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演示水的沸点随压强而变化的实验,常见的有淋水法及抽气法。淋水法需要解释为什么淋水后可以降低容器中的压强,讲解上不够简便。利用抽气法常使抽气玻璃罩上濛上水汽,不易观察。下面介绍一个直接抽气的方法,现象明显,并且可以演示增压、降压两种现象。 相似文献
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基于适用于整个克努森数范围的流动理论,建立了去除惯性约束聚变实验中靶丸内空气的理论模型,并设计实验验证了此模型的可靠性。物理实验要求靶丸内空气浓度低于10×10?6,数值模拟了去除靶丸内空气的过程,重点分析了靶丸内空气浓度、压力与除气时间的关系。计算并比较了单管路一次抽气法、单管路循环抽气法与双管路流洗法三种去除靶丸内空气方法的时间成本。数值计算结果表明:单管路一次抽气法中,靶丸上的微通道的存在对去除靶丸内空气所需时间的影响不可忽略,在考虑靶丸上微通道与充气管的情况下,需要1961.77 h才能使靶丸内的空气浓度达到标准。单管路循环抽气法中,抽气次数与单次抽气程度会影响去除靶丸内空气所需总时间,在单次抽气程度值取最优的情况下,采用充三次,抽四次的方案可使达标总时间减少至1 h左右,此方案下单次充气和抽气时间分别为6 min和10 min。而采用双管路流洗法则仅需11 min便可使靶丸内空气浓度达标。 相似文献
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邓柏权 《核聚变与等离子体物理》2000,20(2):88-92
用Sieverts定律和SWITRIM编码研究了聚变实验增殖堆的工程概要设计FEB-E在正常工作状态和事故状态下的氚泄漏问题,分析表明,在这两种状态下FEB-E包层液态锂中氚的分压都不高,氚泄漏的主要危险来自偏滤器的抽气系统的气体漏失。 相似文献
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为改善一种L波段磁绝缘线振荡器(MILO)重复频率运行时的真空环境,建立了器件在分子流下的抽气模型,采用Monte-Carlo方法对阴极脉冲放气后的瞬态抽气过程进行了模拟计算,获得了不同时刻气体分子在MILO内部的3维分布情况,并据此提出了一种分布式抽气方案,即在MILO靠近气源的微波传输区增加一抽气单元,以缩短脉冲间隔内的抽气时间。在Torch-01调制器上开展了MILO分布式抽气的实验验证,结果显示,分布式抽气时的气压下降特征时间为单泵的0.22倍,与模拟结果基本一致;初步的重复频率测试也表明分布式抽气能够缩短脉冲串间隔内的抽气时间以保持器件运行时的真空水平。在所给实验条件下,从真空的角度,分布式抽气能够使MILO有效运行的重复频率数提升至单泵抽气时的5倍。 相似文献
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蒸汽轮机抽汽口几何参数和工况对流场的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
用数值模拟的方法对大功率蒸汽轮机抽汽口及抽汽道内的三维粘性流场进行了分析,研究了蒸汽轮机抽汽口几何参数(抽汽缝宽度、集汽室形状、抽汽缝位置)和工况参数(抽汽量)对抽汽口流场、周向压力不均匀度、流动阻力的影响.并将计算结果与实验结果进行了比较。研究结果表明:增加抽汽量必然引起静压周向不均匀度系数和抽汽口总压损失系数的增加。抽汽缝宽度减小会引起抽汽口的流动阻力大幅度增加,从而减小相对抽气量和增大抽汽端差。集气室形状和抽汽缝位置的变化对相对抽气量、静压周向不均匀系数以及总压损失系数的影响不明显。 相似文献
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HL-2A托卡马克装置真空系统 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
介绍了HL 2A装置真空系统研制。它由真空主抽气系统、抽气偏滤器、直流辉光放电清洗系统组成。主抽气系统提供了装置真空室从大气到高真空、烘烤除气、直流辉光放电清洗所需要的抽气能力。抽气偏滤器初步实现了托卡马克放电过程中边缘粒子的抽运与控制;直流辉光放电清洗系统保证了装置良好的真空器壁条件。介绍了这些系统的初步运行情况,并给出了其测试结果。HL 2A装置首轮物理实验运行时真空室极限真空度达到4.6×10-6Pa,12h总漏放气率为1.8×10-5Pa·m3·s-1。 相似文献
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真空腔测量空气折射率的方法及精度分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
空气折射率的测量及补偿效果在高精度激光干涉测量中起着“瓶颈”作用。分析了空气折射率的补偿原理 ,研究了用预抽气真空腔测量和补偿空气折射率的测量原理、方法及装置 ,分析了该方法对测量误差产生的原因。最后对测量精度作出了估计。 相似文献
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一种基于相位测量的角漂移自适应结构表面等离子体共振气体折射率测量系统 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
提出了一种可抑制角漂移的表面等离子体传感器结构,并结合相位测量设计了相应的气体折射率测量系统。分析表明激光入射角、金膜厚度以及反射光p、s分量的相位差与气体折射率之间的固有非线性是影响相位响应度与折射率测量精度的主要因素。计算表明所提出的自适应结构将角漂移引起的误差降低了一个数量级并很大程度提高了测量灵敏度。同时分析设计了金膜厚度参数,并评估了反射光p、s分量的相位差与气体折射率之间固有非线性带来的误差。应用于空气折射率的测量比对实验显示其测量精度达到了10-6量级。 相似文献
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Fringes of equal chromatic order in transmission across a thin liquid or a thin solid sample inside a wedge interferometer, followed with a grating spectrograph, are produced. A single-shot interferogram of the air and sample regions is recorded. Locations of fringes maxima in the air region are fitted in a numerical procedure based on Cauchy's dispersion function. Then it is used for measuring the interferometric gap thickness. The order of interference in the sample region is represented by a third-order polynomial in the wavenumber for deducing the sample group refractive index. An error analysis of the measured group refractive index is given. The method is applied for measuring the group refractive index of water and mica samples across the visible spectrum. The method measures both the sample thickness and its group refractive index. It is static with no moving parts and suitable for thin liquid or solid samples without immersion liquids. 相似文献
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High sensitivity refractive index gas sensing enhanced by surface plasmon resonance with nano-cavity antenna array 下载免费PDF全文
