R134a/R125混合物制冷剂性能研究

基于制冷剂的气液相平衡特性,建立了R134a/R125混合制冷剂二元体系模型,对其物性进行了分析。建立了蒸气压缩式制冷系统仿真模型,对混合制冷剂的循环工况和性能进行了对比研究。通过物性分析及性能对比,得到了不同比例混合制冷剂的饱和曲线和导热系数的变化趋势。对于R134a/R125非共沸混合制冷剂,在0.1 MPa压力下混合质量比为0.5/0.5时,温度滑移达到最大5.33℃。R134a/R125混合制冷剂的液相导热系数低于R134a,且随着温度的升高而减小;气相导热系数的变化趋势与液相相反。当蒸发温度较低时,制冷剂R134a在蒸发器中为负压,对系统不利,采用混合制冷剂R134a/R125(0.9/0.1)可改善这一状况,虽然COP略低于R134a系统,但可获得比R134a更低的制冷温度,且系统运行更稳定。研究结果为R134a/R125混合制冷剂的应用提供数据。     

纳米材料对R134a／矿物油互溶性的影响

参照ASHRAE1990标准,本文设计了测量制冷剂／润滑油混合物互溶性的实验装置,通过观察法获得混合物的临界互溶温度。对R134a／矿物油、R134a／矿物油／纳米材料的互溶性进行了对比实验研究。结果表明,添加纳米材料,可以改善R134a和矿物油的互溶性。     

R125/R600a二元混合物的热力学性质

基于制冷剂物性计算软件NIST REFPROP 7.0及R125/R600a气液相平衡实验数据,使用MBWR状态方程结合Lemmon-Jacobsen混合物模型,对R125/R600a(50/50 mass%)混合替代工质的热力学性质进行了计算,并制作给出了其压焓图(p-h)、温熵图(T-s)和比定压热容图(c<,p>-T)及饱和性质表.最后理论计算分析了其空调制冷工况的性能,结果表明该混合工质具有与R22相当的压缩比和COP值,比R22较低的排气温度和较高的单位质量制冷量.     

R134a/R125混合工质管外沸腾换热特性研究

对水平管外纯R134a和三种不同浓度的R134a/R125混合工质池沸腾换热性能进行了试验研究。在试验研究的基础上对二元混合工质的沸腾换热进行理论分析,并提出了二元混合工质的沸腾换热预测关联式。在实验范围内,实验值与预测值的最大偏差不超过±20%,可以满足工程应用的需要。     

R1234yf/R744和R134a/R744两种复叠循环性能对比

为了获得较低的低温环境,通过建立能量方程及辅助软件EES(Engineering Equation Solver)的编程,分析了R1234yf/R744和R134a/R744两种复叠式制冷系统的蒸发温度、冷凝温度、冷凝蒸发传热温差对系统性能的影响。结果表明:R134a/R744系统的COP略高于R1234yf/R744,R1234yf相对于R134a具有优良的环保特性,因此,在复叠系统中,R1234yf/R744可代替R134a/R744制取低温。     

空调制冷工质R143a/R227ea、R125/R227ea的理论与实验研究

1前言制冷剂R22的替代迫在眉睫,还未有一致的意见。但一般认为,R22的替代,无纯质可寻,只能采用混合工质。本文将从理论和实验两方面,探讨混合工质R143a／R227ea、R125／R227ea做为空调制冷系统,尤其是变浓度容量调节系统的循环工质的可行性。2R143a／R227ea、R125／R227ea的热力性质分析考虑到国内外对丙烷、丁烷衍生物制冷工质的研究较少,二元混合工质的组成纯质将不仅从甲烷、乙烷系列中筛选,还将考虑采用丙烷、丁烷衍生物中的一些热物性和物理化学性质研究较充分的物质。从组成纯质及变浓度等几个角度加以筛选,本文推荐采…     

R32/PAG润滑油体系的黏度和质扩散系数实验研究

本文采用光散射法对R32/PAG润滑油混合体系的动力黏度和质扩散系数进行了实验研究,温度范围从293.15～353.15 K,压力范围从0.09～1.26 MPa,共计获得16个数据点。R32/PAG体系的表面波散射特性属于过阻尼区,当温度一定时,R32/PAG混合物的黏度随着R32所占比例的升高而减小。本文黏度、质扩散系数实验数据与所获得模型的平均绝对偏差分别为1.17%、0.15%,可用于R32/PAG制冷系统的优化设计。     

Antibacterial and Miscibility Properties of Chitosan/Collagen Blends

The miscibility, bioactivity, and antibacterial properties of chitosan/collagen specimens were systematically studied. The specimens were prepared by blending collagen and chitosan with varying deacetylation degrees in solutions; the collagen molecules had been extracted from pigskins using the acid swelling-pepsin digestion method. To understand the miscibility properties of collagen and chitosan molecules, the intrinsic viscosity and differential scanning calorimetry analysis of collagen, chitosan, and collagen/chitosan specimens were performed. The instrinsic viscosity measurements suggested that chitosan and collagen molecules with varying deacetylation degrees were miscible at molecular level for all compositions and degrees of deacetylation of chitosan/collagen mixture solutions prepared in this study. Fourier transform infrared analyses suggested that the percentage of preserved triple helix structures present in collagen molecules in collagen/chitosan specimens decreased with increasing chitosan contents, since the ratios of peak absorbance at 1239 cm^?1 of amide III and 1455 cm^?1 of C?H bending of collagen/chitosan specimens decreased significantly with increase in their chitosan contents. Abnormally high denaturation temperatures (T_d) were observed as the chitosan contents of collagen/chitosan specimens reached 40 wt%, at which T_d of collagen molecules was even higher than that of the corresponding pure chitosan molecules with varying deacetylation degrees. The antibacterial activity of collagen/chitosan blends increased consistently with increasing deacetylation degrees and concentrations of chitosan molecules in collagen/chitosan solutions. Possible explanations for these interesting thermal denaturation, antibacterial, and miscibility properties of chitosan/collagen specimens are reported.     

