The effect of thermal aging and color pigments on the Egyptian linen properties evaluated by physicochemical methods

Archaeologists in Egypt discovered ancient colored textiles in great quantities in comparison with the analogous uncolored ones. Furthermore, the latter are far more deteriorated. Most research investigations into archaeological linen have been concerned with manufacture, restoration, and conservation but little information is available about the properties of the fibers, and particularly their chemical and physical properties after dyeing with natural dyes or painted with pigments. The aim of this study is to evaluate the physicochemical properties of Egyptian linen textiles coloring with a variety of pigments used in painting in ancient times after thermally aged to get linen samples which are similar as possible to the ancient linen textiles. The evaluations were based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction and tensile strength, and elongation measurements. Results showed that beyond cosmetic reasons, colored textiles did indeed play a role as protecting agents affecting strength and reducing thermal deterioration. Specifically, in the molecular level, pigments under study seem to interact to cellulose and lignin compounds of the aged linen while in the macroscopic level tensile and elongation parameters are altered. Electron microscopy confirms that pigment particles are deposited on and between the fibers’ surfaces.     

Ecofriendly laccase–hydrogen peroxide/ultrasound-assisted bleaching of linen fabrics and its influence on dyeing efficiency

This study evaluates the bleaching efficiency of enzymatically scoured linen fabrics using a combined laccase–hydrogen peroxide bleaching process with and without ultrasonic energy, with the goal of obtaining fabrics with high whiteness levels, well preserved tensile strength and higher dye uptake. The effect of the laccase enzyme and the combined laccase–hydrogen peroxide bleaching process with and without ultrasound has been investigated with regard to whiteness value, tensile strength, dyeing efficiency and dyeing kinetics using both reactive and cationic dyes. The bleached linen fabrics were characterized using X-ray diffraction and by measuring tensile strength and lightness. The dyeing efficiency and kinetics were characterized by measuring dye uptake and colour fastness. The results indicated that ultrasound was an effective technique in the combined laccase–hydrogen peroxide bleaching process of linen fabrics. The whiteness values expressed as lightness of linen fabrics is enhanced by using ultrasonic energy. The measured colour strength values were found to be slightly better for combined laccase–hydrogen peroxide/ultrasound-assisted bleached fabrics than for combined laccase–hydrogen peroxide for both reactive and cationic dyes. The fastness properties of the fabrics dyed with reactive dye were better than those obtained when using cationic dye. The time/dye uptake isotherms were also enhanced when using combined laccase–hydrogen peroxide/ultrasound-assisted bleached fabric, which confirms the efficiency of ultrasound in the combined oxidative bleaching process. The dyeing rate constant, half-time of dyeing and dyeing efficiency have been calculated and discussed.     

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic investigation of orchil dyed wool from Roccella tinctoria and Lasallia pustulata

In this work Raman spectroscopic techniques have been utilized to characterize the vibrational spectral features of orchil dyed wool samples. Specifically, it is noted by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy that wool dyed purple with two historically used orchil species (Roccella tinctoria and Lasallia pustulata) show spectral differences possibly owing to their specific dye‐precursor constituents. The additional natural dyestuff woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) overdyeing the R. tinctoria orchil dyed wool is a further challenge when distinguishing the mixed dye components given by the co‐adsorption of the dyestuffs as permitted by the selection rules of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, the effects of dilution of the L. pustulata species in its spectral detection have been assessed along with the evaluation of subsequent lichen extract boiling before dyeing which resulted in the detection of a degraded form of the orchil dye. Proof of concept included the surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) investigation of a purple dyed tapestry (XVI century) which permitted an aged orchil dye to be determined. This contribution utilizes SERS as a fast, reproducible and specific method for both orchil dye detection and alteration induced by degradation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mechanical and electrical properties of radiation-vulcanized natural rubber latex with waste eggshell powder as bio-fillers

