分子动力学模拟Gd原子在Cu(110)表面的扩散过程

为了分析Gd吸附原子在Cu(110)表面的扩散机理，用分子动力学对该扩散过程进行模拟.模拟 结果表明在［1 1 0］方向Gd原子通过跳跃机理扩散，而且多步跳跃频率很高.而在［0 0 1］方向则通过交换机理扩散.吸附原子在［1 1 0］方向的扩散能力要比［0 0 1］ 方向强.通过对扩散频率的拟合，发现两种扩散机理都符合Arrhenius公式，从而确定了跳跃 机理的扩散势垒为0.097eV，交换机理的扩散势垒为0.33eV.另外还用能量弛豫的方法确定了 跳跃机理的扩散势垒. 关键词： 分子动力学 表面扩散 跳跃机理 交换机理 扩散势垒     

异质扩散过程中ES势垒的计算

利用分子动力学中的静态结构计算方法对Pd，Ag及Cu原子在面心立方铜的台阶表面扩散过程中的Ehrlich-Schwoebel(ES)势垒进行了模拟计算，研究了各种台阶表面情况下增原子扩散过程中的ES势垒；讨论了与衬底互溶的金属和与衬底不互溶的金属增原子扩散的ES势垒的异同，并将模拟结果与同质情况的研究结果进行了对比. 结果表明： 1)在同质和异质扩散过程中ES势垒随着台阶高度的变化关系是相似的，即随着台阶高度的增加，ES势垒逐渐增加；当台阶高度达到某一高度时ES势垒将趋于定值. 2)在跳跃机理下，与Cu互溶的金属(Pd)在Cu表面台阶上扩散的ES势垒最大，其次是Cu，最小的是与Cu不互溶的金属 (Ag)；而在交换机理下，与Cu不互溶的金属(Ag)在Cu表面台阶上扩散的ES势垒最大，其次是Cu，最小的是与Cu互溶的金属(Pd). 3)对大多数台阶的情况，交换机理支配着原子在台阶边缘的扩散行为；且表面台阶高度对交换扩散过程影响较大.     

二聚物在Cu表面上的扩散和解离研究

利用分子动力学模拟统计了几种不同温度下三种不同二聚物(Cu₂, Ag₂和Pd₂)在铜衬底(100), (111)表面上的扩散和解离行为, 探讨同质和异质二聚物在Cu表面上扩散和解离的特点; 采用分子动力学中的静态计算方法计算了这三种二聚物在扩散和解离过程中的能量势垒, 并与动力学模拟、二聚物与衬底的结合能等结果进行了比较, 探讨二聚物扩散和解离过程与扩散势垒、结合能、表面性质和温度等的关系. 原子间相互作用采用半经验EAM势. 结果表明: 同质和异质二聚物在各个不同表面上的扩散势垒、解离势垒有一定的规律, 并和二聚物与衬底的结合性质有关; 二聚物是否易解离与衬底表面的结构以及二聚物与衬底的结合性质关系密切; 二聚物解离前协同扩散的快慢与二聚物和衬底的结合性质以及二聚物在表面的扩散和解离势垒密切相关.     

Cu(111)三维表面岛对表面原子扩散影响的分子动力学研究

采用嵌入原子方法的原子间相互作用势，利用分子动力学方法计算了同质外延生长中不同层数的三维Cu(111)表面岛上表面原子扩散激活能，分析了三维表面岛的层数对表面原子交换扩散和跳跃扩散势垒的影响. 研究结果表明，二维Enrilich-Schwoebel(ES)势垒小于三维ES势垒，且三维ES势垒不随表面岛层数的增加而显著变化. 对于侧向表面为(100)的表面岛，表面原子沿〈011〉方向上的扩散行为，随表面岛层数增加而逐渐变化；在表面岛层数达到3层时，扩散路径上的势垒变化趋于稳定，表面原子扩散以下坡扩散为主. 对于侧面取向为(111)的表面岛，当表面岛层数大于3层后，开始呈现上坡扩散的可能. 关键词： 表面原子 扩散 分子动力学模拟     

表面Cu原子间相互作用对Cu(001)表面跳跃扩散行为的影响

采用嵌入原子方法的原子间相互作用势，利用准静态分子动力学模拟研究了Cu原子在Cu(001)表面吸附所导致的基体晶格畸变以及对其附近的另一个吸附原子自扩散行为的影响.研究结果表明，吸附原子的存在可以导致多达10层的Cu基体晶格产生畸变.两个吸附原子所产生的晶格畸变应力场之间的相互作用，可以导致吸附原子运动活性的增加.通过比较同一路径上往返跳跃扩散势垒的差异发现，在原子间相互作用势的有效距离之外，两个吸附原子的扩散行为可以认为是存在晶格畸变应力场相互作用的两个独立吸附原子的扩散；在原子间相互作用势的有效距离之 关键词： 表面吸附原子 晶格畸变 表面二聚体 扩散     

