单目视觉融合激光投射的无人机障碍探测方法

针对微小型无人机在飞行作业任务中的主动避障需求,提出一种用于微小型无人机避障的、基于单目视觉与主动激光点阵投射的障碍探测方法。使用单目相机采集投射的激光点阵图案,经过图像分割、聚类、质心提取等处理过程,通过像面激光线方程约束快速排除特征一致激光点的歧义,使用激光点探测出无人机前方空间中障碍的方位信息。实验验证装置在基线距离为65 mm,工作距离为7 m的条件下,障碍探测的相对误差在1.5%以内。该方法精度高、时间复杂度低,可满足低算力的微小型无人机对障碍探测方法的需求,为进一步避障策略的生成提供数据支撑。     

平面微透镜阵列的叠栅放大理论和实验研究

平面微透镜阵列与匹配的微图案阵列叠合时,会产生叠栅效应,在微透镜阵列立体防伪技术和高精度测量方面具有潜在的应用价值。基于游标叠栅效应原理建立了叠栅图案的放大倍数和方向与微图案阵列层、平面微透镜阵列层矢量之间的关系式,即叠栅图案相对于微图案的放大倍数约等于微透镜阵列周期矢量与平面微透镜阵列、微图案阵列周期矢量差的比值,该公式能够预测微图案映射的位置和大小。采用孔径边长为0.3 mm、周期为0.315 mm的方形孔径平面微透镜阵列与不同周期、角度的微图案贴合进行验证,叠栅图案的位置、大小的实验结果与理论预测一致。     

基于环氧树脂的显隐性复合防伪薄膜的制备

利用不同粒径的SiO₂纳米微球在聚乙烯基板上提拉自组装，形成了不同粒径微球排布的结构色薄膜。随后，在结构色薄膜中加入掺有稀土铝酸锶长余辉材料的光固化环氧树脂，利用掩模法形成长余辉图案，并使用氢氧化钠溶液对薄膜进行蚀刻，制备了具有高稳定性的长余辉和结构色的复合防伪薄膜。结果表明：利用表层光子晶体结构的光子带隙匹配底部图案的荧光波段，并通过刮擦、润湿等简单方法，即可实现底部荧光图案的显示；通过乙醇擦拭，表层结构能够快速恢复，再度实现荧光图案的隐藏，该方法可以使得防伪标签能够通过可重写方式进行反复使用。此外，腐蚀和弯曲测试表明，所制备薄膜具有很强的鲁棒性。     

多晶硅表面周期性微结构的激光制备与性能研究

为了减小多晶硅表面入射光的反射率,提高太阳能电池的光电效率,利用紫外纳秒激光器在多晶硅表面制备不同深度、不同间距的微凹坑点阵绒面,研究织构形貌对反射率及光电转换效率的影响。通过激光频率的改变实现微凹坑深度的变化,通过微凹坑排布方式的改变实现微凹坑间距的变化;使用光纤光谱仪测量多晶硅表面反射率并通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察微凹坑形貌;在PC1D软件中建立多晶硅入射光反射模型并模拟不同点阵间距下的多晶硅短路电流和开路电压,计算光电转换效率和填充因子。研究表明,不同频率(300 kHz、200 kHz、150 kHz、50 kHz)和点阵排布方式(300×300、310×310、350×350、400×400)对多晶硅表面的反射率和光电转换效率影响显著,随着频率增大,多晶硅试样反射率先减小后增加最后保持稳定;随着点阵排布密集程度增加,多晶硅试样光电转换效率逐渐提高。实验结果显示当激光频率为150 kHz,点阵分布为400×400时,多晶硅表面微凹坑成型较好,表面平均反射率为3.32%,多晶硅电池的效率为18.80%,相较于未制绒多晶硅电池提高25.9%。     

