偏振在多角度遥感中的太阳耀光消除的应用

在进行水色遥感时,水面的镜面反射产生的太阳耀光,影响水体信息的提取和利用。以前的研究表明,当入射角为水体的布儒斯特角时,偏振可以消除太阳耀光,但是这种方法条件过于苛刻,现实中很难实现。针对这种情况,推导了自然光入射到水面后其反射光的偏振状态以及光线入射角与水体偏振度的关系。理论上证明了以非布儒斯特角入射时偏振消除太阳耀光的可能性,计算了从各个角度入射到纯净水体表面太阳耀光剥离的程度,实验验证了结论。     

偏振与多角度遥感中的太阳耀光剥离

水面镜面反射会产生太阳耀光,直接影响水体遥感信息的提取和利用。光在与物体相互作用的过程中,不仅其强度会发生变化,而且偏振状态也会发生变化。结合这两种情况,利用偏振反射的变化来消除太阳耀光。从理论上推导了偏振反射消除太阳耀光的可能性,实验测定了自来水和汽油在2π空间中的偏振反射光谱,分析了光线入射角、探测角、探测方位角、偏振角等因子与液体偏振反射比的普适关系。实验证明,当太阳处在一定的天顶角时,通过设置偏振角可以成功的消除太阳耀光的影响。     

基于偏振辐射图融合的水面太阳耀光抑制方法

提出一种基于偏振辐射图融合的太阳耀光抑制方法。采用同时偏振成像技术对耀光水面进行偏振测量,获得0°、45°、90°3个方向的偏振辐射图。在耀光受到最强抑制的偏振辐射图中选择残留强耀光区域,计算其Stokes参量,生成区域耀光抑制偏振辐射图。将所选偏振辐射图与区域耀光抑制偏振辐射图融合,进一步抑制耀光强度。室内实验结果表明,该方法可有效抑制耀光,消除图像的饱和像素,获得的融合图的亮度比强度图更加均匀,目标细节和轮廓信息更清晰,目标相对耀光背景的对比度显著提高。     

海面太阳耀光背景下的偏振探测技术

为了实时抑制太阳耀光对海面目标探测的影响,基于偏振光学理论,设计并构建了一套偏振自适应滤波探测系统。本文介绍了偏振探测系统的功能和组成、偏振探测及背景抑制原理,并给出了该系统的光学设计结果;利用自适应偏振滤波探测系统,通过搭载望远镜跟踪试验平台,针对海上典型目标,开展了相关的偏振验证实验。实验结果表明:海面太阳耀光存在比较明显的偏振特性,采用常规探测手段,探测器极易出现饱和,而利用偏振探测技术则能够有效抑制太阳耀光的影响,进而实现目标的有效探测。     

多角度偏振遥感中太阳耀光剥离的深入研究

太阳耀光一直是困扰水质遥感的突出问题。传统的利用光的偏振性剥离太阳耀光的方法只有当太阳光以水的布儒斯特角入射时才能实现,因此该方法在实际应用中受到了极大的限制。通过深入研究光产生偏振现象的物理机理,找到了在任意入射天顶角情况下通过偏振测量去除太阳耀光的方法,并得到了较为满意的实验验证,使得在向多角度偏振遥感中太阳耀斑剥离的实际应用又迈进了一步。     

面向水面溢油检测的多角度偏振反射特性仿真研究

为了在耀光干扰下提升粗糙海面溢油的检测效果,基于Cox-Munk粗糙海面概率统计模型,对不同入射和观测几何下海水与油膜反射耀光的偏振度及其差异进行仿真研究。结果表明：入射和观测几何以及海面介质的折射率是海面耀光偏振度空间分布的主要影响因素;当满足一定太阳入射角时,海面介质折射率差异是水/油反射耀光偏振度差出现“正负反转”的主要原因;入射平面内水面溢油最佳偏振观测角度与太阳入射天顶角和溢油折射率相关。     

