变像管相机中空间电荷效应的统计动力学分析

从Boltzmann积分微分方程出发推出了保守势场中电子数密度按势能的分布规律,即Boltzmann统计分布。以此为基础,从统计动力学的角度详细分析了变像管相机中超短电子脉冲内部的空间电荷效应,通过求解Poisson方程得出了表征空间电荷效应的两个特征参量:空间电荷密度分布函数和速度分布函数,并对其按电位的动态变化规律进行了定性讨论。结果表明,限制变像管中的低电位区域和其中光电子脉冲从高电位向低电位传输的区域都将有助于优化整个变像管的性能。同时也重新讨论了光电阴极附近强加速场对光电子脉冲时间弥散的抑制作用,最终确定了其物理机制为不等位区间中电子脉冲空间分布的高度集中性。     

脉冲光电子枪中光电子束性能研究

利用新设计的脉冲光电子枪,研究了光电子束的能量分布,光数密度与激光强度的关系和光电子在电离区内的滞留时间。大部分电子的能量为光发射电子的剩余能量,但量由于电子的空间电荷效应,电子能量分布具有加宽现象。每个激光脉冲发射到电离区内的光电子数密度在１０＾９／ｃｍ＾３以上。     

附加电极对扫描变像管性能的优化

 通过分析影响变像管性能的主要因素,以提高其时间分辨率、空间分辨率和动态范围为优化思路,确定了在扫描变像管中荧光屏邻近区域引入等径螺旋电极以产生纵向均匀加速场的优化方案。分析得知,该优化结构可以在几方面改善变像管的性能:增加粒子到达荧光屏的纵向速度、减小粒子通过偏转板与荧光屏之间区域的渡越时间和渡越时间弥散、提高荧光屏的亮度。在横向约束带电粒子束的发散,通过减小空间电荷像差而改善电子光学系统的空间分辨率。另外,附加电极的引入也为降低加速阳极电位和偏转电极电位从而提高偏转系统的灵敏度提供了一定的空间。     

抑制超短电子脉冲展宽的补偿方法

 提出了一种有效的利用补偿元件抑制空间电荷效应所致脉冲展宽的方法。此元件为一轴对称的圆柱形空腔,金属侧壁和供脉冲输出的端面金属栅网接地以保持0电位,供脉冲进入空腔的端面小孔的内壁涂导电层并施以正电位,通过选择此端面的介电常数分布而在此端面上形成特定的电位分布。如此形成的补偿元件内部电场能够在不引入附加电子能量弥散的基础上,在空点电荷效应所致脉冲展宽极为严重的纵向和横向这两个主要方向上,均能够有效地抑制空间电荷效应,从而起到补偿电子脉冲展宽的作用。     

非聚焦电子束照射SiO2薄膜带电效应

采用考虑电子散射、俘获、输运和自洽场的三维数值模型, 模拟了低能非聚焦电子束照射接地SiO₂薄膜的带电效应. 结果表明, 由于电子的迁移和扩散, 电子会渡越散射区域产生负空间电荷分布. 空间电荷呈现在散射区域内为正, 区域外为负的交替分布特性. 对于薄膜负带电, 电子会输运至导电衬底形成泄漏电流, 其暂态过程随泄漏电流的增加趋于平衡. 而正带电暂态过程随返回二次电子的增多而趋于平衡. 在平衡态时, 负带电表面电位随薄膜厚度、陷阱密度的增大而降低, 随电子迁移率、薄膜介电常数的增大而升高;而正带电表面电位受它们影响较小.     

