原子数据库在研究同核异能态诱发辐射中的应用

 如何人为地诱发同核异能态辐射,从而利用储存在其中的巨大能量,是个备受关注的交叉学科课题。利用原子物理过程进行触发是目前较为可行的方案,原子物理参数将在里面起到关键作用。介绍了一套高效率的原子数据库,目前该数据库可对原子序数小于96的元素所有电离度离子的能级结构信息进行快速扫描,从而筛选出一些可能通过原子过程触发的同核异能态体系。通过在¹⁹⁷Au元素电子跃迁诱导核激发过程和¹⁷⁸Hf元素电子俘获诱导核激发过程中的应用,展示了该数据库对寻找合适同核异能态体系的作用。     

一些近期发现的同核异能态的壳模型解释

近期，在101In、123,125Ag和218Pa等核中，首次观测到同核异能态。本工作通过原子核壳模型解释In、Ag同位素和$N\!=\!127$同中素中的这些同核异能态及相关的同核异能态背后的物理原因。101-109In这五个奇A核In同位素中，观测到的$1/2^{-}$同核异能态的激发能非常接近。这可以通过引入中子近期，在101In、123,125Ag和218Pa等核中，首次观测到同核异能态。本工作通过原子核壳模型解释In、Ag同位素和$N\!=\!127$同中素中的这些同核异能态及相关的同核异能态背后的物理原因。101-109In这五个奇A核In同位素中，观测到的$1/2^{-}$同核异能态的激发能非常接近。这可以通过引入中子$0g_{7/2}$和$1d_{5/2}$轨道间的很强的组态混合来解释。更进一步分析表明，这些奇A核In同位素中，从$9/2^{+}$基态到$1/2^{-}$同核异能态，一个质子从$1p_{1/2}$轨道激发到$0g_{9/2}$轨道。这一质子组态变化可能引发中子$0g_{7/2}$和$1d_{5/2}$轨道的单粒子能变化。这样一个原子核内的组态依赖的壳演化被称为第二类壳演化。与In同位素类似，123,125Ag的同核异能态被发现是$1/2^{-}$态，对应着一个质子空穴在$1p_{1/2}$轨道。但之前观测到的115,117Ag的$1/2^{-}$态是基态。这意味着质子$1p_{1/2}$轨道和$0g_{9/2}$轨道在$N\!=\!72$附近发生了反转。壳模型分析表明张量力是造成这两个轨道反转的决定性原因。之前观测到的奇奇核$N\!=\!127$同中素210Bi、212At、214Fr和216Ac中，基态是$1^{-}$态，同时存在高自旋的同核异能态。然而，基于$\alpha$衰变性质和壳模型计算，推荐218Pa中的基态和新发现的同核异能态分别为$8^{-}$态和$1^{-}$态。奇奇核$N\!=\!127$同中素基态和同核异能态的演化是由质子中子相互作用从粒子粒子形式转化为空穴粒子形式以及质子组态混合所导致。总的来说，壳模型对这些双幻核100Sn、132Sn和208Pb附近核中新发现的同核异能态有较好的描述。双幻核附近核中的同核异能态，也称为壳模型同核异能态，是核结构研究中非常重要的。因为这些同核异能态常常提供了中重质量区域极端丰中子和缺中子原子核中的第一个谱学性质，并包含了丰富的物理信息，比如质子中子相互作用及其在壳演化中的作用。     

丰中子A~100质量区内的扁椭球高K同核异能态

远离核素图上“稳定谷”的丰中子核一直是核物理学研究的热点。作为形变丰中子核的一种特殊的亚稳定激发态,高K同核异能态的形状大多数为长椭球,扁椭球的高K同核异能态非常少见。近期的一项实验认为丰中子核94Se上的$ {K}^{\mathrm{\pi }}={7}^{-} $两准粒子态为扁椭球。这是形变原子核上存在扁椭球高K同核异能态的第一个实验证据。结合相关实验,我们猜测可能有其它尚未发现的扁椭球高K同核异能态存在于丰中子A~100质量区。利用组态限制势能面计算方法,本文对丰中子A~100质量区内的$ {K}^{\mathrm{\pi }}={9}^{-} $和$ {K}^{\mathrm{\pi }}={7}^{-} $两准粒子态进行了研究,并预言了此质量区内扁椭球高K同核异能态的可能位置。根据Nilsson模型,扁椭球高K同核异能态的存在与费米能级附近的高Ω单粒子轨道有关。这些高Ω单粒子轨道来源于高j闯入态在扁椭球形变时的退简并。扁椭球高K同核异能态是研究丰中子核形变参数、激发能等物理性质的理想对象,有助于加深我们对于形变原子核能级结构的理解。     

130Ce的Kπ=7－同核异能态的形状研究

用组态限制的方法研究了¹³⁰Ce的K^π=7^－同核异能态的形状. 计算的激发能与实验值很好地符合. 计算得到的形变表明这个同核异能态具有大小和基态大致一样的长椭球形状. 不过, 它的势能面在γ自由度上非常软, 这很可能是导致其K混合的原因.     