The surface plasmon resonance gas sensor is presented for refractive index detection using nano-cavity antenna array.The gas sensor monitors the changes of the refractive index by measuring the spectral shift of the resonance dip,for modulating the wavelength of incident light.It is demonstrated that minute changes in the refractive index of a medium close to the surface of a metal film,owing to a shift in the resonance dip of the wavelength,can be detected.The average detection sensitivity is about 3200 nm/RIU(refractive index units),which is more than twice that of a metal grating-based gas sensor.The reflectivity of the surface plasmon resonance dip is only ~ 0.03%,and the full widths at half maximum(FWHMs) of bandwidth of the angle and wavelength are ~ 0.20° and 4.71nm,respectively. 相似文献
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在 Michelson 干涉仪测气系统中加入了特殊设计的光纤阵列传感器,用 Si - P I N 管和 T P- 801 单板机接收、处理信号。该系统能同时检测气体折射率变化引起的圆环条纹的快速移动方向和数目。 相似文献
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《中国物理 B》2016,(2)
We propose a design of terahertz refractive index sensing based on the multi-metal-wire(MMW) hybrid-cladding hollow waveguide. The proposed terahertz hybrid-cladding hollow waveguide comprises one air core in the center surrounding MMW surrounded dielectric. The central air core is used for filling lossless measurands and transmitting terahertz light. In particular, the refractive index sensing is realized by measuring the mode field area(MFA) variation of radially polarized mode. The modal effective refractive index, mode field intensity distribution, and mode field area properties responding to the measurand refractive indexes for different operating frequencies and structure dimensions are investigated, respectively.Simulations show that the proposed terahertz refractive index sensor can realize easily the measurement of the measurand refractive index. Meanwhile, the effects of operating frequency and structure parameters on sensitivity and measurement accuracy are also studied. In view of the trade-off between sensitivity and measurement accuracy, the reasonable choice of the operating frequency and structure parameters can optimize appropriately the sensitivity and measurement accuracy, and the sensitivity can reach approximately 0.585 mm~2/RIU(RIU is short for refraction index units) with the proper frequency and structure parameter. 相似文献
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We report a simple, non-intrusive fibre-optic refractometer sensor for measuring the refractive index of liquid and optically transparent solid medium. Sensing principle of the proposed sensor is based on monitoring the back-reflected light signal through the second input port of a 2 × 1 single-mode fibre coupler when light signal from the output port is focussed at the interface of air and a liquid or solid medium and back-reflected exactly along the same path. Depending on the refractive index of the medium, the amount of back-reflected intensity would vary and in the present work we exploit this principle to measure the refractive index of an optically transparent medium. Variation of refractive index as small as 0.001 RIU can be measured with our proposed sensor. 相似文献
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Enlightened by the wide application of optical computerized tomography (OCT) in various flow fields’ visualization and parameter measurement, the potential feasibility of it on measuring gas jet flow velocity is discussed in this paper. The dependence of flow velocity on flow field's refractive index and dynamic pressure is deduced initially. An argon gas jet flow is chosen as an example for experiment, and the refractive index measurement is achieved by moiré tomography, while the dynamic pressure is obtained by a pressure sensor. In a word, both the theoretical and experimental results prove that OCT could be feasible to obtain the flow velocity of gas jet flows. 相似文献