空间电荷场对自由电子激光中电子稳态轨道的影响

本文从三维模型出发,详细地研究了自由电子激光中电子束空间电荷场对相对论性电子稳态轨道的影响,发现考虑空间电荷场的三维效应后,电子稳态轨道出现新的不稳定性区域。 关键词：     

光电子能量角度分布和空间电荷效应对变像管条纹相机的影响

基于飞秒条纹相机系统和飞秒电子衍射系统设计需求,通过蒙特卡罗方法模拟研究了在阴栅加速区光电子能量、角度分布和空间电荷效应对光电子时间弥散和能量弥散的影响。确定了紫外和软X射线波段入射光电阴极时,光电子六种初始能量分布的时间弥散精确值。分析了光电子发射电流密度、加速电场和时间弥散的关系。发现了电子脉冲在加速区轴向速度的线性啁啾、能量弥散变化和在自由区不相同。     

静电加速管中强流空间电荷效应的研究

 对一种工业用大功率电子加速器(450kW)的加速管中的空间电荷效应作了5点假设，建立了物理模型。对模型的束内外径向电位分布、空间电荷对轴上电位的影响，以及空间电荷力对束流传输的影响等进行了理论分析，得到了束内径向电位分布。结果表明：束流内部径向电位沿径向均呈抛物线变化，并在轴上达到最小值；而空间电荷产生的束内电场与半径呈线性变化；空间电荷不仅会引起轴上电位的跌落，而且对束流有发散作用，特别是在电子速度较低时更为明显。在考虑了空间电荷效应后，强流静电加速管的电场设计关键在加速管的前端，与弱流加速管相比，强流加速管的电场变化要大得多。     

求解三种导体构形中相对论电子形成的空间电荷限制流

 从Poisson方程及空间电荷限制流假设出发，推导了三种导体构形中相对论电子形成的空间电荷流密度的一般方程，给出了求解方法及解的基本特征、平板形阳极空间电荷限制流的具体表达式，研究了同轴圆筒形及共顶点同轴圆锥形导体空间电荷限制流关系表达式的极性效应、空间电荷密度及电场分布。     

大动态范围软X射线扫描变像管设计与测试

提出并设计了一种旨在获得大动态范围的软X射线扫描变像管.该管型在保证大的阴极有效使用面积的情况下,通过减小电子的渡越时间来减小空间电荷效应对扫描变像管性能的影响,从而改善扫描变像管的动态范围.借助于YAG皮秒激光器对其性能进行了实验评价,获得了时间分辨率优于31 ps和动态范围大于922的结果.     

射频辉光放电CH4等离子体中电子的能量分布

通过求解Lorentz简化的玻尔兹曼方程,得到射频放电CH₄等离子体中电子的能量分布函数.求解过程中使用一个简化的射频电场模型代替泊松方程求解放电电场.共计包含6类环境气体及27种电子碰撞反应.通过EEDF对等离子体中的电子反应率系数、电子平均能量、电子的传输率系数等进行求解分析.结果表明,在等离子体鞘层区域电子能量具有Maxwell分布形式,在正柱区域具有Druyvesteyn分布形式.最高电子能量和最大反应率系数出现在鞘层区域.电子的迁移率系数和扩散率系数随射频周期的演化时空分布不均匀.     

电子束泵浦氩中高能电子分布的理论计算

 改进了文献中报导的Boltzmann基本方程。与Boltzmann基本方程相比，改进后的Boltzmann方程更全面地描述了电子与基态氩原子碰撞的物理过程，并能计算出整个能量区间的电子分布。利用Boltzmann基本方程和改进的Boltzmann方程，对电子束泵浦氩中能量大于氩原子第一激发态能量(11.56eV)的高能电子分布函数进行了理论计算。计算中，选取了电子碰撞氩的微分电离截面和激发截面的解析表达式。对计算所得的稳态电子分布函数以及达到稳态分布所需的特征时间进行了分析和讨论。     

Effect of air breakdown on microwave pulse energy transmission

The energy transmission of the long microwave pulse for the frequency of 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz is studied by using the electron fluid model, where the rate coefficients are deduced from the Boltzmann equation solver named BOLSIG+. The breakdown thresholds for different air pressures and incident pulse parameters are predicted, which show good agreement with the experimental data. Below the breakdown threshold, the transmitted pulse energy is proportional to the square of the incident electric field amplitude. When the incident electric field amplitude higher than the breakdown threshold increases,the transmitted pulse energy decreases monotonously at a high air pressure, while at a low air pressure it first decreases and then increases. We also compare the pulse energy transmission for the frequency of 2.45 GHz with the case of 5.8 GHz.     