基于新型靶的CCD摄像系统畸变测量与校正

深入研究了测试图案对测量畸变的影响。提出"一靶测试法"进行畸变测量与校正,拍摄了自行设计、制作的"综合点阵靶板"的畸变图像,图像处理得到其畸变点位置,并与理想点位置进行对应比较。建立多项式模型确定畸变点与理想点的位置校正关系,理想点位置由理想成像得到,并运用最小二乘拟合算法求得多项式系数,标定整个CCD摄像系统的畸变。"综合点阵靶板"采用灰色圆点黑色间带图案,方便了点按序标记排列,从而确定畸变点与理想点的一一对应。对2.6 mm焦距的广角CCD镜头摄像系统进行了畸变测量与校正,其重复测量,校正精度达到0.3%。     

薄膜微区域变形的微标记阵列检测方法研究

本文应用阵列微压痕标记技术完成了薄膜表面微孔洞缺陷邻域变形检测. 检测中通过应用纳米压痕和微区域放电技术, 制作微标记阵列和微孔洞缺陷, 并在数字化显微系统下完成微区域点阵变形检测, 进而实现微区域小变形测量. 研究了微标记点的信息提取与表征方法, 讨论了微标记法在薄膜材料性能检测中的可行性及其检测性能.     

微镜头阵列球面排布方法研究

为了解决微镜头阵列在球面上的排布问题,提出了一种通用的基于正二十面体阵列点微移动排布方法。采用与排布球面同心正二十面体点阵投射方法获取微镜头中心点在球面上的初始排布。以弦长率和填充率为评价函数,采用点阵微移动法对此初始结构进行优化。完成方法通用性测试并和一种基于局部球面的经纬线排布法进行对比。实验结果表明,在排布球冠面立体角较大、微相机数量较多的情况下,采用该方法可以获得弦长率低于0.17,填充率达到75%以上的排布表现,同时其良好的排布对称性有效提高了微镜头阵列的成像性能。     

微通道板固定图案噪音及测试研究

叙述了微通道板的噪声,着重介绍了微通道板固定图案噪声及其简便新颖而又实用的一种测试方法,给出测试结果并进行了分析。     

水热法合成ZnO纳米棒图案及其场增强效应

利用水热合成方法在图案化的Au岛上合成了ZnO纳米棒图案,采用的溶液体系为六次甲基四胺和硝酸锌溶液,ZnO纳米棒的基底是ITO导电玻璃上的有序Au岛. 由于ZnO的异相成核速度在Au和ITO基底上具有不同的成核速度,因此ZnO优先生长在成核速度快的Au岛上,同时由于受到了溶液中前驱物种扩散的限制,纳米棒继续生长也被受到了约束. 通过调控六次甲基四胺和硝酸锌的浓度,可以调整不同的图案. 此外,利用X射线衍射、光致发光谱和场发射特性性能对水热合成的ZnO纳米棒图案进行了研究. ZnO纳米棒表现出良好的场增强性     

用多光束干涉模拟晶格图案

利用多束激光干涉，可形成三维晶格结构，计算结果指出，用四束光或六束光可形成大部分的布拉格（Ｂｒａｇｇ）点阵。同时用Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光器获得了体心正方和面心立方的相干图案，晶格常数和计算结果相符，该研究对构成可见和红外区域的光子晶有一定意义。     

Effect of chromium interlayer deposition on periodic silver nanoparticle array structure fabricated by nanosphere lithography

Effect of chromium interlayer deposition on 2-dimensional, periodic silver nanoparticle array structure was systematically investigated. The silver nanoparticle array was fabricated by nanosphere lithography with assembled polystyrene nanospheres being as a deposition mask. The chromium interlayer was deposited by thermal evaporation either on the nanosphere mask or directly on the silicon substrate. The structures of the achieved silver nanoparticle arrays were characterized by scanning electron microscope and were compared with that of silver nanoparticle array without the interlayer. With analysis of the anomalies among the structures the critical role of the interlayer in the periodic nanoparticle array fabrication was revealed.     

