超声波专题实验开展及其传播特性研究

开设了超声波专题设计综合实验,测量得空气、水和白油中超声波传播速度,研究了同一介质中接收到的交变电压随传播距离的变化规律,空气、水和白油中超声波的损耗系数,水中超声波的损耗系数最大。使用Origin软件直线拟合,对实验结果进行分析和评价。     

一种直观演示超声波传感器工作频率的方法

基于光杠杆原理直观演示超声传感器工作频率的方法,定性应用在超声波在空气中传播速度的测量实验中,也可以进一步定量测量和计算,应用在其他微小距离的测量上.     

超声波传播速度测量方法的探讨与分析

利用驻波共振法和相位比较法分别测量超声波在空气中的传播速度,并对这两种方法进行分析比较。     

基于菲涅耳声透镜的声速与焦距的测量实验

将"空气中声速测量"实验和"薄透镜焦距测量"实验融合,设计了集声学原理和光学原理的"菲涅耳声透镜"实验,明确了该实验所使用的实验仪器,给出了实验内容,即测量声透镜的焦距、通过测量声透镜的几何参量得出超声波的波长、测量超声波在空气中的声速.最后,制作了焦距f为50mm的声透镜,并对实验内容进行了可行性分析及实验验证.实验结果(声透镜的焦距为50.3mm及超声波波长值8.70mm)与理论设计值基本一致.     

岩石特性对超声波传播速度的影响

通过声速测定实验仪及数字示波器等装置测量了超声波在岩石中的传播速度,并对岩石成分、孔隙度、吸水量以及岩石温度等参数对超声波传播速度的影响进行了分析.结果表明,岩石孔隙度对超声波传播速度影响较大.同时,超声波传播速度随着岩石吸水量和环境温度的升高,传播速度呈现增大趋势.     

CCD在超声光栅实验中的应用

本文详细探讨了超声波在液体中传播速度的测量方法；利用CCD测量技术实现了超声波速度的自动化测量；设计了响应的接口电路和信号处理系统，从而大大地提高了实验测量的精度和准确度．     

不同介质中超声波传播速度测量方法之比较

基于共振干涉法、相位法和反射回波法测量了空气和水中超声波的传播速度,比较了三种方法的优缺点,共振干涉法和相位法可测量气体和液体中的声速,反射回波法可测量液体和固体中的声速;相位法误差最小,共振干涉法误差相对较大。共振干涉法研究了示波器接收的交变电压随传播距离的变化规律,计算得空气和水中超声波的损耗系数分别为0.01381、0.01829,超声波在水中的损耗较大。使用Origin软件直线拟合,对实验结果进行分析和评价。     

不同岩石物性对超声波传播的影响

通过测量超声波在岩石样品中的传播速度,研究了岩石的结构构造、密度、孔隙度和弹性模量等物理特性对超声波传播的影响.实验结果表明:岩石的结构构造、密度和孔隙度对超声波波速影响较大,而动态弹性模量与超声波速度的关系则反应了岩石可承受形变的能力,超声波在岩石中的传播速度受多种岩石物性的影响,但也具有一定的传播规律.     

基于PASCO的声速测量

通过对传统实验仪器的稍加改造,利用PASCO科学工作室平台分别进行了超声波在气体和液体中传播速度的测量实验,使实验操作更加简便,数据处理更加快捷.结果表明:实验测量值非常接近公认值.     

声光衍射测量声速的教学应用

声光衍射的方法测量超声波在液体中的速度是非常实用的方法,实验教学中也应用广泛。教学过程中,由于学生测量的误差较大,使得计算出来的速度值与理论值相差甚大,因此本实验改进了声光衍射的实验方法,利用IDL(interactive data language)软件精确测量数据,提高实验的准确性,得出超声波在纯水中的传播速度随温度的变化情况。     

航空透明件表面波声弹效应

表面波作为超声波的一种特殊形式,由于其传播特性,使得通过改变频率检测距物体表面不同深度处的;初邕应力成为可能,因此,各种产表面波声弹理论与实验技术的研究不断受到重视。本文从弹性波和有限变形理论出发,推导了表面波在有初始应力的各同性弹性体中传播时,物体表面应力与超声波传播速度之间的一般关系。对作为收音机坐舱的航空透年ＹＢ－３有机玻璃试件进行了声弹性实验。同时还给出了由实验数据回归的三次多项式声弹公式     

Gas jet as a waveguide for air-coupled ultrasound

The directional characteristics of an ultrasonic signal have been studied during propagation within an axial gas jet. The effects of nozzle shape, nozzle diameter, and variations in jet velocity, temperature and gas composition have been investigated. At high flow velocities of an air jet, divergence of the ultrasonic beam was observed. This was attributed to the effects of refraction, caused by increased acoustic velocities in the direction of the flow. An effective waveguide was also demonstrated by cooling the air jet to below ambient temperatures, so that the acoustic velocity in the air jet was lower than that in the surrounding atmosphere. This could also be achieved by using carbon dioxide mixed with air, whereas the use of helium led to increased divergence. The result is likely to be of use in air-coupled ultrasonic materials inspection.     

Origin软件在大学物理实验教学过程中的应用

文章以A类超声波在水中的传播速度的测量和液晶光开关电光特性的研究实验为例,详细描述了Origin软件在数据处理中的应用,结果表明在大学物理实验教学中引入Origin软件是可行的.     

