液滴撞击热壁面流态演变及传热特性研究进展

液滴撞击热壁面因其优异热质传递能力而广泛应用于能源、化工、航空航天等领域,针对液滴撞击热壁面流动传热特性及影响机制的研究对强化喷雾冷却及降膜蒸发器的传热效率至关重要.从实验研究、数值模拟、解析理论三方面,综述了液滴撞击热壁面过程的流态演变及传热特性研究进展,对比分析了典型研究方法的研究结果及特点.发现TIR(全内反射成...     

高速撞壁液滴空化演化过程的数值模拟

本文针对高速液滴撞击刚性壁面后液滴内部出现的空化及其演化过程进行了数值模拟。采用考虑了快速相变机制的可压缩两相流模型,有效捕捉了高速(110 m/s)液滴撞壁过程中产生的撞壁激波,以及复杂激波的反射和膨胀波聚焦作用形成低压区并生成空化泡、空化泡被逐渐压缩直至最后溃灭并产生溃灭压力波的完整过程,整个过程与实验结果十分吻合。进一步,比较了速度对液滴撞壁过程的影响规律,发现撞壁初速度越高产生的空化泡越大.研究为深入理解高速撞壁的液滴动力学规律提供了理论依据。     

JF12激波风洞高Mach数超燃冲压发动机实验研究

针对高Mach数（Ma ≥ 7）超燃冲压发动机高气动阻力下的燃烧组织问题,提出一种双突扩燃烧室结构方案.使用数值模拟方法考察了射流与双突扩燃烧室组合方式的混合燃烧特性.设计了双突扩超燃冲压发动机模型,在力学研究所JF12长试验时间激波风洞内,开展了Ma=7.0和Ma=9.5的氢燃料点火和燃烧试验对比.在风洞有效试验时间100 ms内,实现了Ma=7.0和Ma=9.5超燃冲压发动机的成功点火与稳定燃烧.在Ma=7.0情况下,进气道采用三维压缩,燃烧室入口设计Mach数Ma_c=2.5,壁面压力分布实验结果显示燃烧放热靠近燃烧室扩张段上游;在Ma=9.5情况下,进气道采用二维压缩,燃烧室入口设计Mach数Ma_c=3.5,由于燃烧室流动速度特别高,燃烧放热靠近燃烧室扩张段下游.      

壁面热特性对超声速燃烧室热环境的影响

在分析燃烧室壁面的对流-辐射耦合换热特性基础上,考虑燃烧室热环境与冷却系统间的相互关系,提出了一种以燃烧室材料许用温度为约束的非均匀冷却壁面热特性设计方法.以某型超声速燃烧室为例,采用混合分数平衡化学反应和液滴离散相模型,计算分析了壁面热特性对燃烧室壁面热流构成、热环境及冷却系统热负荷的影响.结果表明,壁面热特性对超声速燃烧室热环境的影响值得重视,非均匀冷却壁面热特性设计能有效减少燃烧室热损失.     

水蒸气超声速非平衡流动中凝结激波的形态特征

引入水蒸气非平衡相变的动力学模型,并在水蒸气真实物性的基础上,建立了水蒸气超声速非平衡流动的守恒型数值计算模型,采用对激波捕捉具有高精度和高分辨率的Roe-FDS格式,数值捕捉了水蒸气超声速流动中的非平衡相变与凝结激波。以非平衡相变中液相质量增长率为基准,将非平衡凝结相变引发的凝结激波划分为凝结激波起始发生区、凝结激波交汇区和凝结激波消退区三个区域,分析了凝结激波的形成机理,得到了凝结激波发生及发展的"X"型分布特征,并归纳了凝结激波的分区物理特性和热力学特性。     

斜爆轰发动机流动机理分析

为了研究高Mach数超燃冲压发动机和斜爆轰发动机的内流场燃烧流动机理，首先用CJ爆轰理论对超燃冲压发动机的内流场特性进行了理论分析，给出了燃烧室流场的气动规律，理论分析结果与现有实验结果吻合得非常好.其次，根据理论分析结果，提出了高Mach数超燃冲压发动机和斜爆轰发动机的气动设计原则.最后，根据提出的气动设计原则，设计了高Mach数斜爆轰发动机，飞行Mach数为9，对斜激波诱导燃烧机理开展了二维数值模拟研究.数值模拟结果表明，在高Mach数下，斜爆轰发动机燃烧室内可以得到稳定的燃烧流场.      

基于格子Boltzmann方法的超声速非平衡流模拟

基于D1Q4可压缩格子Boltzmann模型,按照流通矢量分裂方法的思路,采用坐标旋转技术构造求解三维带化学反应Navier-Stokes方程对流通量求解器.结合有限体积法求解三维化学非平衡流Navier-Stokes方程,采用时间算子分裂算法解决化学反应刚性问题,数值模拟超声速化学非平衡流的三个经典算例.数值结果表明:在高马赫数下,采用D1Q4可压缩格子Boltzmann模型构造的三维对流通量求解器数值模拟中没有出现非物理解,同时在超声速化学非平衡流场中正确分辨激波、燃烧波等物理现象,精度和分辨率均较高,验证了本文构造的三维对流通量求解器的可靠性,拓宽了D1Q4可压缩格子Boltzmann模型的应用范围,为计算超声速化学非平衡流提供一种新方法.     