ABSTRACT

This work investigated the mechanical, physical, morphological, and electrical (volume) resistivity properties of radiation-vulcanized natural rubber latex (RVNRL) with additions of waste eggshell (WES) powder, which contained primarily CaCO₃ (calcite). The results showed that increasing gamma irradiation doses from 0 to 30?kGy in 10-kGy increments led to decreases in the swelling ratio and elongation at break but increases in the crosslink density, tensile modulus at 500% elongation, and tensile strength of the composites. The results also suggested that increasing the WES contents from 0 to 2, 4, or 6 parts per hundred parts of rubber by weight (phr) in the composites improved the tensile modulus at 500% elongation, tensile strength, hardness (Shore A), and electrical (volume) resistivity. In addition, after undergoing thermal aging at 70°C for 96?h, the tensile modulus and hardness (Shore A) increased, while the tensile strength and elongation at break decreased. This work also compared the properties of WES/RVNRL with commercial CaCO₃/RVNRL samples at the same 4-phr content. The results indicated that both composites had similar tensile properties, implying possible replacement of commercial CaCO₃ with WES powder as an effective reinforcing filler in RVNRL.     

SERS and Raman imaging as a new tool to monitor dyeing on textile fibres

Textile fibres containing Ag nanoparticles have been widely explored for a number of antimicrobial fabrics. Moreover, it is well‐known that textile dyeing is a critical stage in the manufacture thereof. This research shows that surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and Raman imaging can be used with advantage in the monitoring of this process. Using Ag containing linen fibres stained with methylene blue (MB), it was possible to map the local distribution of the MB dye in the fibres by Raman imaging. MB was selected as the SERS molecular probe and as a model dye. Composites of linen fibres and Ag nanoparticles were prepared by distinct methods and used as SERS substrates in order to evaluate the effect of the preparative method on the Raman images. Our results demonstrate that by using Raman imaging associated to the presence of Ag nanoparticles, it is possible to distinguish the local distribution of the dye on the textile surface. This investigation allows to foreseeing the use of this technique in terms of quality control of Ag containing fabrics, which is a market in great expansion. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ultrasonic assisted dyeing: Dyeing of acrylic fabrics C.I. Astrazon Basic Red 5BL 200%

The dyeing of acrylic fabrics using C.I. Astrazon Basic Red 5BL 200% has been studied with both conventional and ultrasonic techniques. The effect of dye concentration, dye bath pH, ultrasonic power, dyeing time and temperature were studied and the resulting shades obtained by dyeing with both techniques were compared. Colour strength values obtained were found to be higher with ultrasonic than with conventional heating. The results of fastness properties of the dyed fabrics were studied. X-ray and Scanning Electron Microscope SEM were carried out on dyed samples using both methods of dyeing to find out an explanation for the better dyeability of acrylic fabrics with (US) method. Dyeing kinetics of acrylic fabrics using C.I. Astrazon Basic Red 5BL 200% using conventional and ultrasonic conditions were compared. The time/dye-uptake isotherms are revealing the enhanced dye-uptake in the second phase of dyeing. The values of dyeing rate constant, half-time of dyeing and standard affinity and ultrasonic efficiency have been calculated and discussed.     

Cold Pad-Batch dyeing method for cotton fabric dyeing with reactive dyes using ultrasonic energy

Reactive dyes are vastly used in dyeing and printing of cotton fibre. These dyes have a distinctive reactive nature due to active groups which form covalent bonds with -OH groups of cotton through substitution and/or addition mechanism. Among many methods used for dyeing cotton with reactive dyes, the Cold Pad Batch (CPB) method is relatively more environment friendly due to high dye fixation and non requirement of thermal energy. The dyed fabric production rate is low due to requirement of at least twelve hours batching time for dye fixation. The proposed CPB method for dyeing cotton involves ultrasonic energy resulting into a one third decrease in batching time. The dyeing of cotton fibre was carried out with CI reactive red 195 and CI reactive black 5 by conventional and ultrasonic (US) method. The study showed that the use of ultrasonic energy not only shortens the batching time but the alkalis concentrations can considerably be reduced. In this case, the colour strength (K/S) and dye fixation (%F) also enhances without any adverse effect on colour fastness of the dyed fabric. The appearance of dyed fibre surface using scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed relative straightening of fibre convolutions and significant swelling of the fibre upon ultrasonic application. The total colour difference values ΔE (CMC) for the proposed method, were found within close proximity to the conventionally dyed sample.     