Ar^＋和He^＋离子与C60碰撞后富勒希离子的激发机制

C60在与重离子作用下的激发机制与入射离子能量、质量及电荷态有关。核阻止主要出现在低能重离子与G60的碰撞中；而高能轻离子作用下，电子阻止迅速增强，成为主要的激发方式。本中直接观察到由弹性碰撞引起的C^ 峰，及其丰度依赖于入射离子的质量。同时我们还发现电子阻止随入射离子能量(7-20keV)增大相应增加，这与绝热量子分子动力学计算的结果一致。     

Ar+和He+离子与C60碰撞后富勒希离子的激发机制

C60在与重离子作用下的激发机制与入射离子能量、质量及电荷态有关.核阻止主要出现在低能重离子与C60的碰撞中;而高能轻离子作用下,电子阻止迅速增强,成为主要的激发方式.本文中直接观察到由弹性碰撞引起的C+峰,及其丰度依赖于入射离子的质量.同时我们还发现电子阻止随入射离子能量(7～20?keV)增大相应增加,这与绝热量子分子动力学计算的结果一致.     

2．44-2．6MeV^178Hf核高激发态能级及性质

Coliins低能诱导6179Hfm^m2辐射衰变“正”面实验结果受到质疑的原因之一是未能确定出诱导实验的中间激发态。^178Hf核能级结构的实验数据表明：距同质异能态^178Hf^m2（2．446Mev）最近的一条能级是2．573MeV（K^π=14^＋）。因此，详细计算^178Hf核2．44-2．6MeV范围内高自旋、高激发核能级结构，对寻找低能诱导^178Hf^m辐射衰变中间激发态，分析低能诱发辐射实验可行性非常必要。     

原子核高角动量激发

用推转壳模型计算研究了原子核的高速转动运动及其结构特性.讨论了A～50区核的转动特性;A～80$区(N=Z)核的形状共存问题; A～110$区丰中子核的扁椭球形变的稳定性. 基于壳模型理论, 我们用限制组态绝热堵塞方法计算讨论了A～130, 180和超重核区的高角动量同核异能态,系统预言了高角动量多准粒子态的存在, 并指出这些核态可以有较长的寿命, 这对于不稳定核的研究是很有帮助的. 计算解释了不少典型的实验观测, 一些理论预言已经被最近的实验证实.     

高自旋同质异能态束流及其在核谱中的应用

介绍了在日本理化学研究所利用高自旋同质异能态束流装置上取得的核谱学研究结果，强调了可利用重离子核反应中逆运动学产生自旋同质异能态束流，并用其进行了二次核反应，描述了首次利用高自旋同质能态束流完成的物理实验。     

Pb附近奇A核同质异能态半衰期的简单规律

对Pb附近Z=78—82奇A核同质异能态IT衰变（或称为同质异能跃迁包括γ跃迁和内转换）的实验数据进行了系统的分析, 发现了奇A核同质异能态IT衰变半衰期的一个简单的规律:同位素链上角动量和宇称相同的同质异能态, 半衰期的对数随质量数之间符合二次曲线关系。 这说明了IT衰变的半衰期和质量数A之间有着一个指数关系。 对这一段同质异能态衰变中跃迁多极性的分析可让人们对有关物理性质有更清楚的认识。 对发现的简单规律也给出了可能的物理解释。     

Non-Radiative Triggering of Long-Lived Nuclear Isomers

The triggering of long-lived isomeric nuclei by non-radiative excitation to a relatively short-lived mediating state is considered. Coulomb triggering in inelastic scattering of heavy ions, a transfer of triggering energy from resonant electron transitions of atomic shell (NEET) and triggering by capture of a free electron into a bound atomic state (NEEC) are discussed. Cross sections for the above processes of non-radiative triggering are presented and the relative efficiencies of these different triggering mechanisms are discussed. Numerical estimates are presented for the selected isomers. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Nuclear excitation by electron capture followed by fast x-ray emission

The resonance strength of the two-step process of nuclear excitation by electron capture followed by γ decay of the nucleus can be significantly increased in highly charged ions if the resonant capture proceeds via an excited electronic state with subsequent fast x-ray emission. For fully ionized ²³⁸₉₂U and ²³²₉₀Th, the x-ray decay stabilizes the system against internal conversion of the captured electron, with an increase of both nuclear lifetimes and resonance strengths of up to two orders of magnitude compared with the case when occupied atomic orbitals prevent the x-ray de-excitation. Applications of this effect to the measurement of the not yet experimentally observed nuclear excitation by electron capture and to dense astrophysical plasmas are discussed.     

Nuclear effects in atomic transitions

Atomic electrons are sensitive to the properties of the nucleus they are bound to, such as nuclear mass, charge distribution, spin, magnetisation distribution, or even excited level scheme. These nuclear parameters are reflected in the atomic transition energies. A very precise determination of atomic spectra may thus reveal information about the nucleus, otherwise hardly accessible via nuclear physics experiments. This work reviews theoretical and experimental aspects of the nuclear effects that can be identified in atomic structure data. An introduction to the theory of isotope shifts and hyperfine splitting of atomic spectra is given, together with an overview of the typical experimental techniques used in high-precision atomic spectroscopy. More exotic effects at the borderline between atomic and nuclear physics, such as parity violation in atomic transitions due to the weak interaction, or nuclear polarisation and nuclear excitation by electron capture, are also addressed.     