光源偏振对水体颗粒后向散射系数测量的影响

颗粒后向散射系数是水体主要的固有光学特性,也是海洋水色的决定因子和海洋水色卫星遥感反演的基础参数。当前,利用光学仪器现场原位测量是获取水体颗粒后向散射系数的主要方法。由于光源自身和仪器光路中镜面反射和折射,其出射光源可能存在一定的偏振,进而会影响水体后向散射系数测量的精度。目前,关于水体后向散射系数测量仪器的光源偏振性及其对颗粒后散射系数测量精度影响的研究尚为空白。针对该问题,以应用广泛的水体后向散射测量仪HydroScat6(HS-6)为例,对其出射光源的偏振特性进行了系统测量,并进一步开展了光源偏振对水体颗粒后向散射系数测量精度影响的实验研究。结果表明,HS-6六个光学通道除590 nm通道出射光源偏振度略低外(~15%),其他通道出射光源中心波长偏振度均在20%~30%。因此,HS-6出射光源具有显著的偏振特性。光源偏振对颗粒后向散射系数测量具有不可忽略的影响,且影响程度随着波段,线偏振角度及悬浮泥沙浓度而变化。不同悬浮泥沙浓度下,光源偏振引起的420,442,470,510,590和670 nm六个波段的平均偏差可达15.49%,11.27%,12.79%,14.43%,13.76%,12.46%。因此,利用光学仪器现场测量颗粒后向散射系数需要考虑光源偏振的影响,并需尽可能降低出射光源的偏振度。     

不同线偏振光对水体吸收系数测量的影响

通过对紫外-可见光分光光度计的光源偏振性进行系统测量,并开展了光源偏振性对水体黄色物质和颗粒物光谱吸收系数测量影响的实验研究,结果表明,紫外-可见光分光光度计光源具有显著的偏振性,但分光光度计光源偏振对水体黄色物质光谱吸收系数测量的影响可忽略不计,对水体颗粒物光谱吸收系数测量的影响也较小。     

水体多角度偏振遥感机理研究

从水体的偏振探测机理出发,建立了偏振度与折射率的关系,探讨了在不同折射率组合情况下的偏振度变化规律。结果表明,由于不同折射率的水体在达到偏振度极值时入射角不同,当太阳入射角在交点角区间左侧时,偏振度与水体折射率成反比,当太阳入射角在交点角区间右侧时,偏振度与水体折射率成正比;不同折射率组合情况下的偏振度差值在太阳入射角40°左右和太阳入射角70°左右时达到极值。在最佳角度范围内获取偏振信息,可以使水体遥感的精度得到提高。     

基于多角度偏振载荷数据的中国典型地物偏振特性研究

相对于传统的光学遥感, 多角度偏振遥感不仅可以获取辐射强度信息, 而且可以获取偏振强度信息. 基于多角度偏振卫星载荷观测的中国典型地物的偏振反射率数据, 获取了地表偏振双向反射模型——Nadal模型的中国区域模型参数值. 在此基础上, 基于修正的Nadal模型研究了中国区域森林、草地、沙漠三种典型地物的多角度偏振特性. 研究表明: 1)各地物的偏振反射率均随着散射角的增大而减小, 随着太阳天顶角和卫星观测天顶角的增大而增大; 2)森林、草地和沙漠三种典型地表偏振反射率存在明显差别, 森林的偏振反射率最低, 草地的偏振反射率次之, 沙漠的偏振反射率大约为森林的两倍; 3)不同地物之间的偏振反射率差值均随着卫星观测天顶角和太阳天顶角的增大而增大. 研究结果可为基于多角度偏振遥感数据探测地表偏振特性和反演气溶胶参数提供先验知识.     

地表双向反射对天基矢量辐射探测的影响分析

矢量辐射传输方程定量描述了辐射在地表-大气耦合介质中的传输过程,是定量遥感的基础.在处理辐射和离散介质相互作用时,如何处理多次散射、辐射偏振效应和耦合地表模型是研究的重点,直接影响定量化遥感反演的精度.文中基于逐次散射近似法求解了矢量辐射传输方程,求解过程中耦合典型地表的非偏双向反射（BRDF）模型和偏振双面反射（BPDF）模型.采用相对误差因子定量分析了地表双向反射效应和大气偏振效应对天基矢量辐射的影响.为进一步研究地表-大气耦合介质系统的偏振特性及地表大气参数的定量遥感反演提供理论支持. 关键词： 矢量辐射传输方程 逐次散射近似 定量遥感 偏振遥感     