Rebuilding of metal components with laser cladding forming

Laser cladding forming (LCF) is a novel powerful tool for the repairing of metal components. Rebuilding of V-grooves on medium carbon steel substrates has been carried out with laser cladding forming technique using stainless steel powder as the cladding material. Microstructure of the deposited layers has been characterized using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDAX), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mechanical properties of the rebuilt V-groove samples have been evaluated by tensile and impacting tests and microhardness measurement. Experimental results show that good fusion bonding between the rebuilt layers and the substrate has been formed, and the microstructure of the cladding layers is mainly composed of fine, dense and defect-free epitaxial columnar dendrites. Due to the effect of grain size refinement, the tensile strength, impacting toughness, elongation and microhardness of the rebuilt samples have been greatly enhanced compared to those of the substrate. Microhardness is also very uniform throughout the rebuilt regions. With the growth of the deposited layers, the microhardness increases gradually. The good ductility of the deposited regions is verified by the SEM fracture analysis.     

Studies on the use of power ultrasound in leather dyeing

Uses of power ultrasound for acceleration/performing the chemical as well as physical processes are gaining importance. In conventional leather processing, the diffusion of chemicals through the pores of the skin/hide is achieved by the mechanical agitation caused by the paddle or drumming action. In this work, the use of power ultrasound in the dyeing of leather has been studied with the aim to improve the exhaustion of dye for a given processing time, to reduce the dyeing time and to improve the quality of dyed leather. The effect of power ultrasound in the dyeing of full chrome cow crust leather in a stationary condition is compared with dyeing in the absence of ultrasound as a control experiment both in a stationary as well as conventional drumming condition. An ultrasonic cleaner (150 W and 33 kHz) was used for the experiments. Actual power dissipated into the system was calculated from the calorimetric measurement. Experiments were carried out with variation in type of dye, amount of dye offer, temperature and time. The results show that there is a significant improvement in the percentage exhaustion of dye due to the presence of ultrasound, when compared to dyeing in absence of ultrasound. Experiments on equilibrium dye uptake carried out with or without ultrasound suggest that ultrasound help to improve the kinetics of leather dyeing. The results indicate that leathers dyed in presence of ultrasound have higher colour values, better dye penetration and fastness properties compared to control leathers. The physical testing results show that strength properties of the dyed leathers are not affected due to the application of ultrasound under the given process conditions. Apparent diffusion coefficient during the initial stage of dyeing process, both in presence and in absence of ultrasound was calculated. The values show that ultrasound helps in improving the apparent diffusion coefficient more for the difficult dyeing conditions such as in the case of metal-complex dyes having bigger aggregate size compared to less difficult dyeing conditions.     

Characterization of commercial polybutylenes. part II. Crystallinity and tensile properties

A series of previously characterized polybutylenes were compression molded using various cooling conditions. Crystallinity decreased as cooling rate increased. The samples exhibited three types of tensile behavior. The crystallinity of samples containing around 5% ethylene was about 40%. These behaved as elastomers, exhibiting typical entropic elasticity. For the remaining samples, crystallinities between 55% and 70% were observed, depending on grade, and more particularly on cooling conditions. For these, lower crystallinity levels favor sample necking and stress-induced orientation, producing high elongation at break and high tensile strength values, while the higher crystallinity samples show high moduli and elasticity values coupled with uniform deformation. In the former case, significant crystalline deformation—causing alignment of the c axes of the crystallites towards the stretching direction, and thereby reinforcing the sample—is responsible for the high elongations and tensile strength encountered. In the higher-crystallinity case much of the deformation is taken up by interlamellar void generation, with little or no c-axis alignment, this elastic mechanism having been termed “hard elasticity.”     

Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Self-colored Fluorescent Polycarbonate Urethane based on the 1,8-Naphthalimide Group

Abstract

The synthesis of a novel self-colored polyurethane (PU) is described using 4-amino-N-propanoic acid-1,8-naphthalimide dye. To synthesize the self- colored PU, the dye was added to the PU prepolymer at the chain extension step. PU and self-colored PU were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible spectroscopy and Fluorometry. The thermal behavior of the PU and self-colored PU were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The spectra indicated that the addition of dye to the polymer chain did not affect the glass transition temperature (T_g?=?-39?°C). Tensile strengths and Young’s modulus of the samples were assessed using a tensile strength test; they revealed that addition of the dye to the polymer structure enhanced the Young’s modulus and increased the mechanical strength of the PU. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used for evaluation of the crystal phase of the polymer; it revealed that both components were amorphous.     