可燃悬浮寺燃烧诱导激波可其加速过程研究

以铝粉为例，基于双流体模型，分别采用ＴＶＤ格式和ＭａｃＣｏｍａｃｋ格式计算气相和颗粒相流场，基于Ａｒｒｉｈｅｎｉｕｓ定律及管道壁面湍流ｋ－ε模型计算流场反应速度，对水平燃烧管内可燃悬浮粉尘在弱点火条件下激波的产生及加强过程进行了理论分析与数值模拟。研究发现，壁面湍流在火焰加速及燃烧诱导激波过程中起着关键作用，数值计算结果揭示了可燃悬浮粉尘云中压缩波到激波的转捩机制及气固两相流场参数的变化规律。计算     

超声速气膜冷却中激波抑制的研究

针对激波破坏超声速气膜冷却的机理,本文提出了一种壁面开孔的结构,数值研究结果表明：一方面,壁面开孔的结构能使激波作用的区域壁面附近的压力分布较均匀,从而使近壁区的马赫数分布比不开孔的壁面要高,有利于超声速气膜冷却。同时在激波的作用下,冷却气体可以通过开孔壁面的孔进入槽道内,而在槽内的下游再从孔里流出,保护下游的壁面,这...     

液滴碰撞对液膜内汽泡运动与换热影响

采用数值模拟的方法,研究了沸腾雾化喷射过程中热壁面薄液膜层受到液滴碰撞扰动时液膜层内汽泡运动,相界面变化和由此引起的壁面换热特性.模拟结果显示汽泡生长初期相界面变化与液膜层内二次核化特征与文献结果吻合良好,汽泡生长后期相界面变化存在滞后.讨论了液滴下降速度.液滴直径与初始位置,多液滴碰撞对液膜层内流动与壁面换热的影响.     

超音速汽液两相流激波的理论研究

建立了超音速汽液两相流激波过程的数学模型,得到了激波前后的流动关系,并对激波后的流动规律进行了初步分析,建立了两相扩压段的优化模型。研究结果表明,在激波后,流体压力上升,速度下降,与单相气体的正激波特性相似;其对应的音速与汽液两相流体的空泡率、压力及液相密度等因素有关。     

Detonation simulations in supersonic flow under circumstances of injection and mixing

The unsteady, reactive Navier-Stokes equations with a detailed chemical mechanism of 11 species and 27 steps were employed to simulate the mixing, flame acceleration and deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) triggered by transverse jet obstacles. Results show that multiple transverse jet obstacles ejecting into the chamber can be used to activate DDT. But the occurrence of DDT is tremendously difficult in a non-uniform supersonic mixture so that it required several groups of transverse jets with increasing stagnation pressure. The jets introduce flow turbulence and produce oblique and bow shock waves even in an inhomogeneous supersonic mixture. The DDT is enhanced by multiple explosion points that are generated by the intense shock wave focusing of the leading flame front. It is found that the partial detonation front decouples into shock and flame, which is mainly caused by the fuel deficiency, nevertheless the decoupled shock wave is strong enough to reignite the mixture to detonation conditions. The resulting transverse wave leads to further mixing and burning of the downstream non-equilibrium chemical reaction, resulting in a high combustion temperature and intense flow instabilities. Additionally, the longitudinal and transverse gradients of the non-uniform supersonic mixture induce highly dynamic behaviors with sudden propagation speed increase and detonation front instabilities.     

Unstructured Adaptive Grid Flow Simulations of Inert and Reactive Gas Mixtures

Unstructured adaptive grid flow simulation is applied to the calculation of high-speed compressible flows of inert and reactive gas mixtures. In the present case, the flowfield is simulated using the 2-D Euler equations, which are discretized in a cell-centered finite volume procedure on unstructured triangular meshes. Interface fluxes are calculated by a Liou flux vector splitting scheme which has been adapted to an unstructured grid context by the authors. Physicochemical properties are functions of the local mixture composition, temperature, and pressure, which are computed using the CHEMKIN-II subroutines. Computational results are presented for the case of premixed hydrogen–air supersonic flow over a 2-D wedge. In such a configuration, combustion may be triggered behind the oblique shock wave and transition to an oblique detonation wave is eventually obtained. It is shown that the solution adaptive procedure implemented is able to correctly define the important wave fronts. A parametric analysis of the influence of the adaptation parameters on the computed solution is performed.     