海洋气溶胶多光谱偏振特性研究

为提高海洋气溶胶的反演精度,定量研究了气溶胶在可见近红外波段的多光谱偏振辐射特性。首先建立了合理的海洋气溶胶及海面模型,基于逐次散射法准确模拟了光在气溶胶中及大气—海洋交界面处的矢量辐射传输过程,接着从光谱角度定量分析了典型波段处的反射率和偏振反射率,在此基础上提出了海洋气溶胶偏振辐射的光谱分布模型,并用卫星数据对模型进行验证,最后研究了气溶胶光学厚度、观测角度、海水叶绿素a浓度和海面风速对气溶胶多光谱偏振辐射的影响。研究表明,在可见近红外波段不考虑大气吸收和耀斑效应时,气溶胶偏振辐射的光谱变化符合幂函数模型;在不同波段处,海洋气溶胶的偏振辐射受海水叶绿素a浓度和海面风速的影响不同;海洋气溶胶的多光谱偏振辐射信息有效体现了气溶胶的自身特性,且与反射率相比,偏振反射率随各因素的变化存在更明显的谱段差异性。因此,可以运用气溶胶的多光谱偏振信息反演海洋气溶胶参数,多光谱探测的加入对提高气溶胶反演精度具有重要意义。     

A vector radiative transfer model of coupled ocean-atmosphere system using matrix-operator method for rough sea-surface

A vector radiative transfer model termed PCOART has been developed for the coupled ocean-atmosphere system, using the matrix-operator (or adding-doubling) method, which considers the rough sea-surface. The theoretical formulations of the solution of the vector radiative transfer equation of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system, and the reflection-transmission matrices and internal radiation sources for rough sea surface are described. The model intercomparison is performed for several radiative transfer problems in the atmosphere and ocean, and the results show that PCOART can exactly predict the radiance fields for both flat and rough sea surface. Also, the polarizing remote sensing data from POLDER is used to test the capacity of PCOART to simulate the polarization radiance at the top-of-atmosphere, which shows that PCOART can perfectly reproduce the linear polarization reflectance measured by POLDER. PCOART can not only simulate the total radiance field in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system with wind-induced rough sea surface but also predict the polarization radiance field both in the atmosphere and in the ocean, which can serve as a good tool for the ocean optics and ocean color remote sensing communities.     

卷云多角度偏振特性研究

由各种形状冰晶粒子组成的卷云,对全球辐射平衡和气候变化有重要的影响,其影响程度取决于卷云本身的微物理特性和光学特性,如冰晶粒子形状、卷云光学厚度和云顶压强等.在对0.865μm波长处卷云光学特性研究的基础上,采用矢量辐射传输方程模拟分析了含卷云层的总反射率和偏振反射率,并利用卫星观测数据验证了模拟结果.分析研究了卷云微物理特征、光学特征和地表反照率对总反射率和偏振反射率的影响.分析表明,可以综合利用多角度偏振遥感信息反演各种卷云参数.这为利用多角度偏振遥感数据反演卷云各参数提供了理论基础. 关键词： 卷云微物理特征 卷云光学特性 多角度偏振辐射 矢量辐射传输方程     

基于野外测量研究植被冠层偏振光谱反射特性

植被冠层反射太阳光会产生部分偏振光,这为偏振遥感探测提供了信息源。利用地基平台开展野外偏振测量是非常重要的研究,它不仅能获取植被冠层本质的偏振反射特性,而且还可以与机载或者星载平台数据进行匹配;虽然研究者们已经通过机载或者星载偏振探测器获取了大量植被冠层的偏振反射信息,但是关于地面植被冠层偏振反射分布特性的研究却很少。因此,为了详细研究植被冠层的偏振反射特性,基于野外多角度高光谱偏振测量与偏振反射物理机制,分析了植被冠层偏振光谱特性及其偏振反射分布特性;随后,反演了两种偏振模型的参数,将测量值与模拟值进行对比分析。研究结果发现,植被冠层的偏振反射具有明显的各项异性特征,而且与波长之间存在微弱的关系;同时,偏振模型可以很好地模拟植被冠层的偏振反射信息,可以作为研究植被冠层的理论依据。该研究测量的偏振反射信息与模型计算值之间呈现良好的吻合性,既描述了植被冠层偏振反射分布特性,又证明模型的有效性和测量结果的准确性。对植被冠层偏振特性的详细研究,不仅有助于完整地解释植被冠层与电磁波之间的辐射响应特征,而且对于偏振遥感对地观测以及地表偏振信息对大气偏振信息的研究也具有重要科学价值。     

A new approach to the retrieval of surface properties from earthshine measurements

