships in estimating optical turbulence in the entrainment layer is discussed.     

用于氮化镓发光二极管窗口层的铝掺杂氧化锌的生长

因应新时代电子产品的需求,透明导电薄膜(Transparent Conductive Oxides,TCO)的应用也更加广泛,传统上是使用氧化铟锡(Indium Tin Oxide,ITO)薄膜为透明导电薄膜,但其在高温应用上较不稳定并且易放出毒性,因此,铝掺杂氧化锌薄膜(ZnO∶Al,AZO)有逐渐取代ITO的趋势。本论文将探讨掺杂不同铝含量的影响,并且就其光电特性加以说明,最后得到其光的透过率~85%、电阻率~7.3×10-3Ω·cm以及面粗糙度~28nm的铝掺杂氧化锌薄膜,其具有表面粗化、电流分布层及窗口层的作用。并且将掺铝的氧化锌薄膜应用于氮化镓发光二极管上,以掺铝氧化锌微结构作为透明传导层的氮化镓发光二极管(λD=530nm,300×300μm)在20mA的工作电流下,其正向电压值为3.3V,输出功率达1.7mW,并且由光学显微镜图可以得知,小电流注下其电流分布均匀。若将AZO制作参数再作适当优化调整,取代ITO作为p型氮化镓上的透明传导层的可行性应该很高。     

竖直恒温面自然对流边界层不稳定性研究

在无扰动、随机式扰动以及正弦式扰动下,通过对竖直恒温面处状态Ra为1.328×10^9、Pr为6.24的自然对流进行模拟,探索了热边界层的不稳定性和共振强化自然对流换热。结果表明:(1)竖直自然对流边界层上游位置的随机式扰动对热边界层的影响主要体现在稳定阶段;(2)该状态下的竖直自然对流边界层的特征频率为15 067,且相比于无扰动状态,频率为15 067的正弦式扰动能在竖直恒温面处提高5.15%的换热量;(3)在竖直自然对流边界层上游位置加入特征频率的正弦式扰动,竖直恒温面处的局部努塞尔数Nu均出现明显波动,且波动随着边界层高度的增加而增大。     

大气边界层白天温度测量用转动拉曼激光雷达

设计了一个转动拉曼激光雷达系统,对大气边界层温度进行全天候高精度测量。系统选用波长355 nm的紫外激光作光源,采用高光谱分辨力光栅,将雷达接收到的散射信号以及太阳背景光从空间上分离,配合边缘反射镜,反射转动拉曼信号,去除大部分米氏-瑞利散射和太阳背景光噪声信号,并用两个窄带干涉滤光片,分离中心波长为353.9 nm和353.1 nm转动拉曼散射信号,同时对噪声信号进行2次高精度剔除,以保证白天测量的需要。对系统进行了分析及数值计算,结果表明在激光脉冲能量300 mJ,望远镜有效口径25 cm,测量时间10 min的条件下,可以在白天太阳背景光辐射度为3×108W/(m2.sr.nm)的边界层内测量高度2.5 km以下的大气温度分布,并在大气散射比低于2.5的条件下,温度测量精度可达到1 K。     

大气边界层各向异性的室内模拟研究

 边界层的各向异性研究对于了解实际大气的湍流特性和经典理论的适用范围均具有较大的意义。利用室内水槽实验模拟了实际大气边界层，使用小波变换方法分析了对数光强起伏谱的特征，将获得的标度指数与理论值进行比较，结果表明混合层在水平方向较为接近各向同性，而垂直方向则呈现一定的各向异性。     

Analytical solution to a mode of mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication with mixed contact regimes: Part II—Considering the contact adhering layer effect in the inlet zone

