微槽道中纳米流体沸腾换热特性研究

为研究纳米流体在微槽道中的沸腾换热特性及规律,分别以去离子水和体积浓度为0.2%、0.5%的水基Al2O3纳米流体为工质进行试验,研究质量流速、热流密度、进口过冷度、槽道尺寸等因素对沸腾传热系数的影响及其两相摩擦压降与出口干度的关联分析和沸腾换热关联式对比拟合.试验结果表明:在一定热流密度和质量流速下,传热系数随槽道尺...     

微槽道纳米流体饱和沸腾CHF特性研究

以水和三种不同质量分数(0.2%、0.5%和1.0%)的Al2O3纳米流体作为实验工质,在三种不同尺寸微槽道中进行饱和沸腾传热实验,研究沸腾传热过程中临界热流密度(Critical Heat Flux,简称CHF)的变化特性。主要分析了微通道水力半径、纳米流体浓度、进口过冷度和临界热力学干度等因素对CHF的影响。实验结果发现:在水力半径较小的槽道内CHF发生得比较早;CHF随纳米流体浓度的增大而增大;CHF随进口过冷度增大有细微增大的趋势;CHF随临界热力学干度的增大而减小。文中还将实验结果与现有的、工况条件与本实验相近的理论模型进行了拟合比较,发现理论模型能较好预测本实验。     

矩形微槽道饱和沸腾临界热流密度特性

对矩形微槽中的流动沸腾临界热流密度进行了实验研究。研究CHF随质量流速、进口过冷度和出口干度的增加而出现的变化趋势,以及槽道尺寸对CHF的影响。搭建试验平台,在不同槽道当量直径、较大范围的质量流速和不同进口过冷度条件下,获得以去离子水为工质两相沸腾传热的实验数据。由于常规尺寸槽道CHF预测关联式并不具有普遍性,所以提出了一个适用于微槽道饱和沸腾CHF的预测模型。并通过与该文以及参考文献中实验数据进行对比,验证了该模型的适用性。     

矩形微槽道纳米流体沸腾传热压降特性研究

为研究纳米流体微尺度沸腾传热流阻及压降特性,文中以体积浓度为0.2%的水基Al2O3纳米流体为试验工质,在尺寸为0.6mm×2mm矩形微槽道中进行沸腾传热实验,建立实验模型,分析纳米流体沸腾传热两相摩擦乘子的影响因素及进出口压降组成,并将本实验的两相摩擦压降值与现有理论模型及参数修正后理论模型预测值进行比较。结果显示,在本实验给定的条件下,实验段两相流压降中88.6%为两相摩擦压降。与L-M模型相比,M-H修正模型和Z-M修正模型都能较好地预测实验结果。其中经M-H修正模型能更好地预测本实验的实验值,使得平均误差减小为21.2%,大大降低了原L-M模型的误差。     

竖直微槽道内沸腾换热CHF实验研究

对于沸腾换热,一个主要的约束条件就是临界热流密度(Critical Heat Flux,简称CHF)。这个约束条件对沸腾换热量有一个最高值的限制。文中对矩形微槽道中的流动沸腾临界热流密度进行了实验研究。实验数据是在不同尺寸(0.15mm;0.4mm;1mm)微槽道中,在较大范围的面积质量流速和不同进口过冷度下,以去离子水为工质得到的。实验过程中发现,达到CHF时,靠近出口壁面温度会突然升高,此时传热效率迅速下降。实验数据分析结果表明:CHF随质量流量的增加而增加;进口过冷度对CHF没有明显影响;CHF随着出口干度的增加而降低。     

微细通道纳米与非纳米流体传热和压降对比研究

分别以0.2%、0.5%、1%质量分数的Al2O3-H2O纳米流体和去离子水为实验工质,在高2mm,宽1mm的矩形微细通道内进行纳米流体与非纳米流体两相沸腾传热和压降对比研究。实验结果表明:增加质量通量对两种工质换热系数影响都较小,但增加热流密度可提高换热系数;在相同工况下,与水基液相比,采用Al2O3-H2O纳米流体换热系数明显增大,且随着纳米流体质量分数的增加而增加,对于该实验换热系数可提高8%～17%;随着纳米颗粒质量分数和质量通量的增加,两相摩擦压降显著增大。     