空位在金刚石近(001)表面扩散的分子动力学模拟

用分子动力学方法模拟了空位在金刚石近(001)表面的扩散过程,研究了温度对空位扩散的影响.结果表明,当温度为1000K左右时,位于近表面第二层上的空位开始向表面运动;当温度在1400—2000K时,空位完全扩散到表面.这与实验结果和其他计算结果符合得很好.同时发现,温度为1400—1800K时,空位的扩散经历了两次迁移运动,其分别对应了均方位移图中的两个极大值.在不施加任何约束的条件下得到了空位的动态扩散路径,空位在金刚石近(001)表面的扩散势垒约为042eV.并探讨了一定温度下空位数目增多及其不同排列 关键词： 金刚石 空位 扩散 分子动力学     

NiCu双金属纳米粒子的表面偏析、结构特征与扩散

NiCu双金属核壳纳米粒子不仅由于其优异的稳定性、选择性以及磁学和催化性能而受到广泛关注,而且可以通过改变其纳米粒子的形貌、表面元素分布和粒径大小而具有可调谐性能.采用分子动力学与蒙特罗方法并结合嵌入原子势对NiCu双金属纳米粒子的表面偏析、结构特征以及Cu吸附原子在Ni基底沉积生长与表面扩散进行了研究,结果表明Cu原子在Ni基底表面具有强的偏析倾向.随着Cu原子浓度的增加,Cu原子优先占据纳米粒子的顶点、边、(100)和(111)面,最终形成完美的Ni核/Cu壳纳米粒子.在生长温度T=400 K时,形成的Ni核/Cu壳结构最稳定.进一步采用肘弹性波方法模拟计算在Ni基表面Cu吸附原子的扩散势垒,结果表明, Cu吸附原子无论是交换还是扩散,都需要克服较大的ES势垒,从而难以在Ni基底表面进行面间扩散.与Ni基底相反,在Cu基底上沉积Ni原子, Ni吸附原子很容易从(111)面迁移至(100)面,且在当前模拟温度下, Ni吸附原子无法在(100)面进行迁移,导致生长构型朝正八面体的形状发展,且其八个顶角几乎被Ni原子所占据.本文经过深入研究,从原子的角度出发,对NiCu纳米催化剂的初步设计提供了一种新的思路和方法.     

熔融Cu55团簇在Cu(010)表面上凝固过程的分子动力学模拟

采用基于嵌入原子方法的分子动力学，模拟了熔融Cu₅₅团簇在Cu衬底（010）表面上以两个不同降温速率降温过程中结构的变化.模拟结果表明，降温速率对团簇结构的变化有很大影响.较快的降温速率使得降温过程中团簇原子具有较低的能量；较慢的降温速率有助于高温时位于衬底内的原子向衬底表面扩散，排列形成面心立方结构. 关键词： 团簇 凝固 分子动力学 表面     

低能单个Cu原子与Cu13团簇沉积到Fe（001）表面的比较

本文利用分子动力学模拟方法对相同初始沉积条件下的单个Cu原子和Cu13团簇与Fe(001)表面的相互作用分别进行了模拟研究, 并将两者的模拟结果进行了比较分析. 单个Cu原子和Cu13团簇的初始入射能量范围均为1eV/atom、3eV/atom、5eV/atom和10eV/atom, 初始入射角度均为0o、10o、30o和45o, 衬底温度分别为100K、300K和800K. 对单个Cu原子和Cu13团簇的原子动能、质心高度、迁移距离和最终沉积形貌进行了分析, 对比研究了相同初始沉积条件下单个Cu原子和Cu13团簇在沉积过程中和沉积效果上的具体差异. 模拟结果表明: 单个Cu原子和Cu13团簇与Fe(001)表面的相互作用机制存在差异, Cu13团簇表现出显著的集体效应. 在特定沉积条件下, 由于Cu13团簇的集体效应, 导致Cu13团簇与Fe(001)表面的结合能力和在Fe(001)表面上的扩散能力均强于单个Cu原子.     

熔融Cu55团簇在Cu(010)表面上凝固过程的分子动力学模拟

采用基于嵌入原子方法的分子动力学,模拟了熔融Cu55团簇在Cu衬底(010)表面上以两个不同降温速率降温过程中结构的变化.模拟结果表明,降温速率对团簇结构的变化有很大影响.较快的降温速率使得降温过程中团簇原子具有较低的能量;较慢的降温速率有助于高温时位于衬底内的原子向衬底表面扩散,排列形成面心立方结构.     

