在线超声检测系统中螺旋线圈换能器的应用*

针对在线车轮超声检测系统的工程应用,研究了圆形螺旋线圈电磁超声换能器由洛伦兹力换能机制在钢中产生的辐射声场。给出了涡流、等效表面力源和辐射声场的计算方法,分析了圆形螺旋线圈换能器在钢试块上的辐射指向性。结果表明,辐射的圆周径向偏振横波为两边瓣中空指向性,对理解圆形螺旋线圈换能器的辐射声场和在重载货车车轮轮辋在线辋裂缺陷检测中的工程应用具有一定的指导意义。     

电磁声换能器的辐射声场研究

分析了一种圆环形螺线圈、垂直偏置磁场结构的电磁声探头在非铁磁性介质铝中的辐射声场特性。首先根据电磁感应原理对探头进行了物理和数学建模,将表面力源近似成水平和竖直分布的两种,且水平分量远大于竖直分量,推导出该种力源产生的声场的理论解析解。分别数值计算出了横波和纵波的切向和法向指向性,并和实验结果进行对比。实验结果和理论计算符合较好,为此种结构的电磁声换能器的实际工程应用提供了理论依据。      

基于电磁超声换能器的火车轮探伤研究

利用电磁超声探伤方法对检测火车轮表面及近表面缺陷进行实验探究,从而保证车轮质量,避免事故发生。文章介绍了火车车轮电磁超声探伤的原理和方法。根据电磁超声表面波辐射扩散角的分布情况,得出利用电磁超声表面波进行车轮踏面探伤的可行性。将制作的小巧换能器探头与便携式电磁超声探伤仪配合,能够实现对车轮的快速探伤检测。通过大量的车轮探伤实验,检出了典型车轮踏面缺陷。根据检测波形特点并结合生产工艺情况,分析得出产生缺陷的原因。研究表明:电磁超声无损检测方法能够快速、有效检出车轮踏面缺陷。     

光弹法测量超声换能器声场

超声换能器声场的测试对于超声检测具有基础性作用,而传统的超声换能器声场测试方法具有一些局限性。本文介绍了搭建的动态激光光弹实验平台,并利用动态光弹法测量了纵波换能器和横波换能器辐射声场的特征,由瞬态声场图像获得了传声介质的声波速度及超声换能器的中心频率;由稳态声场图像获得了声场的近场长度、指向性和扩散角等参数;分析了光弹实验系统和测量方法可能引起测量误差。本文结果表明动态光弹法是一种有效的定量测量超声换能器声场的方法。     

横波直探头的辐射声场

分析了采用2/2型压电复合材料制作的一种水平面内偏振的横波直探头的辐射声场特性,推导了两种表面力源辐射声场的严格解析解,通过数值计算给出了相应声场分布和指向性图,得到了横波垂直辐射指向性,并与实验结果进行了对比。实验所得声场指向性与理论计算结果符合较好,为该换能器的工程应用提供了理论依据。     

螺旋型电磁超声辐射声场对缺陷检测影响的 计算机模拟*

电磁超声(EMAT)作为一种非接触超声检测技术，已得到了普遍的关注和研究。然而，EMAT目前只得到了一些有限的应用，尤其在缺陷探伤应用方面还不能替代压电超声，深入探究其原因并加以改进，对推动EMAT在缺陷检测方面的应用具有重要意义。利用有限元方法建立了螺旋型EMAT模型，分析了其辐射声场和声场特征；通过将有限元计算所得到的洛伦兹力分布简化为门函数，并结合格林函数法，得到了螺旋型EMAT辐射声场的简化解析结果。这些方法可用于计算螺旋型EMAT辐射声场指向性以及在缺陷检测中比较关心的一些特征参数，如扩散角、偏离角等参数。通过螺旋型EMAT辐射声场实验，验证了理论分析结果。通过与压电超声检测理论与实验的对比，研究认为：螺旋型EMAT辐射声场的具有横波和纵波等多种波模及多种模态转换的特点，以及相对复杂的异型声场几何分布等复杂特性，使其在缺陷检测应用方面受到局限。这些研究方法对改进EMAT设计，优化控制EMAT辐射声场，拓展EMAT在缺陷检测方面的应用具有参考价值。     

