一类煤与天然气互补利用的新型发电系统

提出一种新型发电系统,通过煤和天然气的互补利用来减少能量转化过程的不可逆损失。煤气化炉采用空气和水蒸气做氧化剂,碳转化率约为60%,未转化部分形成半焦,半焦燃烧释放的热量驱动天然气重整反应,制取合成气。煤部分气化所得气化煤气和半焦燃烧驱动天然气重整所得合成气混合,作为联合循环的燃料。结果显示,新系统的热效率为51.5%,效率为50.3%,天然气折合发电效率为61%。新系统为高效合理利用煤和天然气提供了一种新途径。     

新型双燃料重整联合循环发电系统

本文提出了一种新型双燃料重整联合循环发电系统。该系统通过重整反应实现了煤和天然气的综合利用,煤的燃烧过程为天然气/水蒸汽重整反应提供了高温反应热,通过双燃料重整煤的部分化学能间接转化到合成气中,然后合成气进入联合循环燃烧作功。研究结果表明双燃料联合循环的供电效率为49.4%-53.2%,煤的折合供电效率为42.4%-44.6%,与IGCC(动力部分相同时为44%-46%)相比供电效率降低1-2个百分点,但是投资大约降低30%。本文的研究开拓性地为煤的清洁高效利用提供了新途径。     

新型双燃料多功能能源系统开拓研究

本文开拓性地提出了一种新型多种化石能源输入(煤和天然气)、多种产品输出(电力和化工产品)的多功能能源系统。该系统将天然气／水蒸气重整过程和煤的燃烧过程有机整合,用煤燃烧替代了传统重整过程清洁的燃料天然气和弛放气燃烧,实现了煤和天然气的综合互补利用;将甲醇生产系统与发电系统有机整合,实现了化工系统弛放气的梯级利用同时,对甲醇生产系统余热进行了更加有效的利用。研究表明生产相同量的甲醇和电,多功能系统比参比系统少消耗 20％的天然气。本文工作为煤和天然气综合高效利用提供了新途径．     

生物质气化-天然气重整-甲醇动力多联产系统特性分析

本文根据生物质能源具有的自身特点,提出一个适合生物质能源利用的新型多联产系统.在原有天然气基甲醇生产系统中增加生物质气化子系统,充分利用天然气-水蒸气重整与生物质气化制取合成气中碳氢有效成分互补的特点,通过合理配气满足最佳的甲醇合成要求,因此屏蔽掉了变换,补碳,脱碳等分产必需的工艺过程,同时借助动力系统实现未反应气的合理利用,在满足较高的甲醇产率前提下降低了化工产品能耗,动力系统借助化工过程克服燃料燃烧过程品位损失过大的难题,是组分对口分级转化能量梯级利用的本质体现.针对不同天然气生物质输入比情况下合成气一次性通过,以及最佳输入比情况下未反应气适度循环两种方案,本文分别进行了深入分析,具有8%～14%的节能潜力.为生物质能的高效应用以及缓解能源危机提供了一条有效的途径.     

焦炭和甲醇/动力多联产系统集成与特性

本文提出了一个新型的焦炭和甲醇/动力多联产系统,新系统在焦炉子系统中采用煤炭燃烧替代焦炉煤气燃烧;在合成气制备过程采用焦炉煤气与气化煤气共制合成气,取消了重整反应和变换反应;在合成单元中采用了部分未反应气再循环方式.新型联产系统具有较高的热力性能,系统节能率高达22%.对新系统的(火用)分析结果表明:采用煤炭燃烧替代焦炉煤气燃烧,取消重整单元,以及合成煤气与焦炉煤气共制合成气是系统性能提升的关键所在.总之,新系统进一步拓展了煤基多联产,将为洁净煤技术指引一个新的方向.     

低CO2排放的太阳能/甲醇互补系统热力经济性分析

基于品位匹配和多能源综合梯级利用的原则,本文提出了低CO₂排放的太阳能与化石能源互补发电系统LESOLCC,并对其进行了热力经济性能分析。所提系统以甲醇为燃料,中低温太阳能首先提供甲醇重整反应的反应热,从而转化为富氢合成气的化学能,实现品位提升;其次通过燃烧前对CO₂的捕集,实现燃料的清洁燃烧,最终在高效联合循环中实现其热功转换。结果表明:基本工况下,系统当量效率达到55.1%,比投资为833$/kW,发电成本为0.124$/kWh,回收期17年;与相同化石燃料输入及CO₂捕集水平的尾气捕集CO₂的常规燃气-蒸汽联合循环（CC-Post）相比,发电成本下降了10.1%,充分显示其优越性。     

