Synthesis and microstructure analysis of composite Nd:YAG/YAG transparent ceramics

Transparent Nd：YAG/YAG composite ceramics are synthesized by solid-state reaction method using high- purity Y203, A1203, and Nd203 powders as raw materials. The mixed powder compacts are sintered at 1780 ℃ for 10 h under vacuum and annealed at 1450 ~C for 20 h in air. The Nd：YAG/YAG ceramics exhibit a pore free structure with an average grain size of about 30 μm. The microstructure of the Nd：YAG/YAG composite transparent ceramics is studied and there is no interface between Nd：YAG and YAG ceramics. The Nd ion distribution in one grain is also studied, which shows that there is no segregation of Nd ions as in Nd：YAG crystals.     

Depolarization and Electrical Response of Porous PZT 95/5 Ferroelectric Ceramics under Shock Wave Compression

The release of bound charges by shock wave loading of poled lead zirconate titanate （PZT 95/5） ferroelectric ceramics can result in a high-power electrical energy output. In this study, a theoretical formulation describing the depolarization and electrical response of porous PZT 95/5 ceramics in the normal mode to shock wave compression loading perpendicular to the polarization direction is developed. The depoling process in porous poled PZT 95/5 ceramics is analyzed by using a parallel circuit consisting of a current source, capacitance, conductance and a circuit load. This modeling takes the effects of porosity on wave velocity and remanent polarization and dielectric constant into account, and the effects of variations in dielectric constant and conductivity in the shocked region are assessed. The output current characteristics of porous PZT 95/5 ceramics under short-circuit and resistive load conditions are analyzed and compared with the experiment, with the results showing that theoretical predictions taking into consideration the porosity of ferroelectric ceramics are in close agreement with the experimentally measured electrical response of porous PZT 95/5 under shock wave compression loading.     

Lanthanum-doped BiaTi3O12 ceramics prepared by high-pressure technique

We present an effective way in this paper to increase the density of lanthanum doped bismuth titanate ceramics, Bi4-xLaxTi3O12 （BLT）, thereby significantly improving the performance of the BLT ceramics. Dense BLT ceramicses, Bi4-xLaxTi3O12 （x = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0）, are prepared by using nanocrystalline powders fabricated by a -gel method and high-pressure technique. The microstructures of the BLT ceramicses prepared separately by conventional-pressure and high-pressure techniques are investigated by using x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. The influence of La-doping on the densification of bismuth titanate ceramics is investigated. The experimental results indicate that the phase compositions of all samples with various lanthanum dopings sintered at 900℃ possess layer- structure of Bi4Ti3O12. The green compacts are pressed under 2.5 GPa, 3.0 GPa, 3.5 GPa and 4.0 GPa, separately. It is found that the density of BLT ceramics is significantly increased due to the decreasing of porosity in the green compacts by high-pressure process.     

Upconversion Luminescence of Er3+ Ions in Transparent Germanate Glass Ceramics Containing CaF2 Nanocrystals

The visible upconversion and near-infrared luminescence of Er3＋ ions in germanate glass ceramics containing GaF2 nanocrystals are investigated. The nanocrystals are characterized by x-ray diffraction （XRD） and transmission electron microscopy, showing their mean sizes less than 20hm. High transmittance of the glass ceramics is displayed by absorption spectra. The upconversion luminescence intensity in the glass ceramics increases significantly with increasing temperature. Both the shifts of the XRD peaks and the Stark-split shown in the luminescence spectra indicate the entrance of the Er3＋ ions into the CaF2 nanocrystals, which is confirmed by a Judd-Ofelt analysis. Possible mechanisms of the upconversion luminescence are analyzed.     