Miscibility studies of poly-p-phenylene terephthalamide/polyamide molecular composites

Miscibility characteristics of poly-p-phenylene terephthalamide (PPTA) with nylon 6, nylon 66, nylon 11, and nylon 12 have been examined by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). Mixtures of PPTA/nylon 6, 66, 11, and 12 and amorphous nylon were prepared by coagulation in water from isotropic sulfuric acid solutions. The WAXD investigation shows the presence of small amounts of disordered crystals in the regenerated pure PPTA and to a lesser amount in the blends of PPTA/amorphous nylon or PPTA/aliphatic crystalline nylons. DSC studies show the melting point depression of nylon crystals. At low PPTA contents, a small melting point elevation occurs in nylon 6, presumably due to nucleation. The Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ) was subsequently calculated from the melting point depression of the nylons.     

一种三级自动复叠制冷的模拟

通过美国标准和技术研究所开发的软件程序计算出了混合工质在不同配比下的物理性质;最终以要求的制冷量为标准,确定了混合工质的最佳配比;并通过分析计算,得出了一个三级自动复叠系统中各测点的状态参数;最后分析了压缩机高、低压对系统性能的影响。     

手持式直读红外光谱仪快速测定在用润滑油总酸值和总碱值的方法

总酸值(TAN)和总碱值(TBN)能提供关于润滑油氧化程度和碱储备性能方面的信息,其值大小可以判断某些酸性添加剂的加量是否足够,常用于设备润滑油的老化度测量,以避免设备出现异常磨损、腐蚀、沉淀、堵塞过滤器等问题。润滑油的总酸性和总碱性的检测标准都以酸碱滴定为基础,多采用电位滴定法。然而,这种方法需要复杂的操作、昂贵的耗材、大量的油样、熟练的操作人员以及危险试剂的处理问题。由于润滑油的氧化产物和碱性添加剂在红外光谱中都有较强的信息,因此,可以通过红外光谱图研究对润滑油总酸值和总碱值的监测。建立了一种基于酸碱中和反应的定量中红外光谱总酸值和总碱值的手持式直读红外光谱方法,通过油品归类、建立油样库和多元回归三个步骤,可获得准确可靠的量化总酸值和总碱值。此方法获得最新的ASTM D7889标准支持,相比于其他方法,这种方法具有分析速度快、无需任何溶剂、直接得到检测结果并且结果准确,操作相对简单,并一定程度提高了检测速度。可广泛应用于离线实验室和现场在线油液检测。     

Isothermal Crystallization and Miscibility of Isotactic Polypropylene/Poly(cis-butadiene) Rubber Blends

Isotactic polypropylene/poly(cis-butadiene) rubber (iPP/PcBR) blends were prepared by melt mixing. Isothermal crystallization and miscibility for neat iPP and blends of iPP/PcBR were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The presence of PcBR remarkably affected isothermal crystalline behaviors of iPP. An addition of PcBR caused shorter crystallization time and a faster overall crystallization rate, meaning a heterogeneous nucleation effect of PcBR upon crystallization of iPP. For the same sample, the crystallization peak was broader and the supercooling decreased as the crystallization temperature increased. The Avrami equation was suitable to describe the primary isothermal crystallization process of iPP and blends. The addition of PcBR led to an increase of values of the Avrami exponent n, which we suggest was because the blends had a stronger trend of instantaneous three-dimensional growth than neat iPP. The equilibrium melting point depression of the blends was observed, indicating that the blends were partly miscible in the melt.     

Lubricant film flow and depletion characteristics at head/disk storage interface

The characteristics of lubricant film at head/disk interface(HDI) are essential to the stability of hard disk drives. In this study, the theoretical models of the lubricant flow and depletion are deduced based on Navier–Stokes(NS) and continuity equations. The air bearing pressure on the surface of the lubrication film is solved by the modified Reynolds equation based on Fukui and Kaneko(FK) model. Then the lubricant film deformations for a plane slider and double-track slider are obtained. The equation of lubricant film thickness is deduced with the consideration of van der Waals force, the air bearing pressure, the surface tension, and the external stresses. The lubricant depletion under heat source is simulated and the effects of different working conditions including initial thickness, flying height and the speed of the disk on lubricant depletion are discussed. The main factors that cause the lubricant flow and depletion are analyzed and the ways to reduce the film thickness deformation are proposed. The simulation results indicate that the shearing stress is the most important factor that causes the thickness deformation and other terms listed in the equation have little influence. The thickness deformation is dependent on the working parameter, and the thermal condition evaporation is the most important factor.