Coupling of crystalline colloidal arrays with intrinsically conductive polymers: Reflection-type electrochromic devices

The attenuation of the reflected light from a polystyrene (PS) polymerized crystalline colloidal array (PCCA) is achieved through the electrochemical switching of the electrochromic material polyaniline-poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonicacid) (PANI-PAMPS). For this purpose, layered electrochromic devices (ECDs) were fabricated that employed a PS PCCA film, acting as both a reflecting substrate and polymeric electrolyte, and the conducting polymer PANI-PAMPS, which served as the electrochromic layer. The resulting ECDs exhibited the attenuation of reflectance peak at the stop band position of the PCCA with a 3% of reflectance contrast ratio.     

Experimental evidence for the quantum confinement effect in 3C-SiC nanocrystallites

Using electrochemical etching of a polycrystalline 3C-SiC target and subsequent ultrasonic treatment in water solution, we have fabricated suspensions of 3C-SiC nanocrystallites that luminesce. Transmission electron microscope observations show that the 3C-SiC nanocrystallites, which uniformly disperse in water, have sizes in the range of 1-6 nm. Photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation spectral examinations show clear evidence for the quantum confinement of 3C-SiC nanocrystallites with the emission band maximum ranging from 440 to 560 nm. Tunable, composite polystyrene/SiC film can be made by adding polystyrene to a toluene suspension of the 3C-SiC nanocrystallites and then coating the resulting solution onto a Si wafer.     

Effect of the surface-modifying macromolecules on the duration of the surface functionalization

Functionalization of polystyrene films by the preferential surface enrichment of surface-modifying macromolecules (SMM) to achieve a hydrophilic surface with long effective duration is described. The comb-like amphiphilic copolymers (PKG-g-PS) based on styrene-maleic anhydride copolynier (SMA) backbone was synthesized by esterification of SMA with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). When PEG-g-PS was melt blended with polystyrene, the preferential surface enrichment of PEG-g-PS was much evident resulting in the large increase of the surface polarity. The effective duration of the surface functionalizatoin was also hugely extended as SMMs were added into the blends. Furthermore, more polyether chain segments on PEG-g-PS could selectively migrate to the surface by the inducement of polar solvent. Compared with the PEG-g-PS/PS and PEG/PEG-g-PS/PS blends, the surface polarity and the effective duration of surface modification both increased greatly when PEG-g-PS was used as the compatibilizer of PEG/PS blends. It was an effective solution to balance the conflict between the duration and efficiency of the surface-modifying additives.     

Immobilization of RuS2 Nanoparticles Prepared in Reverse Micellar System onto Thiol-Modified Polystyrene Particles and their Photocatalytic Properties

RuS₂ nanoparticles, smaller than 3 nm in diameter, were prepared by H₂S gas injection into the AOT/isooctane reverse micellar solution containing RuCl₃ aqueous solution. The nanoparticle size was found to be independent of the W_o (water content) value of the reverse micellar system, as shown by TEM observation. The recovery and immobilization of the RuS₂ nanoparticles from reverse micelles onto thiol-modified polystyrene particles (PSt-SH) were successfully carried out, by the addition of PSt-SH into the reverse micellar solution under conditions of mild stirring. The resulting composites, PSt-RuS₂, showed photocatalytic activity for H₂ generation form aqueous solution containing 2-propanol and Na₂SO₃ as sacrificial electron donors.     

Controlling SERS intensity by tuning the size and height of a silver nanoparticle array

It is demonstrated that the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) intensity of R6G molecules adsorbed on a Ag nanoparticle array can be controlled by tuning the size and height of the nanoparticles. A firm Ag nanoparticle array was fabricated on glass substrate by using nanosphere lithography (NSL) combined with reactive ion etching (RIE). Different sizes of Ag nanoparticles were fabricated with seed polystyrene nanospheres ranging from 430 nm to 820 nm in diameter. By depositing different thicknesses of Ag film and lifting off nanospheres from the surface of the substrate, the height of the Ag nanoparticles can be tuned. It is observed that the SERS enhancement factor will increase when the size of the Ag nanoparticles decreases and the deposition thickness of the Ag film increases. An enhancement factor as high as 2×10⁶ can be achieved when the size of the polystyrene nanospheres is 430 nm in diameter and the height of the Ag nanoparticles is 96 nm. By using a confocal Raman mapping technique, we also demonstrate that the intensity of Raman scattering is enhanced due to the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) occurring in the Ag nanoparticle array.     