Ultrasonic dyeing of cationized cotton fabric with natural dye. Part 1: cationization of cotton using Solfix E

The dyeing of cationized cotton fabric with Solfix E using colouring matter extracted from Cochineal dye has been studied using both conventional and ultrasonic techniques. Factors affecting dye extraction such as ultrasound power, particle size, extraction temperature and time were studied. The results indicated that the extraction by ultrasound at 300 W was more effective at lower temperature and time than conventional extraction. The effect of various factors of dye bath such as pH, salt concentration, ultrasound power, dyeing time and temperature were investigated. The colour strength values obtained were found to be higher with ultrasound than with conventional techniques. The results of fastness properties of the dyed fabrics were fair to good. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the morphological and X-ray analyzes were measured for cationized cotton fabrics dyed with both conventional and ultrasound methods, thus showing the sonicator efficiency.     

Characterization of structural modifications in poly-tetra-fluoroethylene induced by electron beam irradiation

The effects of electron beam irradiation doses on the poly-tetra-fluoroethylene (PTFE) have been studied. Several techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mechanical properties and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were applied to characterize the PTFE samples and to study the radiation effects on the crystal structure of the polymer.The irradiation dose up to 150 kGy showed an increase in the crystallinity degree of PTFE, which has been observed and confirmed during the DSC and XRD measurements. The increase in crystallinity was attributed to the scissions of the chain in the amorphous region. Moreover, the number-average molecular weights were estimated from the heat of crystallization measured by DSC technique. The results indicated that the molecular weights were decreased by increasing the heat of crystallization due to irradiation with doses up to 150 kGy. Radiation resistance of the irradiated and non-irradiated PTFE was investigated during its mechanical properties at room temperature. The dose at half value of the elongation at break is about 3.10 kGy while the dose at half value of the tensile strength is about 1.70 kGy.     

Composites of Hydroxyapatite Whiskers/poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) with High Tensile Plasticity

Hydroxyapatite whiskers (HAW) with a maximum aspect ratio of 20 were employed to improve the toughness of poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (AMEO) was grafted on the surface of the hydroxyapatite whiskers (g-HAW) to improve its wetting in the PLGA matrix. Composites based on HAW, g-HAW, and PLGA were prepared. The structure and properties of the composites were subsequently investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and tensile testing. The g-HAW were distributed homogenously in the PLGA matrix because of improved wetting of g-HAW while the HAW were aggregated. The stronger interfacial bonding also gave rise to improved mechanical properties of the g-HAW/PLGA composites. The HAW/PLGA and g-HAW/PLGA composites failed in a tough manner with intensive plastic deformation. The g-HAW/PLGA composite (5 wt% g-HAW) failed at a maximum elongation of 366%, although the tensile strength dropped slightly. The g-HAW/PLGA composite (1 wt% g-HAW) maintained the initial tensile strength of neat PLGA but failed at an equally high elongation of 347%, whereas PLGA failed at an elongation of 11%.     

硅氧烷改性水性聚氨酯的制备及性能

用聚氧化丙烯二醇、聚醚接枝聚硅氧烷、甲苯二异氰酸酯、二羟甲基丙酸和1,4丁二醇进行聚合,并通过三乙胺直接水乳化法合成了一种新型硅氧烷改性的透明且稳定性好的水性聚氨酯乳液.用Fourier变换红外光谱、化学分析电子能谱、接触角仪、电子拉力试验机以及乳液稳定性测试对其进行研究,测试表明乳液稳定性好,聚硅氧烷链段已被化学键入聚氨酯分子链中,硅氧烷在乳胶膜表明富集,对聚氨酯材料有明显的表面改性作用.研究结果还表明,经少量硅氧烷改性的聚氨酯材料本体的力学性质变化不大,仍然是一种很好的弹性体.随着硅氧烷含量的增加,抗张强度提高,但断裂伸长率有所减小.     