硅油介质中矩形电容式微机械超声换能器发射与接收声场特性研究

与传统压电式超声换能器相比,基于微机电系统微加工技术制备的电容式微机械超声换能器(CMUT)具有频带宽、灵敏度高、一致性好、易于集成等优势,在医学超声成像中具有广阔的应用前景。该文针对研制的矩形CMUT器件,开展硅油介质中CMUT发射、接收声场特性的理论分析及实验验证研究。首先,针对CMUT阵元结构特征和工作原理,根据指向性函数理论和Bridge乘积原理,建立了矩形CMUT阵元指向性函数分析模型。此基础上,分析微元数目以及谐振频率对CMUT指向性的影响规律。最后,针对7 mm×7 mm二维矩形CMUT在硅油介质中的发射和接收特性进行了实验验证,测试表明发射指向性曲线与仿真理论曲线基本吻合;此外,CMUT接收与发射指向性的测试表明,收发指向性具有一致性,从而验证了声场的互易性。该文的研究对CMUT器件的封装设计以及基于CMUT阵列的乳腺超声CT成像系统的研制具有重要参考价值。     

车轮轮辋缺陷的超声相控阵检测系统研究*

针对火车车轮检测中常规超声波探伤存在的检测灵敏度低、声束灵活性差、信噪比低等问题,研究了超声相控阵在火车车轮轮辋检测中的应用。本文介绍了超声相控阵检测技术的原理,并从超声相控阵换能器、硬件系统和软件系统三个方面阐述了火车车轮轮辋缺陷的超声相控阵检测系统的研究过程。最后通过人工模拟缺陷的相控阵检测实验,测试了该检测系统的性能,验证了相控阵检测设备具有灵敏度高、声束可控性好和可靠性高等优点。     

cMUT阵元的声学分析与环形扫描成像

电容式微机械超声换能器(cMUT)具有宽带宽、灵敏度高、机械阻抗低和与电子电路集成制造等优点.由于超声换能器声场设计的好坏决定了成像质量的优劣,为了明确阵元参数与辐射声场的关系,该文对不同的阵元参数进行了计算仿真.与压电陶瓷超声换能器的结构不同,cMUT阵元是由多个电容单元(cell)并联构成.因此分析了cell的半径...     

车轮轮辋的超声相控阵检测研究

针对火车车轮检测中常规超声波探伤存在的检测灵敏度低、声束灵活性差、信噪比低等问题,研究了超声相控阵在火车车轮轮辋检测中的应用。该文介绍了超声相控阵检测技术的原理,并从超声相控阵换能器、硬件系统和软件系统三个方面阐述了火车车轮轮辋缺陷的超声相控阵检测系统的研究过程。最后通过人工模拟缺陷的相控阵检测实验,测试了该检测系统的性能,验证了相控阵检测设备具有灵敏度高、声束可控性好和可靠性高等优点。     

Sound field of an electromagnetic acoustic transducer

The characteristic of radiated sound field excitated within a non-ferromagnetic aluminum by an electromagnetic acoustic transducer consisting of circle-spiral coil and vertical bias magnetic field is studied.This article presents an improved force source model according to the principle of electromagnetic induction.Then the analytic displacement solution of sound field produced by that force source model is deduced.The tangential and normal directivities of shear and longitudinal sounds are calculated numerically and compared with experimental results.Experimental results conform well to the theoretical prediction,which not only shows that the electromagnetic acoustic transducer of this conformation has a good directivity of vertical shear-wave radiation,but also confirms the given force source model is effective to describe the actual physical behavior of the probe.Theoretical and experimental study lays a foundation for optimization design and engineering application of the electromagnetic acoustic probe.     

Shear Wave Field Radiated by an Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer

The horizontally polarized ultrasonic shear wave field emitted by an electromagnetic acoustic transducer （EMAT） is studied by the surface force distribution on the EMAT approximately described as an inhomogeneous horizontal shear force. The shear wave directivity pattern is plotted by numerical calculations based on our strictly analytic solutions of the wave field we presented previously. An experimental system of EMAT generation and piezoelectric transducer reception is set up to check the predictions of the theoretical wave field by measuring the ultrasonic signals through aluminium block. The directivity pattern of the wave field obtained from the experimental results conforms the theoretical prediction, which lays a foundation for engineering applications of EMATs.     

