Flavor mechanism of micro-nanoparticles and correlation analysis between flavor substances in thermoultrasonic treated fishbone soup

To study the physicochemical properties of micro-nanoparticles (MNPs) in thermoultrasonic treated fishbone soup, it was subjected to ultra-filtration with a 100 kDa ultrafiltration membrane to obtain large MNPs (LMNPs) and small MNPs (SMNPs). LMNPs and SMNPs were treated with force-breakers, and the interactions of the MNPs with five characteristic volatile compounds were investigated. LMNPs covered most proteins (222.66 mg/mL) and fatty acids (363.76 mg/g), while SMNPs was mostly soluble small molecules with taste substances like total free amino acids (85.26 mg/g), organic acids (2.55 mg/mL), and 5′-nucleotides (169.17 mg/100 mL). The stability of LMNPs is significantly higher than raw bone soup, and SMNPs can exist stably in the solution. Correlation analysis between flavor substance content and flavor suggested that the overall flavor profile of halibut bone soup was closely related to the content changes of 72 significant influence variables. The binding of LMNPs to characteristic flavor compounds was largely affected by hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and ionic effects. While the binding of SMNPs to characteristic flavor compounds was largely determined by hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding. This study explores the characteristics of MNPs and provides the possibility to clarify the interaction mechanism between MNPs and flavor.     

Effect of combined ultrasonic and enzymatic extraction technique on the quality of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) juice

In order to obtain noni juice with high yield and good quality, the effect of combined extraction technique of enzymatic treatment (EZ) and ultrasonication (US) on the overall quality of noni juice was investigated. Moreover, the extraction performance of the EZ-US combined extraction technique was compared with that of EZ-based extraction and the US-based extraction. Response surface methodology (RSM) was designed to optimize the parameters of ultrasonic treatment, by taking consideration of the extraction efficiency, quality parameters and bioactive ingredients of noni juice. The results indicated that combined ultrasonic and enzymatic treatment achieved a synergistic effect on promoting the quality of noni juice. The maximum juice yield of 67.95 % was obtained under ultrasonication for 10 min at 600 W after enzymatic treatment (EZU). In addition, EZU-treated juice exhibited the highest contents of total phenolic and flavonoid, which were 148.19 ± 2.53 mg gallic acid/100 mL and 47.19 ± 1.22 mg rutin/100 mL, respectively, thus contributing to better antioxidant activity. Moreover, the EZU treatment significantly reduced the particle size of noni juice, and improved its suspension stability and rheological properties. FTIR results indicated that the treatments did not bring major changes in the chemical structure and the functional groups of compounds in noni juice. Therefore, EZU treatment can be successfully applied to the extraction of noni juice with better nutritional properties and overall quality.     

Systematic evaluation of biocompatibility of magnetic Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> nanoparticles with six different mammalian cell lines

This article systematically evaluated the biocompatibility of multiple mammalian cell lines to 11-nm DMSA-coated Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Cells including RAW264.7, THP-1, Hepa1-6, HepG2, HL-7702, and HeLa were incubated with six different concentrations (0, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 100 μg/mL) of MNPs for 48 h, and then the cell labeling, iron loading, cell viability, apoptosis, cycle, and oxidative stress were all quantitatively evaluated. The results revealed that all the cells were effectively labeled by the nanoparticles; however, the iron loading of RAW264.7 was significantly higher than that of other cells at any dose. The proliferations of all the cells were not significantly suppressed by MNPs at the studied dose except HepG2 that was exposed to 100 μg/mL MNPs. The investigation of oxidative stress demonstrated that the levels of total superoxide dismutase and xanthine oxidase had no significant changes in all the cells treated by all the doses of MNPs, while the levels of malonyldialdehyde activity of MNP-treated cells significantly increased. The nanoparticles did not produce any significant effect on cell cycles at any of the doses, but resulted in significant apoptosis of THP-1 and HepG2 cells at the highest concentration of 100 μg/mL. At a concentration of 30 μg/mL which was used in human studies with an intravascular nanoparticle imaging agent (Combidex), the nanoparticles efficiently labeled all the cells studied, but did not produce any significant influence on their viability, oxidative stress, and apoptosis and cycle. Therefore, the nanoparticles were concluded with better biocompatibility, which provided some useful information for its clinical applications.     