Effect of Annealing on Ferroelectric Properties of Nanometre BaTiO3 Ceramics Prepared by High Pressure Sintering Method

Dense nanocrystalline BaTiO3 ceramics with a grain size of 5Onto are prepared under 6 GPa at 1273K using a high pressure sintering method. The sintered bulk is uniform and the relative density is above 97%. We anneal the ceramic samples in oxygen with various temperatures and for the annealing, several broadened peaks can be observed at different times without apparent grain growth. After about 378K（ by dielectric measurements. However, these peaks are very different from those of coarser-grained ceramics. It is indicated that both the elimination of oxygen vacancies and the release of residual stresses caused by high pressure greatly improve the overall ferroelectric properties of BaTiO3 ceramics. The observation of nearly linear polarization hysteresis loop after anneal provides the solid evidence of ferroelectricity in these nano-sized BaTiO3 ceramics. It is believed that the absence of 90° domains and the existence of poor-permittivity nonferroelectric grain boundaries contribute to the slim loop.     

Static dipole polarizabilities of Scn （n ≤15） clusters

The static dipole polarizabilities of scandium clusters with up to 15 atoms are determined by using the numerically finite field method in the framework of density functional theory.The electronic effects on the polarizabilities are investigated for the scandium clusters.We examine a large highest occupied molecular orbital - the lowest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap of a scandium cluster usually corresponds to a large dipole moment.The static polarizability per atom decreases slowly and exhibits local minimum with increasing cluster size.The polarizability anisotropy and the ratio of mean static polarizability to the HOMO-LUMO gap can also reflect the cluster stability.The polarizability of the scandium cluster is partially related to the HOMO-LUMO gap and is also dependent on geometrical characteristics.A strong correlation between the polarizability and ionization energy is observed.     

Dynamic Scaling of Ramified Clusters Formed on Liquid Surfaces

A comprehensive simulation model -deposition,diffusion, rotation, reaction and aggregation model is presented to simulate the formation processes of ramified clusters on liquid surfaces, where clusters can diffuse and rotate easily. The mobility (including diffusion and rotation) of clusters is related to its mass, which is given by Dm = Dos-γD and θm =′θos-γθ, respectively. The influence of the reaction probability on the kinetics and structure formation is included in the simulation model. We concentrate on revealing dynamic scaling during ramified cluster formation. For this purpose, the time evolution of the cluster density and the weight-average cluster size as well as the cluster-size distribution scaling function at different time are determined for various conditions. The dependence of the cluster density on the deposition flux and time-dependence of fractal dimension are also investigated. The obtained results are helpful in understanding the formation of clusters or thin film growth on liquid surfaces.     

Dynamic Scaling of Ramified Clusters Formed on Liquid Surfaces

A comprehensive simulation model -- deposition, diffusion, rotation, reaction and aggregation model is presented to simulate the formation processes of ramified clusters on liquid surfaces, where clusters can disuse and rotate easily. The mobility （including diffusion and rotation） of clusters is related to its mass, which is given by Dm = Dos^-γD and θm = θos^-γθ, respectively. The influence of the reaction probability on the kinetics and structure formation is included in the simulation model. We concentrate on revealing dynamic scaling during ramified cluster formation. For this purpose, the time evolution of the cluster density and the weight-average cluster size as well as the cluster-size distribution scaling function at different time are determined for various conditions. The dependence of the cluster density on the deposition flux and time-dependence of fractal dimension are also investigated. The obtained results are helpful in understanding the formation of clusters or thin film growth on liquid surfaces.     

Red Up-Conversion Luminescence Process in Oxyfluoride Glass Ceramics Doped with Er^3＋／Yb^3＋

The phonon-assisted quantum cutting (PQC) model is presumed to clarify the red up-conversion luminescence process in Er^3 /yb^3 co-doped glass ceramics by the excitation and emission spectra. The red up-conversion luminescence of Er^3 ions mainly comes from three-photon absorption by the PQC process when the rare earth ions are doped in the g/ass ceramics and excited by 98Ohm pumped-laser. Er^3 ions absorb three-photons and relax to the ^4G11/2 state and then emit red up-conversion luminescence by the PQC process. The factor coefficient for the relation of pump-laser power and up-conversion intensity (P-I) is found by the analysis of excitation spectra of the red luminescence, which plays a major role to understand the true red up-conversion luminescence process. The new P-I relation is explained by the model of PQC.     