太阳能膜反应器燃料制取及联合循环效率分析

膜反应器是一种可在等温条件下连续运行的高效热化学反应器。基于膜反应器的甲烷重整吸热反应可利用太阳能作为热源制备更高热值的合成气,并可作为燃料提供给下游的联合循环进行发电,实现太阳能与化石能源的互补利用。本文对基于透氧膜的太阳能制取合成气系统建立理论研究模型,首先研究制取合成气的效率在不同热回收效率下随H_2O/CO_2比率变化的规律,然后讨论上游膜反应器的合成气产物热回收效率对于系统总发电效率的影响,并得到系统总效率的变化规律。膜反应器与常规甲烷重整反应系统相比,甲烷转化率和产气纯度更高,且燃料产物便于储存和运输。系统总发电效率为39.3%(太阳能聚光温度1200℃),具有实际应用潜力。     

中温太阳能驱动甲烷化学链重整冷热电系统及性能研究

针对高温太阳能与天然气热化学互补分布式能源系统存在聚光比高、互补反应温度高、变工况性能不稳定的技术瓶颈,本文探索了一种能实现主动调控的中温太阳能与天然气互补的化学链重整冷热电联产系统。利用约500℃太阳热能驱动天然气基-氧化镍化学链重整,生成合成气太阳能燃料,通过燃气轮机冷热电联产系统,实现中温太阳能与天然气综合梯级利用.研究结果表明:在设计点工况条件下,系统的总能效率可达到80.9%,太阳能集热面积节约率达到53.2%,太阳能净发电效率可达27.3%.分析了关键参数如NiO和甲烷摩尔比(Ni/C)和太阳辐照强度(DNI)对系统热力学性能的影响。     

集成太阳能热化学过程的冷热电联产系统

提出了集成抛物槽式双轴跟踪镜场的太阳能与清洁燃料热化学互补的微燃机冷热电联产系统。双轴跟踪的抛物槽镜场产生中低温太阳能热驱动吸收/反应管内甲醇分解生成合成气。合成气作为微燃机燃料,驱动分布式能源系统输出冷热电产品。研究了太阳能热化学关键过程吸收/反应管内甲醇转化率、沿程温度分布规律,对系统进行了能量分析和拥分析。结果表明,新系统热效率为74.74%,系统发电效率达到32.34%。研究结果为高效、稳定利用太阳能和清洁燃料提供了一种有效途径。     

太阳能热化学互补发电系统的变辐照性能研究

本文基于10 kW中低温太阳能与甲醇热化学互补发电实验平台,采用不同太阳辐照强度与吸收反应器内甲醇裂解反应、甲醇重整反应两种化学反应的有机集成,提出了一种新颖的变辐照与不同化学反应相匹配的主动调控新方法,针对不同典型日太阳辐照强度偏离设计值,探讨了热化学互补发电系统变辐照工况的特性规律。研究结果表明,在中低温太阳能热化学互补发电系统中,与采用单一的太阳能驱动甲醇裂解反应相比,本文提出的主动调控方法使互补系统的日均太阳能净发电效率从30%提高到36%,更接近设计工况,有效提高了甲醇燃料化学能的梯级利用程度。该方法为减小单位镜场面积、提高太阳能年均净发电效率提供了有效途径。     

From fundamental studies of reactivity on single crystals to the design of catalysts

One of the prominent arguments for performing surface science studies have for many years been to improve and design new and better catalysts. Although surface science has provided the fundamental framework and tools for understanding heterogeneous catalysis until now there have been extremely few examples of actually designing new catalysts based solely on surface science studies. In this review, we shall demonstrate how a close collaboration between different fundamental disciplines like structural-, theoretical-and reactivity-studies of surfaces as well as a strong interaction with industry can have strong synergetic effects and how this was used to develop a new catalyst. As so often before the studies reviewed here were not initiated with the objective to solve a specific problem, but realizing that a new class of very stable two-dimensional alloys could be synthesized from otherwise immiscible metals made it possible to present a new solution to a specific problem in the industrial catalysis relating to methane activation in the steam reforming process. Methane is the main constituent of natural gas and it is an extremely important raw material for many large scale chemical processes such as production of hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol. In the steam reforming process methane and water are converted into a mixture of mainly hydrogen and carbon monoxide, the so-called synthesis gas. Industrially the steam reforming process usually takes place over a catalyst containing small nickel crystallites highly dispersed on a porous support material like aluminum/magnesium oxides in order to achieve a high active metal area. There is a general consensus that the rate limiting step of this process is the dissociative sticking of methane on the nickel surface. Driven by the desire to understand this step and hopefully be able to manipulate the reactivity, a large number of investigations of the methane/nickel interaction have been performed using nickel single crystals as model catalysts. The process has been investigated, both under thermal conditions and by using supersonic molecular beams elucidating the dynamical aspects of the interaction. The results obtained will be reviewed both with respect to the clean and modified nickel surfaces. Especially the two-dimensional gold–nickel alloy system will be considered since the fundamental results here have lead to the invention of a new nickel based catalyst, which is much more resistant to carbon formation than the conventional nickel catalysts. This may be one of the first examples of how fundamental research can lead to the invention of new catalysts. Other overlayer/alloy combinations, their stability, and reactivity are briefly discussed with respect to manipulation of the surface reactivity towards methane.     