The present paper presents the researches succeeding the first part of the paper [Y.B. Zhang, Analytical Solution to A Mode of Mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication with Mixed Contact Regimes: Part I—Without Consideration of Contact Adhering Layer in the Inlet Zone. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2006, Vol.117, (10.1016/j.molliq.2006.04.006)], which analyzed one mode of mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication with mixed contact regimes for the relatively heavy load and low rolling speed which make the conventional hydrodynamic lubrication occur in the inlet zone while make the physical adsorbed layer boundary lubrication occur in the Hertzian zone, based on the Newtonian fluid model. The present paper presents analysis to other two modes of mixed EHL with mixed contact regimes for relatively heavy loads, low rolling speeds and Newtonian fluids, where the conventional hydrodynamic lubrication, physical adsorbed layer boundary lubrication and oxidized chemical layer boundary lubrication can simultaneously occur in the inlet zone while the oxidized chemical layer boundary lubrication or the fresh metal-oxidized chemical boundary layer dry contact occur in the Hertzian zone, considering the contact adhering layer effect in the inlet zone. The present analysis is also extended to the first mode of mixed EHL with mixed contact regimes as analyzed in Part I [Y.B. Zhang, Analytical Solution to A Mode of Mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication with Mixed Contact Regimes: Part I—Without Consideration of Contact Adhering Layer in the Inlet Zone. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2006, Vol.117, (10.1016/j.molliq.2006.04.006)] when the contact adhering layer effect in the inlet zone is considered. Results of contact pressures, film thicknesses, load partitions in the contact and characteristic rolling speeds for approaching to zero averaged hydrodynamic film thickness in the Hertzian zone are obtained from this analysis respectively as functions of the contact adhering layer thickness in the inlet zone. The results show that the contact adhering layer effect in the inlet zone in the present EHL is reduced with the increase of load; At large loads, this effect may be negligible; At small loads, it may be very significant. The results also show that at low rolling speeds, when the contact adhering layer effect in the inlet zone is considered, the load-carrying capacity of the present EHL contact is increased especially for small loads. This means that at low rolling speeds the contact adhering layer effect in the inlet zone may reduce the elastohydrodynamic lubrication deviation from classical EHL theory predictions especially for small loads.     

基于银纳米线的类熊猫型微结构光纤传感器

设计了基于银纳米线等离子体共振效应的大孔径微流通道的类熊猫型微结构光纤传感器,采用全矢量有限元法对该传感器进行了数值研究,讨论了待测液折射率等参数对光纤传感器的损耗和灵敏度的影响。结果表明:随着待测液折射率和银纳米线直径的增大,损耗和光谱峰值λpeak都将增大;并且当银纳米线的直径增加到一定程度时,损耗和灵敏度都会呈现多峰值现象。最后取银纳米线直径d=150 nm,得到最大幅度灵敏度为910 dB/RIU,最大光谱灵敏度为1 400 nm/RIU。     

Analytical solution to a mode of mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication with mixed contact regimes: Part I. Without consideration of contact adhering layer in the inlet zone

In 2005, Zhang presented a Grubin-like inlet zone analysis to the isothermal line contact elastohydrodynamic lubrication under relatively heavy loads when the hydrodynamic film thickness in the Hertzian zone approaches zero and the EHL fluid is Newtonian [Zhang, Y.B. A justification of the load-carrying capacity of elastohydrodynamic lubrication film based on the Newtonian fluid model. Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, 2005, Vol. 57, pp. 224–232]. His results showed that in this EHL, when the rolling speed is lower than the characteristic rolling speed (U_ch =) 0.0372W^1.50/G, the Hertzian zone is in physical adsorbed layer boundary lubrication while the inlet zone is in conventional hydrodynamic lubrication. This mode of EHL represents a mode of mixed EHL with mixed contact regimes, where hydrodynamic films with different rheological behaviors occur in different areas of the contact. The present paper presents an analysis to this mode of mixed EHL by using the Grubin type method when the contact adhering layer in the inlet zone is neglected. Pressures, film thicknesses and load partition in the contact are obtained from this analysis. It is also found that the formula for the characteristic rolling speed U_ch = 0.0372W^1.50/G obtained by Zhang [Zhang, Y.B. A justification of the load-carrying capacity of elastohydrodynamic lubrication film based on the Newtonian fluid model. Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, 2005, Vol. 57, pp. 224–232] may be valid for the dimensionless load W > 1.0E−7, while it may be invalid for the dimensionless load W < 1.0E−8. In part II [Zhang, Y.B. Analytical solution to a mode of mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication with mixed contact regimes: Part II. Considering the contact adhering layer effect in the inlet zone. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2006, Vol. 117. (doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2006.04.007)] will be presented an analysis to other two modes of mixed EHL with mixed contact regimes for relatively heavy loads, low rolling speeds and Newtonian fluids, where the conventional hydrodynamic lubrication, physical adsorbed layer boundary lubrication and oxidized chemical layer boundary lubrication can simultaneously occur in the inlet zone while the oxidized chemical layer boundary lubrication or the fresh metal-oxidized chemical boundary layer dry contact occur in the Hertzian zone, considering the contact adhering layer effect in the inlet zone.