凝聚炸药爆轰波在高声速材料界面上的折射现象分析

凝聚炸药爆轰在边界高声速材料约束下传播时,爆轰波会在约束材料界面上产生复杂的折射现象.本文针对凝聚炸药爆轰波在高声速材料界面上的折射现象展开理论和数值模拟分析.首先通过建立在爆轰ZND模型上的改进爆轰波极曲线理论给出爆轰波折射类型,然后发展一种求解爆轰反应流动方程的基于特征理论的二阶单元中心型Lagrange计算方法来数值模拟典型的爆轰波折射过程.从改进爆轰波极曲线理论和二阶Lagrange方法数值模拟给出的结果看出,凝聚炸药爆轰波在高声速材料界面上的折射类型有四种:反射冲击波的正规折射、带束缚前驱波的非正规折射、带双Mach反射的非正规折射、带λ波结构的非正规折射.     

超声速预混可燃气流的点火与燃烧

在激波风洞一激波管组合设备上开展了碳氢燃料超声速预混可燃气流的点火与燃烧实验研究。实验结果表明:利用激波对燃料进行预热,并以高温燃气作为引导火焰,可以有效缩短汽油空气超声速可燃混气的点火延迟时间,使之缩短到 0.2 ms以下。利用纹影照片对超声速燃烧流场结构作出了分析;研究了超声速预混可燃气流的温度以及当量比对超声速燃烧流场结构、点火与火焰传播特性的影响。     

Calculation of shock wave propagation in water containing reactive gas bubbles

The entry of a shock wave from air into water containing reactive gas (stoichiometric acetylene–oxygen mixture) bubbles uniformly distributed over the volume of the liquid has been numerically investigated using equations describing two-phase compressible viscous reactive flow. It has been demonstrated that a steady-state supersonic self-sustaining reaction front with rapid and complete fuel burnout in the leading shock wave can propagate in this bubbly medium. This reaction front can be treated as a detonation-like front or “bubble detonation.” The calculated and measured velocities of the bubble detonation wave have been compared at initial gas volume fraction of 2 to 6%. The observed and calculated data are in satisfactory qualitative and quantitative agreement. The structure of the bubble detonation wave has been numerically studied. In this wave, the gas volume fraction behind the leading front is approximately 3–4 times higher than in the pressure wave that propagates in water with air bubbles when the other initial conditions are the same. The bubble detonation wave can form after the penetration of the shock wave to a small depth (~300 mm) into the column of the bubbly medium. The model suggested here can be used to find optimum conditions for maximizing the efficiency of momentum transfer from the pressure wave to the bubbly medium in promising hydrojet pulse detonation engines.     

Flow characteristics and micro-scale metallic particle formation in the laser supersonic heating technique

The characteristics of the supersonic flow of the laser heating technique for producing micro-scale metallic particles were investigated in this study. A numerical model was established to predict the flow fields and particle trajectories leaving a spray nozzle with shock wave effects. The compressible flow of the shock waves and the trajectories of particles in diameters of 1–20 μm were simulated and compared with the flow visualization. In the experiment, a pulsed Nd-YAG laser was used as heat source on a carbon steel target within the nozzle, and the carbon steel particles were ejected by high-pressure air. The result shows that the shock wave structures were generated at various entrance pressures, and there is a significant increase in the amount of carbon steel particles and the spraying angles by increasing the entrance air pressure.     

超音速射流火焰的DNS研究:计算方法与涡结构

介绍了可压缩反应流的计算方法,然后计算了超音速射流火焰,对超音速射流火焰中的涡结构进行了分析。认为超音速射流火焰中的涡结构特征,与亚音速射流中有本质差异,且涡结构在燃料与组分的混合中起到了重要作用,进而直接影响火焰结构和燃烧效率。     

反应性RM不稳定混合特性研究: 反应活性与介质不均匀性的影响

预混火焰界面的RM（Richtmyer-Meshkov）不稳定现象在自然界和工程实践中十分常见,但目前关于反应性RM不稳定的研究主要集中于均匀介质的情况,而实际中的预混气体往往是非均匀的,因此开展非均匀介质中火焰界面演化和混合特性的研究十分必要。采用带单步化学反应的Navier-Stokes方程和高精度数值格式,研究了预混火焰界面在入射激波及反射激波作用下的RM不稳定过程,考察了化学反应活性以及介质非均匀性对RM不稳定过程中火焰界面混合特性的变化规律的影响。结果表明,在入射激波作用后的阶段,在均匀介质中的火焰界面形态呈现典型的"钉-帽-泡"结构,化学反应活性越强,界面的"泡"结构和"钉-帽"结构增长越快;而在非均匀介质中,火焰界面形态则呈现"钉-钉"结构,界面在流向速度差的诱导下被更大程度地拉伸。在第一次反射激波作用后的阶段,混合区的增长速率不依赖于反应活性和均匀性,仅与流动特性有关。时间尺度的研究表明,大尺度流动是反应性RM不稳定的主导因素,其次是化学反应,最后是小尺度混合,化学反应的强化会抑制大尺度流动,非均匀性会强化大尺度流动。