Classical Theory of Hot-Electron Transport in Electric and Magnetic Fields

Balance equation approach to the hot-electron transport in electric and magnetic fields is reformulated.The balance equations are re-derived from the Boltzmann equation. A new expression for the distribution function isreported in the present paper. It is homogeneous steady solution of the Boltzmann equation in constant relaxation timeapproximation. It holds when ωocτ < i or ωc < Te. As an example, the mobility of 2D electron gas in the GaAs-AlGaAsheterojunction is computed as a function of electric field and magnetic field.     

Long-time behavior of the Lorentz electron gas in a constant,uniform electric field

The long-time behavior of the Lorentz electron gas is studied in the presence of a uniform external field. A discussion of the rigorous solution of the one-dimensional Boltzmann equation is followed by the derivation of the asymptotic form of the velocity distribution in an arbitrary number of dimensions. The system is shown to absorb energy from the field without bounds, which excludes the usually assumed steady state with finite thermal energy density.Supported by the Polish Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology, Project MR.I.7.The authors are very grateful to Dr. Y. Pomeau for many valuable comments.     

On the Convergence of the Boltzmann Equation for Semiconductors Toward the Energy Transport Model

The diffusion limit of the Boltzmann equation of semiconductors is analyzed. The dominant collisions are the elastic collisions on one hand and the electron–electron collisions with the Pauli exclusion terms on the other hand. Under a nondegeneracy hypothesis on the distribution function, a lower bound of the entropy dissipation rate of the leading term of the Boltzmann kernel for semiconductors in terms of a distance to the space of Fermi–Dirac functions is proved. This estimate and a mean compactness lemma are used to prove the convergence of the solution of the Boltzmann equation to a solution of the energy transport model.     

The Impact of Different CO Admixtures on the Electron Kinetics in Collision Dominated RF He/CO Bulk Plasmas

Electron energy distribution functions and mean collision frequencles for the uniform bulk plasma of established rf discharges in He/CO have been obtained by solving the time dependent Boltzmann equation. The results, which are of importance for plasma processing and laser technology, show that already small CO admixtures to He remarkably changes the periodic behaviour of the energy distribution of the electrons by drastical enhancement of the collisional energy dissipation effectiveness in the mixture. These changes can be interpreted on the basis of a lumped energy dissipation frequency in all electron collisions which is determined by the atomic data of the electron collision processes as well as by the admixture fractions and which drastically increases with increasing CO admixture. The degree of modulation of the energy distribution in different parts of the electron energy space and its population on the time average at higher energies are determined by the relation between the rf field frequency and the mentioned lumped energy dissipation frequency.     

用格子Boltzmann模型模拟垂直平板间的热对流

引入一个新的能量分布函数，利用该能量分布函数与粒子速度分布函数耦合来求解一个热流场. 因而，这一能量分布函数与粒子速度分布函数和Boltzmann方程构成了一个新的格子Boltzmann模型. 这一模型满足质量、动量和能量守恒的准则. 用该模型对垂直平板间的狭缝热对流进行了数值模拟，数值结果表明，在Prandtl数为1，Grashof数在1.3×10²—1×10⁶之间时，流场将出现多个旋涡结构的流型. 得出了与Lee相一致的结论. 关键词： 能量分布函数 Boltzmann方程 热对流     

Spatiotemporal evolution of the distribution function of electrons in sign-changing electric field

A numerical model for solving the Boltzmann unsteady non-local kinetic equation for the distribution function of electrons over energy is constructed. The Boltzmann equation for isotropic part of the distribution function written in natural variables the kinetic energy — the coordinate was solved by the pseudo-unsteady method. The model was applied for describing the spatiotemporal evolution of the distribution function of electrons in a uniform electric field. For a model distribution of the electric field with the “negative” value in the Faraday dark space and the “positive” value in the positive column of the glow discharge, the main macroscopic parameters of electrons are obtained, the diffusion mechanism of the electron current transfer in the negative electric field region is confirmed. The work was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant No. 07-02-00781-a) and by State Contract No. 02.513.11.3242.