直接甲醇燃料电池三通道蛇形阳极流场两相流研究

本文针对配备三通道蛇形阳极流场的液态进料直接甲醇燃料电池阳极两相流及电池性能开展了实验研究.液态进料的直接甲醇燃料电池阳极流床内会形成二氧化碳气泡与甲醇溶液构成的两相流系统,其两相流特性受到电池流道设计、运行工况和工作角度的影响,并同时影响燃料电池的性能.本文设计了三通道蛇形流场,通过可视化实验得到直接甲醇燃料电池三通道蛇形阳极流场内的两相流特性随电流密度变化的规律,并研究了燃料电池在不同旋转角度下的两相流特性和电池性能.实验结果表明:在不同的旋转角度下,电池都体现出较好的工作性能.     

直接甲醇燃料电池阳极流道两相流动的拟沸腾模型(I)流动压力降的计算

本文分析了直接甲醇燃料电池阳极流道中存在的气液两相流动现象。通过与传统加热管中流动沸腾现象进行比拟,首次提出了“拟沸腾”的概念,建立了气液两相流压力降模型。基于在建的活化面积为100 cm2的DMFC极板的蛇行流场设计,计算了阳极流道的压力降,分析了各分压力降对总压降的影响。计算结果表明:对于小活化面积的电池,在小电流密度下运行时,流道中扩散层表面的“非活化点”处滞留的气泡核心对主流有较大的附加摩擦阻力作用。     

质子交换膜燃料电池短时微重力性能实验研究

利用落塔开展了不同重力情况下质子交换膜燃料电池性能的实验研究.对常重力和微重力条件下质子交换膜燃料电池发电时其阴极蛇形流场内部的两相流动开展了可视化现场观测.对重力因素对质子交换膜燃料电池内部传质过程的影响进行了分析和讨论.实验结果表明:在常重力环境中,液态水堆积在竖置流道的底部,无法有效排出.聚集在流道内的液态水与反应气体在流道内形成气/液两相流动.在微重力环境中,液态水在气体推动力的作用下从流道的底部上升并沿流道向出口流动.聚集在流道内的液态水排除后,减小了反应气体(氧气)从流道向催化层的传递阻力,从而使质子交换膜燃料电池的性能得到提高.     

球床内气液两相流流型及压降实验研究

在本实验参数范围内可将孔隙流道内空气/水两相流动划分为泡状流、泡状-弹状混合流、弹状流、弹状-环状混合流和环状流五种流型。本文修正后的Tung/Dhir流型转变模型与实验符合较好。依据单相流动压降数据,对Ergun公式参数进行了拟合,提出了适用于本实验特点的单相压降公式。并在此基础上利用渗透率系数提出了两相流动压降计算经验公式,与前人的公式相比,适用范围更广,计算误差也较小。     

正方形小通道内的非牛顿流体-氮气两相流动流型的实验研究

对水力直径为2.5 mm的正方形小通道内的非牛顿流体-氮气的垂直向上两相流动流型进行了可视化实验,工质分别为:浓度0.2%的聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和0.2%的黄原胶(XG)水溶液,表观气速0.1～100 m/s,表观液速0.01～6 m/s.观察到的典型流型有:弹状流、搅拌流、弹环状流和环状流,其中弹环状流未见于水-空气上升流动.在PAM-氮气实验中发现了一种新流型-泡状-弹状流.通过流型图对比,发现非牛顿流体的搅拌流区域较牛顿流体窄,弹状-搅拌流转变线也明显右移,非牛顿流体的黏性对流型转变的影响较大.     

质子交换膜燃料电流道淹没与传质强化

在地面常重力环境下,采用透明电池可视化方法研究了质子交换膜燃料电池阳极和阴极的流道淹没现象。分别研究了阳极和阴极反应物流量对电池内部传质和电池性能的影响。结果表明,电池阴极的淹没区域比阳极大,由电极淹没引起的气体传质受限和电化学反应受限主要发生在阴极。提高反应物流量能够强化气体传质并提高电池性能,并且提高电池阴极侧反应物流量比提高阳极侧反应物流量对提高电池性能更有效。本文工作为进一步开展微重力环境中的燃料电池实验提供了比较依据。     

直接甲醇燃料电池热传递数值模拟

本文建立了二维两相非等温的直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)模型,综合考虑了DMFC中的电化学反应、热传递、组分传递和甲醇串流。计算了电池内的温度分布、不同电流密度下的膜电极内部最大温差和膜电极平均温度;在此基础上研究了环境和甲醇进口浓度对电池性能、膜电极内平均温度和最大温差的影响。结果表明:膜电极内阴极的温度高于阳极;甲醇进口浓度的上升导致膜电极内平均温度和最大温差上升;环境对电池性能的影响很小。     