Energy barriers of single-adatoms diffusion on unreconstructed and reconstructed (110) surfaces

The present paper is aimed mainly to investigate theoretically the diffusion of Ag, Cu, Au and Pt adatoms on the (1 × 1) unreconstructed geometry for Ag, Cu and Pt (110), and reconstructed geometries ((1 × 2), (1 × 3) and (1 × 4)) for Pt and Au (110) surfaces. We consider the single adatom diffusion when additional atoms are deposited in adjacent row. For this study, we have used the molecular statics simulations combined with the embedded atom method. For several systems, we have calculated the activation barriers for hopping mechanism. For the diffusion on the unreconstructed surfaces, the trends for the activation barriers are the same for all considered systems except for Cu/Ag (110) system, where the activation barrier do not change. Further, our results indicate that additional atoms lead to a small decreasing of activation barriers for diffusion on reconstructed surfaces for some systems, while for other systems; the activation barrier remains practically unchanged.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of nanoscale surface diffusion of heterogeneous adatoms clusters

Molecular dynamics simulation employing the embedded atom method potential is utilized to investigate nanoscale surface diffusion mechanisms of binary heterogeneous adatoms clusters at 300 K, 500 K, and 700 K. Surface diffusion of heterogeneous adatoms clusters can be vital for the binary island growth on the surface and can be useful for the formation of alloy-based thin film surface through atomic exchange process. The results of the diffusion process show that at 300 K, the diffusion of small adatoms clusters shows hopping, sliding, and shear motion; whereas for large adatoms clusters(hexamer and above), the diffusion is negligible. At 500 K, small adatoms clusters, i.e., dimer, show almost all possible diffusion mechanisms including the atomic exchange process; however no such exchange is observed for adatoms clusters greater than dimer. At 700 K, the exchange mechanism dominates for all types of clusters, where Zr adatoms show maximum tendency and Ag adatoms show minimum or no tendency toward the exchange process. Separation and recombination of one or more adatoms are also observed at 500 K and 700 K. The Ag adatoms also occupy pop-up positions over the adatoms clusters for short intervals. At 700 K, the vacancies are also generated in the vicinity of the adatoms cluster,vacancy formation, filling, and shifting can be observed from the results.     

Surface diffusion of Cr adatoms on Au(111) by quantum tunneling

The low-temperature surface diffusion of isolated Cr adatoms on Au(111) has been determined using nonperturbing x rays. Changes in the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectral line shape together with Monte Carlo calculations demonstrate that adatom nucleation proceeds via quantum tunneling diffusion rather than over-barrier hopping for temperatures <40K. The jump rates are shown to be as much as 35 orders of magnitude higher than that expected for thermal over-barrier hopping at 10 K.     

Cu dimer diffusion on strained Cu(0 0 1)

Cu dimer diffusion energy barrier on strained Cu(0 0 1) surfaces has been studied with nudged elastic band method (NEB) and embedded atom method (EAM). Dimer exchange and hopping mechanisms are chosen as the initial diffusion paths in the NEB method. It is shown here that the dimer exchange is dominant on tensile surfaces and the dimer hopping is dominant on compressive surfaces. For most strain conditions Cu dimer diffusion energy barrier is lower than Cu monomer diffusion barrier. The concerted movement of the remaining adatom toward the hopping adatom lowers the dimer hopping barrier. The adsorption induced relaxation makes the dimer exchange barriers lower than the monomer exchange barriers on tensile surfaces. Transition state theory is used to calculate the diffusion frequencies as a function of temperature. No surface crowdion is observed on the shear strained surfaces for the dimer diffusion.     

Diffusion of single adatom Cu on Cu (0 0 1) and (1 1 0) surfaces

With static relaxation, the surface diffusion activation energies of a single Cu adatom migrated by both atomic exchange and hopping mechanisms and the forces acted on the diffusing adatom from other atoms of Cu (0 0 1) or (1 1 0) surface are calculated by using the MAEAM. When adatom migrated on Cu (0 0 1) or (1 1 0) surface, the increment curves of the system energy by hopping mechanism are symmetrical and the saddle points are in the midpoints of the migration path, but the ones by the exchange mechanism are dissymmetrical and the saddle points are always close to the initial hole positions of the adatom and away from the initial equilibrium positions of the exchanged atom. From minimization of both the diffusion activation energy and the force acted on the diffusing adatom from other atoms, we found that, on Cu (0 0 1) surface the favorable diffusion mechanism is hopping mechanism, however, on Cu (1 1 0) surface, hopping via long bridge is easier than the exchange mechanism but the hopping via short bridge is more difficult than the exchange mechanism.     

Mechanism for room-temperature single-atom lateral manipulations on semiconductors using dynamic force microscopy

Vacancy-mediated lateral manipulations of intrinsic adatoms of the Si(111)-(7x7) surface at room temperature are reported. The topographic signal during the manipulation combined with force spectroscopy measurements reveals that these manipulations can be ascribed to the so-called pulling mode, and that the Si adatoms were manipulated in the attractive tip-surface interaction regime at the relatively low short-range force value associated to the manipulation set point. First-principles calculations reveal that the presence of the tip induces structural relaxations that weaken the adatom surface bonds and manifests in a considerable local reduction of the natural diffusion barriers to adjacent adsorption positions. Close to the short-range forces measured in the experiments, these barriers are lowered near the limit that enables a thermally activated hopping at room temperature.