矩形微槽道相变流阻的实验研究

以去离子水为工质,对高为2mm,宽分别为0.3mm、0.6mm、2mm的矩形微槽中的两相传热特性与流动阻力特性进行了实验与理论研究。实验结果表明,三种微槽的饱和沸腾传热系数随着热流密度的增加而增加,并对三种微槽传热系数随热流密度关系的实验数据进行了拟合,得出了实验条件下的传热系数与热流密度的关联式及相同热流密度或者质量流速下槽道尺寸对传热系数的影响;此外,矩形微槽道压降△p随着尺寸的减小而增大。     

羧基化碳纳米管/水纳米流体核沸腾传热研究

将羧基基团引入多壁碳纳米管,改善了碳纳米管在水中的分散性及稳定性。同时研究了不同质量浓度纳米流体的导热系数、加热表面颗粒沉积、接触角变化对核沸腾传热性能的影响。结果表明;羧基化碳纳米流体可强化核沸腾传热。在测试浓度范围内,强化率在低热通时,随着热通量的增加急剧增大,高热通时,趋于稳定;当质量比ω为0.10%,功率为210.6 kW.m~(-2)时,强化率达到最大为138.3%;流体的导热系数随着质量浓度的增大而增大,0.15%浓度导热系数是纯水的1.18倍。分析认为纳米流体表面张力,纳米颗粒沉积,纳米颗粒扰动和导热系数的变化均是影响水基羧基化碳纳米流体沸腾的因素。结论由0.05%的纳米流体沸腾过程高速成像得到验证。     

矩形微通道内两相流流阻压降特性的可视化研究

以去离子水和质量分数为0.3%的水基纳米流体为工质,在当量直径为1.241mm的矩形微通道内进行了两相流流动沸腾的实验研究,并借助高速摄像仪对矩形微通道内流型随着质量流量及热流密度的变化进行了观察分析。实验结果表明:单位长度上的两相摩擦压降会随着质量流速的提升而提高;单位长度上的两相摩擦压降会随着热流密度的增大而升高;减小质量流速和提高其热流密度均会加快气泡的产生并提高气泡的脱离直径,当热流密度增大到一定程度时,通道内几乎为环状流与液态单相流交替出现,且环状流占周期中的较长时间。     

不同纳米流体在微通道内的流动传热特性研究

采用数值模拟的方法研究了不同工质在微通道内流动传热特性的差异。对比了去离子水、纳米流体Al₂O₃/Water、CuO/Water、TiO₂/Water、Cu/Water等工质在微通道内的流动传热特性,并研究了纳米颗粒的浓度对流动换热特性的影响。结果表明：CuO/Water作为冷却工质时的对流换热系数比水增加了9.6%,微通道底面平均温度降低了2.6 K,换热性能明显优于其他几种纳米流体。由于纳米颗粒的加入,纳米流体的粘度比水大,进出口的压降比水大。纳米颗粒的体积分数越大,对流换热系数越大,纳米流体在微通道内的换热性能越好。     

Modeling of thermal conductivity of nanofluids by modifying Maxwell’s equation using cell model approach

Nanofluid is an innovative heat transfer fluid with superior potential for enhancing the heat transfer performance of conventional fluids. Though many attempts have been made to investigate the abnormal high thermal conductivity of nanofluids, the existing models cannot precisely predict the same. An attempt has been made to develop a model for predicting the thermal conductivity of different types of nanofluids. The model presented here is derived based on the fact that thermal conductivity of nanofluids depends on thermal conductivity of particle and fluid as well as micro-convective heat transfer due to Brownian motion of nanoparticles. Novelty of the article lies in giving a unique equation which predicts thermal conductivity of nanofluids for different concentrations and particle sizes which also correctly predicts the trends observed in experimental data over a wide range of particle sizes, temperatures, and particle concentrations.     

A cell model approach for thermal conductivity of nanofluids

This work presents a cell model for predicting the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Effects due to the high specific surface area of the mono-dispersed nanoparticles and the micro-convective heat transfer enhancement associated with the Brownian motion of particles are addressed in detail. Novelty of the paper lies in its prediction of the non-linear dependence of thermal conductivity of nanofluids on particle volume fraction at low particle concentrations. The model is found to correctly predict the trends observed in experimental data over a wide range of particle sizes, temperatures and particle concentrations.     

Dispersibility dependence of thermal conductivity of carbon nanotube based nanofluids

A differential effective medium theory together with Brownian motion is used to predict Effective Thermal Conductivity (ETC) of CNT nanofluids. ETC was influenced significantly by Brownian motion and enhancement was higher in dilute nanofluids. A theoretical model employing an effective volume fraction with dispersibility factor agrees well with experimental data.     