Au诱导形成有序Si纳米孔阵列及其应用

以自组装聚苯乙烯小球(PS)单层膜为掩膜,利用Au对Si表面的催化氧化作用以及KOH溶液对单晶Si的各向异性腐蚀特性,在Si(100)面上制备了一系列尺寸小于100 nm有序可控的Si纳米孔阵列.扫描电镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)等的测试结果显示:当PS小球溶液与甲醇溶液的体积比为9:11时,可形成大面积无缺陷的单层膜;但当体积比过大时,会导致类似双层膜结构的形成;而当体积比过小时,会诱导形成点缺陷和线缺陷.对PS小球及溅射Au处理过的Si晶片进行KOH溶液腐蚀,随着腐蚀时间变长,纳米孔的横向尺寸和深度增大,其形貌由圆形逐渐变为倒金字塔型,当腐蚀时间超过10 min,纳米孔阵列的有序性遭到破坏.采用离子束溅射技术在倒金字塔型纳米孔衬底上获得了有序Ge/Si纳米岛,而在圆形纳米孔衬底上获得了有序Ge/Si纳米环.进一步对有序Ge/Si纳米岛及纳米环的形成机理进行了解释.     

Adsorption of hydrophobic polyelectrolytes at the air/water interface: Conformational effect and history dependence

We present an experimental study of the adsorption of hydrophobic highly charged polyelectrolytes on a neutral and hydrophobic surface, the air/water interface. The polymer was a randomly sulphonated polystyrene with charge fractions between 0.3 and 0.9 and the adsorbed layers were characterised by Langmuir through measurements, ellipsometry and X-ray reflectivity. The adsorption rate is always very slow and the resulting layers are very thin (< 3 nm). A maximum of adsorption with the charge fraction is observed which we relate to the conformation of the chains in solution. We show that adsorption is partially irreversible, strongly hysteretic and that the state of an adsorbed layer depends on its history. Received 16 June 2000     

Study of photooxidation of styrene-butadiene copolymers by surface pressure measurements at the air-water interface

Block and random copolymers of butadiene and styrene as well as polybutadiene and polystyrene homopolymers have been investigated with respect to their monolayer properties and photooxidation behavior. Whereas polystyrene and block copolymers of styrene and butadiene form stable monolayers, polybutadienes and random copolymers do not interact with the aqueous subphase. The monolayer properties of block copolymers with different styrene content indicate that polybutadiene also contributes to the surface pressure. Photo-oxidation of random and block copolymers of styrene and butadiene leads to a significant enhancement in surface pressure of the monolayers due to the generation of groups which can effectively interact with the aqueous surface. FTIR spectral studies show the formation of carbonyl, hydroxyl, and hydroperoxyl groups in the polymers on photooxidation. A comparison of the pressure-area isotherms of random and block copolymers oxidized in solution indicates that there is an energy transfer from butadiene to styrene units in the case of random copolymers, resulting in a protective effect of butadiene units from oxidation. In addition, in the monolayers of oxidized block copolymers, a phase transition occurs which is attributed to the extrusion of polystyrene blocks from the monolayer. The surface pressure-area isotherms and the rates of photooxidation are strongly dependent on the microstructure of polybutadiene as well as on whether oxidation is performed in solution or at the oxygen-water interface.     

Silver‐coated inverse opals formed from polystyrene spheres for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering

We have developed a new substrate for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements involving a thin silver layer deposited over an ion‐etched TiO₂ inverse opal. The latter is formed by chemically infiltrating a polystyrene opal array with TiO₂ followed by a thermal decomposition of the spheres. The SERS response of the these substrates is examined for several sphere sizes and lasers wavelengths; the results show that such substrates yield high enhance factors, comparable to substrates involving a silver layer deposited directly on a polystyrene opal array. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.