Mutual electron-ion interactions in electron impact ionization of a Ca beam

Summary We evaluate the role of electron-ion mutual interactions as a possible source of systematic errors in an experiment of electron impact ionization and excitation of an effusive Ca beam. By monitoring photons resulting from the impact excitation of a Ca resonant transition, the transmitted electron beam current by a sectored Faraday cup and total ion yields, we extract information about elementary processes responsible for ionization. We show that our diagnosis allows us to monitor the influence of the produced ionization on the elementary processes and on the density profile of the electro beam.     

离子与生物分子相互作用的微观动力学理论

对X射线、γ射线、电子、中子、质子和重离子等对生物体系的辐照研究现状进行了评论。重离子辐照中特有的倒转深度剂量分布,即Bragg峰,成为放射治疗的理想工具。通过对重离子辐照生物组织物理过程的分析,提出了重离子与生物分子相互作用的三步物理过程,即核相互作用导致的核碎裂、库仑相互作用的电子激发和生物分子在周围环境相互作用下的弛豫,最终导致生物分子新结构的形成。由于物理过程是后期辐照化学过程、生物过程的基础,因此建立描述离子与生物分子相互作用物理过程的微观动力学理论是十分迫切的。The status of studying biology system therapy with X-rays, γ-rays, neutron, proton, and heavy ions is reviewed. The depth dose profile, called Bragg profile, makes heavy ion an ideal tool for radiotherapy. The physical process of therapy with heavy ions is analyzed and a 3-step interaction processes of heavy ions with biomolecules is proposed, that is, nuclear fragmentation in nuclear interaction, electron excitation in Coulomb interaction, and the biomolecules relaxation in surroundings, finally leads to a new structure of biomolecule. Since this physical process is the base of the following chemical process and biological process, a dynamical microscopic approach is strongly demanded to be built.     

Surveying the role of excitation energy in probing nuclear dissipation

A dynamical Langevin model is employed to calculate the excess of the evaporation residue cross sections of the 194pb nucleus over that predicted by the standard statistical model as a function of nuclear dissipation strength. It is shown that large excitation energy can increase the effects of nuclear dissipation on the excess of the evaporation residues and the sensitivity of this excess to the dissipation strength, and that more higher excitation energies have little contribution to further raising this sensitivity. These results suggest that on the experimental side, producing those compound systems with moderate excitation energy is sufficient for a good determination of the pre-saddle nuclear dissipation strength by measuring the evaporation residue cross section, and that forming an extremely highly excited system does not considerably improve the sensitivity of evaporation residues to the dissipation strength.     

Surveying the role of excitation energy in probing nuclear dissipation

A dynamical Langevin model is employed to calculate the excess of the evaporation residue cross sections of the ^194Pb nucleus over that predicted by the standard statistical model as a function of nuclear dissipation strength. It is shown that large excitation energy can increase the effects of nuclear dissipation on the excess of the evaporation residues and the sensitivity of this excess to the dissipation strength,and that more higher excitation energies have little contribution to further raising this sensitivity. These results suggest that on the experimental side,producing those compound systems with moderate excitation energy is sucient for a good determination of the pre-saddle nuclear dissipation strength by measuring the evaporation residue cross section,and that forming an extremely highly excited system does not considerably improve the sensitivity of evaporation residues to the dissipation strength.     

Nuclear dissociation after the O 1s $\rightarrow (^4\Sigma_\text{u}^-)$3sσ excitation in O$_2$ molecules

We investigate the dissociation dynamics of core-excited $\mathrm{O}_2$ molecules using a high-resolution energy-resolved electron-ion coincidence experimental setup. The excited cationic states with two valence holes and one Rydberg electron are created after spectator Auger decay induced by $\mathrm{O}$ 1s $\rightarrow (^4\Sigma_{\rm u}^-)3{\rm s}\sigma$ core excitation in $\mathrm{O}_2$. From the energy correlation between the kinetic energy of the Auger electron and the ion kinetic energy release, we distinguish several dissociation channels. Rather complex dissociation channels of the spectator Auger final states are disclosed, which can be explained by the increased number of the crossing point due to the existence of Rydberg electron. The quantum system will evolve into different dissociation limits at each crossing point between the potential energy curves.     

核衰变产生的X射线和俄歇电子数据计算

核衰变过程中,内转换电子发射和电子俘获能在原子电子壳层内留下空穴.其他原子电子壳层的电子将填补这些空穴,其原子电子位置将重排,并发射X射线和俄歇电子.X射线和俄歇电子的能量由原子电子结合能计算得到,X射线和俄歇电子的强度分别由内转换电子发射和电子俘获在原子电子壳层内留下的空穴数,X射线荧光产额,和空穴转移系数计算得到.本文简要介绍核衰变产生的X射线和俄歇电子数据的计算方法、计算程序与工作流程,并以核衰变为例说明其具体应用和简要讨论与总结.