Effects of thermal stratification on transient free convective flow of a nanofluid past a vertical plate

An analysis of thermal stratification in a transient free convection of nanofluids past an isothermal vertical plate is performed. Nanofluids containing nanoparticles of aluminium oxide, copper, titanium oxide and silver having volume fraction of the nanoparticles less than or equal to 0.04 with water as the base fluid are considered. The governing boundary layer equations are solved numerically. Thermal stratification effects and volume fraction of the nanoparticles on the velocity and temperature are represented graphically. It is observed that an increase in the thermal stratification parameter decreases the velocity and temperature profiles of nanofluids. An increase in the volume fraction of the nanoparticles enhances the temperature and reduces the velocity of nanofluids. Also, the influence of thermal stratification parameter and the volume fraction of the nanoparticles of local as well as average skin friction and the rate of heat transfer of nanofluids are discussed and represented graphically. The results are found to be in good agreement with the existing results in literature.     

压缩性和稀薄性对微通道气体流动换热的影响

本文对于微通道内稀薄气体二维可压缩滑移流动建立了数学模型,采用连续介质流动控制方程与壁面速度滑移和温度跳跃边界条件相组合描述该问题,并利用SIMPLE算法求解,所得结果与文献进行了对比,在相同条件下得到了较高的一致性.文中利用该计算模型的计算结果分析了气体的压缩性和稀薄性对微通道气体流动的影响,结果表明在所计算工况下稀薄性的影响更大。     

Lattice Boltzmann scheme for simulating thermal micro-flow

Gaseous flow and heat transfer in micro-channels are simulated by the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Thermal LB model with viscous heat dissipation has been adopted in the simulation. A new boundary treatment is proposed based on macro variables in order to capture the velocity slip and temperature jump. The numerical results show the velocity and temperature profiles are in agreement with the analytic results in different cases, which exhibits the availability of this model and boundary treatment in describing thermal micro-flow with viscous heat effect. The variation rules of temperature jump with different parameters are also discussed in this study.     

纳米流体对流换热机理分析

考虑在纳米流体中纳米颗粒做布朗运动引起的对流换热, 基于纳米颗粒在纳米流体中遵循分形分布, 本文得到纳米流体对流换热的机理模型. 本解析模型没有增加新的经验常数, 从该模型发现纳米流体池沸腾热流密度是温度、纳米颗粒的平均直径、 纳米颗粒的浓度、纳米颗粒的分形维数、沸腾表面活化穴的分形维数、基本液体的物理特性的函数. 对不同的纳米颗粒浓度和不同的纳米颗粒平均直径与不同的实验数据进行了比较, 模型预测的结果与实验结果相吻合. 所得的解析模型可以更深刻地揭示纳米流体对流换热的物理机理.     

纳米悬浮液的有效导热系数

文中以有效介质近似理论为基础,考虑了纳米颗粒在基液中强烈的B rown ian运动对强化传热的作用和纳米颗粒的表面吸附液体层、纳米颗粒的粒径和体积分数对纳米悬浮液有效导热系数的影响,建立了预测纳米悬浮液有效导热系数的模型,通过对纳米CuO-去离子水溶液的验证,发现该模型比几种经典模型具有更高的精度,因此具有一定的参考价值。     

Flow boiling heat transfer of alumina nanofluids in single microchannels and the roles of nanoparticles

This study investigates flow boiling heat transfer of aqueous alumina nanofluids in single microchannels with particular focuses on the critical heat flux (CHF) and the potential dual roles played by nanoparticles, i.e., (i) modification of the heating surface through particle deposition and (ii) modification of bubble dynamics through particles suspended in the liquid phase. Low concentrations of nanofluids (0.001–0.1 vol.%) are formulated by the two-step method and the average alumina particle size is ~25 nm. Two sets of experiments are performed: (a) flow boiling of formed nanofluids in single microchannels where the effect of heating surface modification by nanoparticle deposition is apparent and (b) bubble formation in a quiescent pool of alumina nanofluids under adiabatic conditions where the role of suspended nanoparticles in the liquid phase is revealed. The flow boiling experiments reveal a modest increase in CHF by nanofluids, being higher at higher nanoparticle concentrations and higher inlet subcoolings. The bubble formation experiments show that suspended nanoparticles in the liquid phase alone can significantly affect bubble dynamics. Further discussion reveals that both roles are likely co-existent in a typical boiling system. Properly surface-promoted nanoparticles could minimize particle deposition hence little modification of the heating surface, but could still contribute to the modification in heat transfer through the second mechanism, which is potentially promising for microchannel applications.