BnTi(n=1-12)团簇的结构, 电子性质和磁性

利用密度泛函理论广义梯度近似方法得到了BnTi(n=1-12)团簇的基态结构, 并讨论了电子性质和磁性质. 结果表明, n≤5 时, BnTi 基态结构呈平面或准平面, n>5 时, Ti 原子倾向于与较多的B 原子成键而呈三维结构. 由二阶能量差分得出B3Ti, B5Ti, B10Ti 为幻数团簇. Mulliken 布居分析显示BnTi 团簇中电荷由Ti 原子向近邻B 原子转移且以共价键与离子键共存; 除BTi 磁矩为5 μB 外, 其余团簇磁矩处于0-2 μB 之间; 团簇总磁矩主要由Ti 原子的3d 轨道和个别B 原子提供. B3Ti和B7Ti 团簇中, B 原子表现为反铁磁性.     

密度泛函理论研究Bn Ni(n=6-12)团簇的结构和磁性

基于第一性原理,用密度泛函理论中的广义梯度近似(generalized gradient approximation,GGA)方法,在充分考虑自旋多重度的前提下,优化并得到了Bn(n=6一12)和BnNi(n=6-12)团簇的平衡构型,按照能量最低原理确定其基态结构.Bn团簇的计算结果与已有的理论结果相一致.当Ni原子掺杂在Bn团簇中,B12Ni团簇的基态结构为平面结构,其余均为三维结构.基态结构的自旋多重度除了n=8以外呈现2,l交替的规律.计算团簇基态结构的平均结合能(Eb)、团簇能量的二阶差分(△2 E)和能隙(HOMO.I.UMO,gap)均表明,l=8为B.Ni(,l=6一12)团簇的幻数,即B8Ni团簇较相邻团簇稳定.计算团簇的磁矩表明B8Ni团簇磁矩最大(2цB),团簇总磁矩和平均磁矩随团簇尺寸增大呈现奇偶振荡趋势且磁矩主要由Ni原子的3d轨道提供.     

Mon(n=2~10)团簇结构和性质的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论下的广义梯度近似(Generalized Gradient Approximation, GGA)方法对Mon (n=2~10) 团簇的直线结构、平面结构和立体结构分别进行优化和分析. 结果表明仅直线结构具有双原子对结合趋势, 且偶数团簇比相邻奇数团簇稳定; 平面结构中奇数原子团簇锯齿状较稳定, 偶数原子团簇以多边形较稳定; 立体结构在所有维度中最稳定. 对团簇总磁矩的分析表明直线结构偶数团簇磁矩淬灭, 奇数团簇具有较大的反磁矩; 基态结构中仅Mo3和Mo8有2μB的磁矩. 基态结构的二阶能量差分、垂直电离势和能隙均表明Mo5为幻数团簇, 并分析了其热力学性质.     

MPb10(M=Ti,V,Cr,Cu,Pd)几何结构和磁性的密度泛函计算研究

采用密度泛函理论(density functional theory,DFT)中的广义梯度近似(generalized gradient approximation,GGA)对MPb10(M=Ti,V,Cr,Cu,Pd)四种同分异构体的几何结构和磁性进行了计算研究.发现在四种同分异构体中,D4d结构的MPb10(M=Ti,V,Cr,Cu,Pd)具有最大的结合能和能隙,表明D4d结构为其基态几何结构, 具有较高的化学稳定性.磁性计算显示:基态TiPb10团簇的磁矩为2 μB,Ti原子与周围的Pb原子之间存在着弱的铁磁相互作用.基态VPb10团簇的总磁矩为1 μB,V原子与周围的Pb原子之间既存在着弱的铁磁相互作用又存在弱的反铁磁相互作用.基态CuPb10团簇的磁矩为1 μB,Cu原子与周围的Pb原子之间存在着弱的铁磁相互作用.基态CrPb10 和PdPb10团簇的磁矩为零,体现为非磁性.由此可见,可以通过内掺不同过渡金属对Pb10团簇的化学反应活性和磁性进行调制.     