微重力条件下90°弯管气液两相流型研究

本文报道了微重力条件下90°弯管内气液两相流型实验结果。弯管内径12.7 mm,弯曲半径76.5mm,气、 液两相表观流速分别为1.0—23.6 m/s和0.09—0.5 m/s。本文分析了观测到的弹状流、弹-环过渡流和环状流的典型特 征,比较了与微重力直管内相应流型间及常重力弯管两相流型间的异同。     

Y型微通道气液两相流的数值模拟

针对Y型微通道气液两相流的数值模拟,建立了适用于微通道气液两相流的计算模型,采用CFD方法对微通道内流体的流动进行了数值研究,分析了微通道内流动状态、气泡形状以及生成周期,模拟了Y型微通道气液两相流弹状流的形成过程,并对弹状流的压力、速度、壁面剪切应力的分布、变化趋势及原因进行了深刻剖析,揭示了弹状流流动规律,为进一步加强弹状流应用打下基础,为微通道中的气液两相流动提供了可靠的理论依据。     

三维顺排阳极自呼吸微流体燃料电池性能特性

自呼吸微流体燃料电池是很有前景的新型微型电源,目前其性能的主要限制因素是阳极燃料传质。本文构建了具有三维顺排阳极的自呼吸微流体燃料电池,利用圆柱形阳极在流道中容积式的分布增大反应面积,强化燃料传输。本文研究了燃料浓度和反应物流量对电池性能的影响,并对流道中的两相流动进行了可视化观察。实验结果表明:随燃料浓度或反应物流量的增加,电池性能先升高后降低;产生的CO_2气泡能够被限制在阳极电极和隔离棒中,减小了其对阴极侧电解液流动的扰动;气泡会在隔离棒之间聚并形成气膜,气膜周期性形成和排出的动态行为对电池的放电性能具有较大影响。     

DMFC阳极流动阻力特性实验研究

本文借助可视化手段,针对平行流场和蛇形流场,实验研究不同放电电流密度、甲醇浓度、进料温度和入口流量对液相进料直接甲醇燃料电池阳极流场流动阻力特性的影响.结果表明:放电电流密度增加,流场压降随之增加,小电流放电,蛇型流场较平行流场压降增加慢,当超过某一值时,蛇型流场的压降增加较平行流场快;随甲醇浓度的提高,进出口压降均略有减小,且两种流场压降变化趋势一致;随进料温度升高,平行流场压降逐渐增大,蛇彤流场压降变化较小;随着甲醇溶液流量增大,平行流场和蛇行流场压降均逐渐增人,平行流场增加缓慢,蛇形流场压降增加速度远大于平行流场.     

后置蜗壳斜流叶轮进出口流场的实验研究

后置蜗壳斜流叶轮进出口流场的实验研究吴克启，于文华，张勇，胡晓，刘海波，赵联州（华中理工大学武汉４３００７４）关键词：后置蜗壳，斜流叶轮，进出口流场，实验一、前言后置导叶翼形和圆弧形斜流风机的设计及应用【川＼日益受到人们的关注并形成了性能良好的斜流风...     

微柱群阻力特性实验研究

以去离子水为工质,流经直径为0.5 aim,高度分别为1.0 mm、0.75 mm、0.5 mm和0.25 mm的圆柱组成的柱群板,其宽度与长宽分别为3.5 mm和40 mm,测量通道进出口压差及流量,研究微柱群内部分别在叉排和顺排时液体流动的阻力特性.研究表明,微柱群内流动阻力系数f,随Re数的增大而逐渐减小,当Re数大于500时,f基本不变;微柱高度和直径之间存在一个有利于流动的最佳比例,该值介于1到1.5之间;顺排微柱群的f明显小于叉排微柱群,其,值为叉排微柱群的0.5倍.     

Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Flow Arrangements on the Performance of a Micro-Channel Heat Sink

Abstract

An experimental study is carried out to investigate the effect of entrance and exit conditions that prevail due to different flow arrangements on the thermal performance of a copper micro-channel heat sink. Three flow arrangements—U-type, S-type, and P-type—were considered for the analysis with a test piece having inlet and outlet plenum dimensions of 10 mm × 30 mm × 2.5 mm with an array of parallel micro-channels having an individual width of 330 μm and a uniform channel depth of 2.5 mm. Performance evaluations for different flow conditions at inlet and outlet plenums were made by maintaining constant heat supply at 125 W, 225 W, and 375 W with varying Reynolds number ranging from 224 to 1,121. Nusselt number and pressure drop were computed by measuring temperature difference and pressure drop across the inlet and outlet plenum for various test combinations. Maximum heat transfer was observed for the U-type flow arrangement, followed by the P-type and S-type; maximum pressure drop was noted for the S-type flow arrangement, followed by the U-type and P-type arrangements for a constant Reynolds number. A detailed analysis of the experimental results indicate that from a pressure drop point of view, the P-type flow arrangement is preferred, whereas from the heat transfer point of view, the U-type is found to be a better option.     