Adhesion enhancement in polystyrene/polyethylene blends by corona treatment and triblock copolymer addition

A comparative study of interfacial effects due to styrene-butadiene-based triblock copolymer (SEBS) addition and to corona treatment has been investigated for blends of polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS). Blends of PS/PE covering a wide range of weight composition have been prepared in the molten state. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that moderate amounts of SEBS copolymer addition (2-5%) resulted in finer particle dispersion and in better interfacial adhesion between PE and PS phases. Tensile strength and elongation at break were also significantly improved. In the case of corona treatment of both polyethylene and polystyrene, the tensile strength of the blends increased while their elongation at break remained almost unchanged. The same trend was found when small amounts of corona-treated blend (5%) were added to the non-modified PS/PE blends. Rheological measurements revealed that corona treatment resulted in a decrease of dynamic shear viscosity of both PE and PS. From a view-point of morphological and mechanical properties, the triblock copolymer was found to be the more efficient modifier. Nevertheless, much higher tensile strengths, but lower elongations at break were obtained when the blends were modified by corona-treated SEBS copolymer. The results suggest that a combination of the two modification methods may be a promising route to enhance performance properties in the immiscible PS/PE system.     

New developments of advanced high-strength steels for automotive applications

Automotive industry asks for higher resistant steels to lighten parts and improve crash resistance. Keeping a good ductility while increasing tensile strength requires the development of new grades in which hardening mechanisms counteract the drop in elongation when enhancing mechanical resistance. This is mainly achieved with multiphase steels and completing dislocation hardening by twinning and martensite transformation during straining. This has led to high-strength steel families, some of them being already used in body in white (Dual Phase (DP) and TRIP steels). Others, still in development, will soon emerge on the market (Quenched and Partitioned (Q&P), medium-Mn steels or TWIP).     

Mechanical properties of thin films of graphene materials: A study on their structural quality and functionalities

Several studies have been done on physiochemical properties of thin films of graphene materials, but less on their mechanical properties. The mechanical properties such as tensile and storage modulus of films of graphene oxide (GO), different reduced graphene oxides (rGO), functionalised reduced graphene oxide (frGO) and a few layers graphene (graphene) were analysed in this study. During syntheses processes, a range of variations occurs due to different reducing agents and functionalising components used; this affects or changes the mechanical properties of the materials. In addition, it has become vital to comprehend the mechanical properties of these films as the potential applications such as sensor and electrodes demand extended life cycles or lifetime. It has been found that the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), tensile modulus, and storage modulus vary across all the samples that highly depend on nature/efficiency of reducing agent used, amount of impurities such as oxygen functional groups and defect density such as discrepancies/holes in the aromatic structure. The highest UTS and modulus have been identified with a few layers graphene and with hydroiodic acid reduced GO among the rGOs. The frGO shows almost similar properties to that of graphene.     

Effect of electropulsing treatment on microstructure and tensile fracture behavior of aged Mg–9Al–1Zn alloy strip

The effect of electropulsing treatment (EPT) on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and tensile fracture behavior of aged Mg–9Al–1Zn alloy strip at room temperature was investigated. The results indicated that EPT accelerated the spheroidizing and dissolution of β phase tremendously in the aged Mg–9Al–1Zn alloy strip. The EPT-induced microstructural change resulted in remarkably increasing elongation to failure, remained tensile strength unchanged. A mechanism for rapid spheroidizing and dissolution process of β phase during EPT was proposed based on the reduction of nucleation thermodynamic barrier and enhancement of atomic diffusion. Fracture analysis showed that with increase in frequency of EPT transgranular dimple fracture becomes predominant instead of the quasicleavage fracture.     

甲基苯基乙烯基硅橡胶电离总剂量效应

甲基苯基乙烯硅橡胶具有耐高低温、防震等独特优势,在航天器的减震、密封等领域具有广泛应用前景。研究了甲基苯基乙烯基硅橡胶的电离总剂量效应。结果表明,随着辐射剂量的增加,甲基苯基乙烯基硅橡胶的力学性能出现了不同程度的退化。拉伸强度和撕裂强度变化规律以1×106 Gy(Si)剂量点为分界点。低于该剂量,拉伸和撕裂随剂量增加快速下降;高于该剂量时,随辐照剂量增加,拉伸强度出现一定程度反弹,呈现出宽"U"形,而撕裂强度则是先增加后下降。拉断伸长率和邵氏硬度A随辐照剂量增加分别出现快速下降和增加,最终接近饱和。最后,从辐射交联和裂解方面讨论了甲基苯基乙烯基硅橡胶电离总剂量效应的潜在物理机制。