Instruments such as the MODIS and MISR radiometers on EOS AM-1, and POLDER on ADEOS have been deployed for the remote sensing retrieval of surface properties. Typically, retrieval algorithms use linear combinations of semi-empirical bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) kernels to model surface reflectance. The retrieval proceeds in two steps; first, an atmospheric correction relates surface BRDF to top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectances, then regression is used to establish the linear coefficients used in the kernel combination. BRDF kernels may also depend on a number of physical or empirical non-linear parameters (e.g. ocean wind speed for a specular BRDF); such parameters are usually assumed known. A major source of error in this retrieval comes from lack of knowledge of planetary boundary layer (PBL) aerosol properties.In this paper, we present a different approach to surface property retrieval. For the radiative transfer simulations, we use the discrete ordinate LIDORT model, which has the capability to generate simultaneous fields of radiances and weighting functions in a multiply scattering multi-layer atmosphere. Surface-atmosphere coupling due to multiple scattering and reflection effects is treated in full; the use of an atmospheric correction is not required. Further, it is shown that sensitivities of TOA reflectances to both linear and non-linear surface BRDF parameters may be established directly by explicit analytic differentiation of the discrete ordinate radiative transfer equations. Surface properties may thus be retrieved directly and conveniently from satellite measurements using standard non-linear fitting methods. In the fitting for BRDF parameters, lower-boundary aerosol properties can either be retrieved as auxiliary parameters, or they can be regarded as forward model parameter errors. We present examples of simulated radiances and surface/aerosol weighting functions for combinations of multi-angle measurements at several different wavelengths, and we perform some examples of self-consistent non-linear fitting to demonstrate feasibility for this kind of surface property retrieval.     

Iterative atmospheric correction scheme and the polarization color of alpine snow

Characterization of the Earth's surface is crucial to remote sensing, both to map geomorphological features and because subtracting this signal is essential during retrievals of the atmospheric constituents located between the surface and the sensor. Current operational algorithms model the surface total reflectance through a weighted linear combination of a few geometry-dependent kernels, each devised to describe a particular scattering mechanism. The information content of these measurements is overwhelmed by that of instruments with polarization capabilities: proposed models in this case are based on the Fresnel reflectance of an isotropic distribution of facets. Because of its remarkable lack of spectral contrast, the polarized reflectance of land surfaces in the shortwave infrared spectral region, where atmospheric scattering is minimal, can be used to model the surface also at shorter wavelengths, where aerosol retrievals are attempted based on well-established scattering theories.In radiative transfer simulations, straightforward separation of the surface and atmospheric contributions is not possible without approximations because of the coupling introduced by multiple reflections. Within a general inversion framework, the problem can be eliminated by linearizing the radiative transfer calculation, and making the Jacobian (i.e., the derivative expressing the sensitivity of the reflectance with respect to model parameters) available at output. We present a general methodology based on a Gauss–Newton iterative search, which automates this procedure and eliminates de facto the need of an ad hoc atmospheric correction.In this case study we analyze the color variations in the polarized reflectance measured by the NASA Goddard Institute of Space Studies Research Scanning Polarimeter during a survey of late-season snowfields in the High Sierra. This insofar unique dataset presents challenges linked to the rugged topography associated with the alpine environment and a likely high water content due to melting. The analysis benefits from ancillary information provided by the NASA Langley High Spectral Resolution Lidar deployed on the same aircraft.The results obtained from the iterative scheme are contrasted against the surface polarized reflectance obtained ignoring multiple reflections, via the simplistic subtraction of the atmospheric scattering contribution. Finally, the retrieved reflectance is modeled after the scattering properties of a dense collection of ice crystals at the surface. Confirming that the polarized reflectance of snow is spectrally flat would allow to extend the techniques already in use for polarimetric retrievals of aerosol properties over land to the large portion of snow-covered pixels plaguing orbital and suborbital observations.     

海洋气溶胶多角度偏振辐射特性研究

海洋气溶胶是对流层气溶胶的重要组成部分,对全球的辐射收支平衡及气侯变化均有重要的影响。评价气溶胶的直接与间接辐射效应需要对气溶胶的性质进行深入的研究。多角度偏振为气溶胶光学物理性质研究提供了新的方法。在对可见光550 nm和近红外860 nm波段处海洋气溶胶的光学性质的研究基础上,采用矢量辐射传输模型模拟了TOA（top of atmosphere）反射率和偏振反射率与下垫面性质、观测方位角、气溶胶光学厚度之间的敏感性。模拟结果表明,海洋型气溶胶的多角度偏振信息可以有效地体现气溶胶的光学性质,可以利用多角度偏振遥感信息进行海洋气溶胶的反演,为利用多角度偏振遥感数据进行海洋气溶胶提供了理论基础。