质子交换膜燃料电池阴极气场设计优化

通过建立质子交换膜燃料电池阴极气场的三维简化模型,研究了不同进气方式、不同进出气总管尺寸对电池堆流量分布的影响,并提出从单电池流道深度的角度优化气场分布的改进方案。结果表明,与单入口进气方式相比,双入口进气方式效果更优;采用2-2型进气方案时流量分布最为均匀,进气功耗最小;增大进气总管的宽度可以使电堆流量分布更加均匀;各单电池合理采用非均匀深度流道可以有效提高电池堆流量分布均匀性。     

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Numerical simulation method is applied on different sizes, shapes, and surface conductivity of distributor channels to observe the effects of the structure and the surface conductivity of distributor channels on the flow of liquid lithium. The calculated results show that the smaller width of distributor channels is, the more uniform the outlet speed of liquid lithium is, and the smaller the peak velocity is. On the contrary, the smaller width of distributor channels is, the higher the pressure loss is between the inlet and outlet. Furthermore, the better the surface conductivity is, the higher the MHD pressure drop is as well. In comparison with the rectangular distributor channels, the outlet velocity distribution of circular and elliptic distributor channels is much more uniform. In addition, the thermal balance calculation of limiter can ensure the safe and stable operation of the flow liquid lithium limiter. The above calculated results have important guiding significance for the parameter designing of distributor, the selection of electromagnetic pump, and the design of the cooling system.     

Numerical investigation of supersonic flow breakdown at the inlet duct throttling

The work presents the results of investigating the process of supersonic flow deceleration in a duct of the two-dimensional inlet throttled by variation of the outlet cross-sectional area. An inlet with three external compression shock waves designed for the freestream Mach number M_d = 7 was considered as an example for the investigation. A one-dimensional analysis of the conditions for realization of the supersonic flow deceleration regimes in the inlet duct with two throats — in the inlet entrance and at the inlet duct outlet, has been carried out. The parametric numerical computations of two-dimensional inviscid or turbulent flows in the inlet were performed with the use of the Euler and Navier—Stokes codes of the program package FLUENT. The critical conditions for the nonuniform flow in the outlet throat bringing to choking the inlet duct were determined.     

The use of resonators to silence centrifugal blowers

The casing of a 235 mm diameter, commercially produced, centrifugal blower was modified by replacing the cut-off of the scroll with a quarter-wavelength resonator. The mouth of the resonator was formed from a perforated plate which had the same curvature as the original cut-off section. Tuning of the resonator was achieved by changing the length via a movable end plug. Noise measurements were made in anechoically terminated inlet and outlet ducts over a range of aerodynamic loading conditions. It was found that the extent of the reductions in the blade passing frequency tones in both the inlet and outlet duct varied with the orientation of and the extent of open area on the mouth perforate. By introducing a splitter in the resonator mouth, substantial reductions in both the inlet and outlet duct were achieved over a large range of aerodynamic loading.     

原表面回热器换热阻力特性试验研究

本文对研制加工的适用于 100 kW 微型燃气轮机的 CW(Cross Wavy) 原表面回热器进行了试验研究,通过对两侧流体进、出口温度、压力等的测量,重点分析了燃气流量、入口温度及空气进口压力变化对换热阻力的影响,得出了在变工况下回热器的流动与换热性能规律,结果表明:所研制的 CW 原表面回热器空、燃气两侧换热均匀,提高了换热效率,两侧压降都有不同程度降低,并得出了有工程应用价值的 Nu-Re 及 f-RE 准则关系式,可为原表面回热器的设计制造提供参考.     

生物膜滴滤床内温度分布特性实验研究

对生物膜滴滤塔填料床内温度分布特性进行了实验研究,获得了循环液流量、气体流量以及进口甲苯浓度对填料床内温度分布的影响规律。实验结果表明:填料床内温度沿循环液流动方向逐渐升高,表明生物降解代谢反应属于放热反应;在逆流操作系统中,填料床下部碳源丰富,填料床下部的温升明显大于上部的温升;随着循环液流量的增大,填料床内沿流动方向上的温升越小;液体流量较大时,填料床内温升随着气体流量的增大而减小;滴滤塔进口甲苯浓度越大, 填料床内温升越大。