Ultrasonic field radiated by a normal shear wave probe

The field of horizontally polarized ultrasonic shear wave radiated by a 2/2 piezoelectric composite normal probe was studied. The strictly analytic field solutions for two different surface forces were deduced and the field distribution and directivity patterns were given by numerical calculations. The vertical radiated field of shear wave was obtained theoretically and compared with experiment. The experimental result of directivity pattern conformed the theoretical prediction, which provided the theoretical basis for the engineering application of the transducer.     

Directivity pattern of neurosurgical endoscopic ultrasonic probes

The objective of this paper is to present recent investigations in characteristics of the sound field generated by neurosurgical endoscopic ultrasonic probes (NEUPs) for minimally invasive surgery. The importance of this information has been investigated and discussed taking into account following facts: 1. According to the International Standard IEC 61847:1998 basic acoustical output characteristics of ultrasonic surgical equipment is declared for and measured in an acoustical free field. The standard generally treats the ultrasonic probe as an omnidirectional point source of the zero order (monopole source). 2. In real conditions, operations with NEUPs are performed within the acoustical near field. Having in mind that the cavitational and hydrodynamic effects are dominant, two theoretical boundary conditions can be present. The first one takes place when operations are performed near the "soft" acoustical boundary (tissue/air), and the second one is near the "rigid" acoustical boundary (tissue/bone). Reflections of sound waves from boundaries have influence on the characteristics of the ultrasonic probe (transducer) and on the sound field. In such cases spherical waves of the first and second order are generated. Directivity of sound sources takes shape in the far field and is easier to measure there. On the basis of measured directivity patterns, the influence of different operational conditions (immersion depth of the probe tip, boundary type, acoustical impedance of the medium etc.) on the radiated sound power and spatial distribution of the sound pressure can be estimated.     

Mode detection in turbofan inlets from near field sensor arrays

Knowledge of the modal content of the sound field radiated from a turbofan inlet is important for source characterization and for helping to determine noise generation mechanisms in the engine. An inverse technique for determining the mode amplitudes at the duct outlet is proposed using pressure measurements made in the near field. The radiated sound pressure from a duct is modeled by directivity patterns of cut-on modes in the near field using a model based on the Kirchhoff approximation for flanged ducts with no flow. The resulting system of equations is ill posed and it is shown that the presence of modes with eigenvalues close to a cutoff frequency results in a poorly conditioned directivity matrix. An analysis of the conditioning of this directivity matrix is carried out to assess the inversion robustness and accuracy. A physical interpretation of the singular value decomposition is given and allows us to understand the issues of ill conditioning as well as the detection performance of the radiated sound field by a given sensor array.     

A method for estimating the orientation of a directional sound source from source directivity and multi-microphone recordings: principles and application

Taking into account directivity of real sound sources makes it possible to try solving an interesting and biologically relevant problem: estimating the orientation in three-dimensional space of a directional sound source. The source, of known directivity, produces a broadband signal (in the ultrasonic range, in this application) that is recorded by microphones whose position with respect to source is known. An analytical method to process the recorded signals and estimate source orientation is developed in this paper. Experiments testing method performance in estimating source orientation were performed both in a laboratory environment with a Polaroid transducer as source and in a flight room with a Myotis daubentonii bat. In the first case, results showed the estimation method to be accurate and pointed out its limitations. The latter case is significant as an example biological application of the method for extracting behavioral features from bats; results are compared with alternative calculations based on microphone root-mean-square (rms)-pressure values.     

声源分布和超声频率对清洗声场均匀性的优化*

驻波和换能器指向性等影响声场均匀性,造成清洗死角,影响清洗效果。采用COMSOL仿真软件建立了单个换能器位于底部的三维模型,通过染色法实验结果验证模型的有效性。研究了换能器同时位于底部和侧面、多排换能器位于底部时的声场,用声压幅值相对标准差来量化均匀性,发现该两种换能器分布方式能够有效优化声场均匀性。通过调节频率研究频率对声场的影响,进一步优化声场均匀性。对声源分布的确定、频率的选择以满足声场均匀化需求有指导意义。