Derivative fluorimetry analysis of new cluster structures formed by ethanol and Water molecules

The ultraviolet （UV） light excited fluorescence spectra of ethanol-water mixture with different concentrations are investigated by derivative fluorimetry. It is found that there are 8 types of luminescent cluster molecules, formed by ethanol and water molecules in different ways, existing in the solution. The peak wavelengths of all these clusters＇ fluorescence spectra are measured and their contents are obtained by measuring the peak values in the second derivative fluorescence spectra. The spectra corresponding to the 8 types of clusters are obtained by Gaussian decomposition. It is found that two kinds of cluster molecules whose peak wavelengths are 330 and 345 nm have an optimal excitation wavelength located at （236 4- 3） nm. This research contributes to the study of ethanol-water cluster structures and their physical and chemical characteristics.     

巴勒斯坦古陶瓷的显微拉曼光谱分析

本文采用显微拉曼光谱技术对巴勒斯坦古陶瓷胎体及釉面中的微米级晶粒进行测试与分析 ,结合矿物标准拉曼谱 ,实现了对多种矿物晶粒的检测与识别。研究结果表明 :显微拉曼光谱技术能够快速、准确、非破坏地测试研究古陶瓷的矿物组成 ,对古陶瓷的鉴定与分析有重要应用意义。     

Optical percolation in ceramics assisted by porous clusters

We investigated optical transparency in ceramics assisted by disordered porous clusters. The structure and statistical properties of three-dimensional (3D) well porous ceramics is studied. Theoretical model based on the percolation theory and numerical simulations are applied to interpret the observed phase transition from an optically opaque state to a transparent state. The porous ceramic samples were fabricated by the technique of slurry casting. The transmission of optical radiation (optical percolation) over the entire porous samples is observed since the critical concentration of porosity was exceeded. We explain this effect by the rising of the spanning cluster inside of the porous structure that produces a network of porous voids. Our experimental results are in good agreement with the numerical simulations.     

中国古代艺术品常用矿物颜料的拉曼光谱

拉曼光谱技术在艺术品文物和考古学领域的应用正变得日益重要, 其中对艺术品文物中所使用的颜料的分析是这方面应用的一个重要研究课题, 本文讨论了有关的实验技术, 测量了一些在中国古代艺术品中经常使用的红色、黄色和白色颜料的拉曼光谱, 介绍了相关的背景知识, 并对这些光谱进行了解析, 这些基础数据对于进一步开展对古代壁画、彩塑、雕刻、陶瓷等的拉曼光谱分析有着重要的基础参考价值。     

Composition analysis of medieval ceramics by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique is expected to be one of the most preferred techniques in archaeology research since it does not disrupt the structural and chemical form of archaeological samples, and it is considered virtually nondestructive analysis method. In this work, LIBS is used for analyses of glaze, paint, and clay of medieval ceramics collected from East Plain Cilicia, Osmaniye Province during archaeological survey. Transparent glazed and colour-painted ceramics of the Islam and Byzantine pottery traditions are analysed to detect distinctive and common features of the chemical compositions of their glazes. The spectral lines of Islamic and Byzantine glazes indicate that their structures are same. However, strontium (Sr) is determined in the transparent glaze of Islamic ceramics. Elemental composition and homogeneity of paint on one of the sample are determined by LIBS analysis. Colour changes are related with composition differences of the paint content in the archaeological ceramic. In addition, the clay classification of archaeological ceramics taken from the Yap?l?p?nar mounds, Ta?l?höyük mounds, and Ören?ehir ancient sites is done using PCA and PLS-DA chemometric techniques. According to the results of the classification, Yap?l?p?nar mounds terracotta ceramics differ from those of Ta?l?höyük and Ören?ehir ancient sites.     