密度泛函方法研究NiSin(n=1~13)团簇

基于第一性原理,利用密度泛函理论中的广义梯度近似(GGA)系统研究了NiSin(n=1～13)团簇,在充分考虑自旋多重度的基础上讨论了这些团簇的生长行为,电子性质及其磁性,结果表明:NiSin 1的基态结构是在NiSin的基态结构上带帽一个Si原子而得到;随着团簇尺寸的增大,Ni原子逐渐从吸附在sin团簇的表面位置移动到Sin团簇笼内;掺杂Ni原子提高了硅团簇的稳定性;NiSi10团簇的稳定性在所有团簇中是最高的;电子总是从si向Ni转移,Ni原子所带的电荷数不仅与Ni原子的配位数有关,还与Nisin团簇的基态结构密切相关;n=1～2时,团簇的自旋总磁矩为2 μB,当n≥3时,团簇的磁性消失,这可能与Ni原子内部较强的sp-d杂化以及si原子内部的s-p杂化有关.     

GanNm+(n=1～8,m=1～2)团簇的结构及稳定性的DFT研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法在6-31C*水平上对GanN (n=2～8)和GanN2 (n=1～7)阳离子团簇的几何结构、稳定性和振动频率等进行研究,得到GanN (n=2～8)和GanN2 (n=1～7)阳离子团簇的基态结构.其中,GanN (n=2～8)团簇在总原子数≤6时,其几何结构为平面结构,总原子数＞6时,其几何结构为立体结构,N原子位于立体结构的中心;GanN2 (n=2～7)团簇在总原子数≤7时,其基态几何结构为平面结构,总原子数＞7时,其基态几何结构为立体结构;原子总数为奇数的团簇Ga4N ,Ga6N ,Ga3N2 和Ga5N2 的基态结构较稳定.     

CoAlN(N=2-11)团簇基态结构的稳定性和磁性

采用密度泛函理论中的广义梯度近似(GGA),对CoAlN(N=2-11)团簇进行构型优化和磁性计算.在考虑自旋多重度的情况下得到了团簇的平衡构型及基态结构,并重点讨论了Co原子的sp-d杂化效应对体系稳定性和磁性的影响.结果表明:N为偶数时,团簇的基态为自旋双重态,Co原子磁矩随N增加整体上呈减小趋势;N为奇数时(除N=5为自旋三重态外),团簇的基态为自旋单重态,Co原子磁矩为零.N≥8时,Co原子陷入主团簇内部,体系的对称性降低,稳定性增强;轨道杂化增强了体系的稳定性,但减小了双重态和三重态体系中Co原子的磁矩;N=3,8,10是团簇CoAlN(N=2.11)的幻数.     

GanN-m阴离子团簇的结构及稳定性的研究

利用密度泛函理论(DFT)对GanN-(n=2-8)和GanN2-(n=1-7)阴离子团簇的结构及稳定性进行了研究.在B3LYP/6-31G*水平上进行了结构优化和频率分析,得到了GanN-(n=2-8)和GanN2-(n=1-7)阴离子团簇的基态结构.在这些团簇中,原子总数小于等于6的团簇的几何结构为平面结构,原子总数大于6的团簇的几何结构为立体结构;在所研究的团簇中,Ga4N-,Ga6N-,Ga4N-2和Ga5N-2的基态结构较稳定.     

TinMg(n=1-10)掺杂团簇的密度泛函研究

采用密度泛函(DFT)中的B3LYP方法,选择sto-3g基组,优化并得到了TinMg(n=1-10)小团簇的基态平衡结构,计算出了掺杂团簇的基态结构的平均键长、对称性、原子化能、能级分布、能级间隙、束缚能、总能的二阶差分.结果表明,随着团簇原了数的增加.镁原子更容易趋于团簇表面位置,镁-钛平均键长大于钛-钛平均键长,以对称性结构为最稳定的基态结构,且呈多个五角双锥结构.其中Ti5Mg和Ti8Mg的结构更为稳定.     

Co_2B_n(n=1-8)团簇几何结构的密度泛函理论研究

受到小型环状和管状的双金属掺杂硼团簇的启发,采用密度泛函理论,在B3LYP/6-311+G(d)水平下对Co_2B_n(n=1-8)团簇的几何结构、相关稳定性、电子性质和磁性进行了的研究.研究结果表明:当n≤5时,团簇的最低能量结构为平面结构.当6≤n≤8时,团簇的最低能量结构为立体结构.对团簇的平均原子结合能、二阶差分能量、HOMO-LUMO能隙、垂直电子亲和能、垂直电离能和化学硬度分析结果表明,Co2B_7具有幻数特征.对Co_2B_n(n=1-8)团簇的总磁矩计算表明其和团簇的自旋态有很强的关系,而且团簇的总磁矩主要由钴原子的3d轨道所贡献.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.