Internal reforming in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells running on natural gas

Methane steam reforming has been studied over a range of nickel/ceria-gadolinia cermet anodes, over the temperature range 500–700 °C appropriate for intermediate temperature ceriagadolinia based SOFCs. The influence of operating temperature and methane/steam ratio on the reforming characteristics, methane conversion and product selectivity, and the carbon deposition on the anode during reforming, has been determined for each anode. Nickel/ceria powders made from gas atomised intermetallic precursors have been studied as potential anode materials for intermediate temperature ceria-gadolinia based SOFCs running on natural gas. The powders have been characterised structurally and evaluated for their methane reforming characteristics and their resistance to carbon deposition during internal reforming, especially at low steam/methane ratios, over the relevant operating temperature ranges of ceriagadolinia based SOFCs. Their performance has been compared to conventionally prepared anodes and anodes generated from cast alloys, with very favourable results. Paper presented at the 9th EuroConference on Ionics, Ixia, Rhodes, Greece, Sept. 15 – 21, 2002.     

生物油及生物质炭电催化制氢

报道了以生物质热裂解产物-生物油和生物质炭为原料,利用双固定床反应器和电催化水蒸气重整方法高效制氢过程研究．获得的最大绝对氢产率达到110.9 g H₂/1 kg干生物质,气相产物包括72%H₂、26%CO₂、1.9%CO和痕量的CH₄．研究了添加生物质炭对生物油制氢效果的影响,以及重整反应温度、通入催化床的电流等反应条件对生物油和生物质炭制氢效果的影响．结果表明,生物质炭的添加使绝对氢产率增加了大约20%～45%,提     

燃气轮机合成气燃烧室燃料气加湿实验研究

本文针对一种燃用合成气的40MW级燃气轮机燃烧室,进行了该型燃烧室的全压燃料气蒸汽加湿试验研究,得到了燃烧室在基本负荷下随加湿量变化污染物排放、燃烧室内动态压力、火焰筒壁面温度等重要参数的变化规律,分析了燃料气加湿对燃气轮机总体性能、污染物排放、火焰筒壁温及燃烧稳定性方面的影响,探讨了燃料气加湿对合成气燃烧中Nox生成的机理性作用. 研究表明燃料气加湿是降低燃用合成气的燃气轮机氮氧化物排放的有效方式.     

Thermodynamic study of characteristics of the converter with separated supply of hydrocarbon fuel for thermo-oxidative and steam reforming

Thermodynamic studies of the converter characteristics were performed to produce hydrogen-containing syngas from hydrocarbon fuel (kerosene) with its separated supply for thermo-oxidative and steam reforming. It is demonstrated that the optimal conditions of the converter performance correlate with the oxidant ratio of α > 0.5 at the heattransfer wall temperature of 1200 K. Hydrogen content in the final syngas reaches 60 % by volume, free carbon (soot) deposition in reforming products is excluded, and there is no need to apply walls water cooling in the converter.     

On the reaction mechanism of CO2 reforming of methane over a bed of coal char

CO₂ reforming of methane was studied over a bed of coal char in a fixed bed reactor at temperatures between 1073 and 1223 K and atmospheric pressure with a feed composition of CH₄/CO₂/N₂ in the ratio of 1:1:8. Experimental results showed that the char was an effective catalyst for the production of syngas with a maximum H₂/CO ratio of one. It was also found that high H₂/CO ratios were favoured by low pressures and moderate to high temperatures. These results are supported by thermodynamic calculations. A mechanism of seven overall reactions was studied and three catalytic reactions of CH₄ decomposition, char gasification and the Boudouard reaction was identified as being of major importance. The first reaction produces carbon and H₂, the second consumes carbon, and the third (the Boudouard reaction) converts CO₂ to CO while consuming carbon. Equilibrium calculations and experimental results showed that any water present reacts to form H₂ and carbon oxides in the range of temperatures and pressures studied. Carbon deposition over the char bed is the major cause of deactivation. The rate of carbon formation depends on the kinetic balance between the surface reaction of the adsorbed hydrocarbons with oxygen containing species and the further dissociation of the hydrocarbon.