Ultrasonic slow waves in air-saturated cancellous bone

This paper describes preliminary observations of ultrasonic wave propagation in air-saturated defatted cancellous bone from the human vertebra. Using a broadband pulse transmission system, attenuation and phase velocity were measured over a wide frequency range (100 kHz-1 MHz). The observed behaviour was consistent with that expected for the decoupled slow wave predicted by Biot's theory. Velocity was lower than that of free air, and there was marked frequency-dependent attenuation and velocity dispersion. The tortuosity (alpha) of the trabecular microstructure was estimated from the high frequency limit of the dispersion curve, with a mean value of alpha = 1.040 +/- 0.004 obtained in five specimens. Ultrasonic measurements in air represent a valuable new approach, capable of yielding parameters that directly characterise bone structure. Furthermore, they may give useful insights into wave propagation in bone in vivo, where the trabecular framework is saturated with marrow fat rather than air.     

Gas jets as ultrasonic waveguides

The study of the propagation of ultrasound within a gas jet is extended to obtain waveguide effects, where the jet collimates the ultrasonic beam from a transducer within the flow. Two methods have been investigated to achieve this--cooling the gas within the air jet, and using a different gas whose acoustic velocity is lower than air. Cooling an air jet to a temperature less than that of the surrounding air produced a noticeable waveguide effect. In addition, studies have been carried out using other selected gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) with a lower acoustic velocity than air, and helium (He) with a higher value. The former gas enhanced confinement of the ultrasonic beam, whereas the latter caused divergence. An ideal solution was found to be a CO2/air mixture, which produced a well-collimated sound field along the axis, while limiting the excess attenuation of pure CO2 gas jets. The effectiveness of the waveguide using mixed gas jets in producing images in air-coupled testing of solids is demonstrated.     

基于超声波飞行时间的空气温度场重建

利用超声波在空气中的传播速度会随着空气温度的变化而变化这一特点,可测得空气中不同温度下的平均速度场,进而重建空气中的温度场。提出了一种非对称布置超声波传感器重建二维温度场的方法,在被测温度场周围布置8个收发一体的超声波传感器,并将被测温度场划分为24个小区间,以得到超声波通过每个小区间的平均温度值,以该温度值作为小区间中心点的温度并进行插值,从而重建整个被测区域的温度场。     

An experimental evaluation of two effective medium theories for ultrasonic wave propagation in concrete

This study compares ultrasonic wave propagation modeling and experimental data in concrete. As a consequence of its composition and manufacturing process, this material has a high elastic scattering (sand and aggregates) and air (microcracks and porosities) content. The behavior of the "Waterman-Truell" and "Generalized Self Consistent Method" dynamic homogenization models are analyzed in the context of an application for strong heterogeneous solid materials, in which the scatterers are of various concentrations and types. The experimental validations of results predicted by the models are carried out by making use of the phase velocity and the attenuation of longitudinal waves, as measured by an immersed transmission setup. The test specimen material has a cement-like matrix containing spherical inclusions of air or glass, with radius close to the ultrasonic wavelength. The models are adapted to the case of materials presenting several types of scattering particle, and allow the propagation of longitudinal waves to be described at the scale of materials such as concrete. The validity limits for frequency and for particle volume ratio can be approached through a comparison with experimental data. The potential of these homogenization models for the prediction of phase velocity and attenuation in strongly heterogeneous solids is demonstrated.     

Variation of the ultrasonic velocity in al under plastic deformation

Variation of the velocity of ultrasound propagation in polycrystalline aluminum under plastic deformation is studied. The dependences of the velocity of ultrasound on the strain and the actual stress are found to consist of three distinct stages. The study of the complex shapes of these dependences allows one to reveal additional stages in the parabolic stress-strain curve of the plastic flow, these features being impossible to observe by conventional methods. The behavior of the ultrasonic velocity observed in the experiment is explained by the changes in the defect structure of the material under deformation.     

The influence of magnetic field swept rate on the ultrasonic propagation velocity of magnetorheological fluids

Structure of magnetorheological (MR) fluids depends on the strength of the magnetic field applied and on the mode of its application. The ultrasonic wave propagation velocity changes under the effect of an external magnetic field as a result of formation of clusters arranged along the direction of the field in the MR fluids. Therefore, we propose a qualitative analysis of these clustering structures by measuring properties of ultrasonic propagation. Since the MR fluids are opaque, the non-contact inspection using this ultrasonic technique can be very useful. In this study, we measured ultrasonic propagation velocity in MR fluid influenced by an external magnetic field for different swept rate precisely. With increasing magnetic field intensity, the changes of the ultrasonic wave velocity are more pronounced. Sedimentation effect takes place in certain time for different swept rate due to magnetic particle size and it follows linear relationship in log scale. Significant differences of the ultrasonic wave velocity are established between the case when the field is swept at a constant rate and the case when it is stepped up.     

Propagation of ultrasonic waves in porous ceramics

Theoretical problems concerning the propagation of ultrasonic waves in a porous medium are outlined. The propagation velocity of longitudinal ultrasonic waves in an elastic medium with spherical gaseous inclusions is considered in detail. The calculation method adopted consists of determining equivalent elasticity moduli of the porous medium. The calculation of these moduli is based on the work of H. Mackenzie on media containing spherical gaseous inclusions of various diameters. The theoretical results obtained for the propagation velocity of ultrasonic waves, are compared with those measured on electrical porcelain, the latter constituting a model of a porous medium. Also a method allowing for the effect of composition of the porcelain mass to be taken into account, is described. The results of measurements of the propagation velocity of a longitudinal wave are found to be in good agreement with theoretical data. This conformity allows for non-destructive tests of products containing spherical gaseous inclusions.