当前功能陶瓷发展动向

简要介绍了功能陶瓷包括电容介质，陶瓷封装，压电瓷，透明铁电陶瓷，铁电薄膜，变阻器，热敏电阻，超导瓷及传感器瓷的最近进展，讨论了陶瓷学和固体物理以及工艺之间的相互作用和渗透，它们将对功能陶瓷的未来发展产生深远的影响。     

Nanocrystal formation and structure in oxyfluoride glass ceramics

The up-conversion luminescent property of the oxyfluoride glass ceramics 30SiO_{2}\cdot15Al_{2}O_{3}\cdot (50--x)PbF_{2}\cdot xCdF_{2} doped with 4ErF_{3}\cdot1YbF_{3} has been investigated. Up-conversion luminescent intensity of Er^{3+} ions increased obviously after heat-treatment due to co-doping with CdF_{2}. The structure model of nanocrystals Pb_{x}Cd_{1-x}F_{2} was determined and the effect of CdF_{2} in oxyfluoride glass ceramics was explained by the analysis of x-ray diffraction data. Different nucleation temperatures of samples with different compositions were obtained by differential thermal analysis curves and the results showed the growth process of different nanocrystals in glass ceramics.     

用指纹元素散布分析研究古耀州瓷胎的起源

选取耀州窑瓷胎样品25个，唐三彩的胎3个，作坊匣钵料样品1个，耀州博物馆附近粘土矿样品4个．用中子活化分析测量样品中29种元素的含量，从这29种元素中挑选出8种指纹元素，将指纹元素的含量进行散布分析．结果表明，出自不同窑口的古耀州瓷的胎，有着长期稳定的、集中的原料产地．耀州窑唐三彩的胎料产地和耀州瓷胎的原料产地相同．25 samples of Yaozhou porcelain bodies, 3 samples of the tri-color pottery bodies during the Tang Dynasty, 1 samples of Saggar material during Song Dynasty and 4 samples of clay mineral taken from the place near Yaozhou Kiln Museum was selected . The technique of neutron activation analysis (NAA) has been employed to measure the content of 29 kinds of elements in the samples. 8 elements of them were selected as fingerprint elements to make scatter analysis.The conclusion is that the ancient Yaozhou por...     

EDXRF微量元素分析在文物断源断代中的研究

能量色散X荧光分析(EDXRF)是重要的元素成分析方法之一,现已成为一种强有力的定性和精确定量的无损分析测试技术。能量色散X荧光分析(EDXRF)技术具有不破坏分析样品,并能快速进行钠(Z11)至铀(Z92)的多元素的同时分析,以及分析的浓度范围宽广,精度高等特点,因此,特别适合于进行文物材料的成分分析研究,尤其适合测试极其珍贵的古陶瓷完整文物样品分析与鉴定。文章运用该方法对选自杭州南宋官窑窑址、龙泉古窑址出土的14个样品的南宋官窑青瓷、南宋龙泉窑青瓷和现代仿古青瓷等进行了元素分析的对比研究,分析测定古陶瓷样品中胎、釉的主、次量及微量元素组成,寻找组成中的"指纹"特征元素,试图为古陶瓷文物的断源、断代研究和真伪鉴定提供科学依据。研究结果表明能量色散X荧光分析(EDXRF)是一种较理想的文物研究和鉴定的科学分析手段。     

Mössbauer Spectroscopy, NAA and PIXE Study on Some Archeological Problems of Ancient Chinese Ru Celadon

By Mössbauer spectroscopy, NAA and optical spectroscopy, the coloring and the firing technology of ancient Ru celadon were studied. Also, the relationship between Ru Kuan celadon from Qingliang Temple and Ru celadon from Zhanggongxiang was studied by PIXE. The glaze color of Ru celadon depends on the ratio of the structural iron ions, i.e. the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ ratio. Further, it depends on the firing conditions. As the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ ratio gradually increases, the glaze color of Ru celadon will gradually change from pea green to sky green. All the Ru celadons were fired in a reducing atmosphere. The sky green Ru celadon was fired in the most reducing atmosphere and at the highest temperature, the powder green in a more reducing atmosphere and at a lower temperature and the pea green in a lightly reducing atmosphere and at the lowest temperature. The PIXE experimental results showed that Ru Kuan celadon from Qingliang Temple and Ru celadon from Zhanggongxiang were incompletely identical in the recipe of glaze and they could be differentiated by the cluster analysis of the major element concentration of glaze.