Effect of dual-frequency ultrasound on the formation of lysinoalanine and structural characterization of rice dreg protein isolates

The effect of dual-frequency ultrasound treatment with different working modes on the lysinoalanine (LAL) formation and structural characterization of rice dreg protein isolates (RDPI) was studied during alkaline exaction processing. Ultrasonic notably decreased the LAL amount of RDPI and enhanced the protein dissolution rate. The LAL content of RDPI, especially sequential dual frequency 20/40 kHz, decreased by 12.02% (P < 0.05), compared to non-sonicated samples. Herein, the protein dissolution rate was higher. The changes in sulfhydryl groups was positively correlated with the LAL formation. The amino acids (AA) such as threonine (Thr), lysine (Lys), and arginine (Arg) were reduced, resulting in a decrease in LAL content following sonication. Besides, ultrasonication altered protein secondary structure by reducing random coil and β-sheet contents, while α-helix and β-turn contents increased. Alterations in the surface hydrophobicity, particle size, particle size distribution, and microstructure indicated more irregular fragment with microparticles of RDPI by sonochemical treatment. Thus, ultrasound treatment may be a new and efficacious process for controlling the LAL generation in prepared-protein food(s) during alkali extraction.     

Process optimization and characterization of arachidonic acid oil degumming using ultrasound-assisted enzymatic method

Ultrasound assisted enzymatic method was applied to the degumming of arachidonic acid (ARA) oil produced by Mortierella alpina. The conditions of degumming process were optimized by response surface methodology with Box- Behnken design. A dephosphorization rate of 98.82% was achieved under optimum conditions of a 500 U/kg of Phospholipase A₁ (PLA₁) dosage, 2.8 mL/100 g of water volume, 120 min of ultrasonic time, and 135 W of ultrasonic power. The phosphorus content of ultrasonic assisted enzymatic degumming oil (UAEDO) was 4.79 mg/kg, which was significantly lower than that of enzymatic degumming oil (EDO, 17.98 mg/kg). Crude Oil (CO), EDO and UAEDO revealed the similar fatty acid compositions, and ARA was dominated (50.97 ~ 52.40%). The oxidation stability of UAEDO was equivalent to EDO and weaker than CO, while UAEDO presented the strongest thermal stability, followed by EDO and CO. Furthermore, aldehydes, acids and alcohols were identified the main volatile flavor components for the three oils. The proportions of major contributing components such as hexanal, nonanal, (E)-2-nonanal, (E, E)-2,4-decadienal, (E)-2-nonenal and aldehydes in UAEDO and EDO were all lower than CO. Overall, Ultrasound assisted enzymatic degumming proved to be an efficient and superior method for degumming of ARA oil.     

Cytotoxic evaluation of N-isopropylacrylamide monomers and temperature-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) nanoparticles

The objective of this research project is to investigate the biocompatibility of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) monomers and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) nanoparticles in vitro. PNIPAAm nanoparticles of different sizes were synthesized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Cytotoxicity studies using MTS assays were conducted on fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. In addition, the concentration of NIPAAm monomers remaining on PNIPAAm nanoparticles was determined using bromination and spectrophotometry. The cytotoxicity results did not show a significant difference in cell survival when cells were exposed to different particle sizes (100, 300, and 500 nm). Dose studies showed that all three cell types exposed to 100 nm PNIPAAm nanoparticles at concentrations less than or equal to 5 mg/mL were compatible, while cells exposed to NIPAAm monomers exhibited toxicity even at very low concentrations. We also found that 1 mg/mL concentration of 100 nm PNIPAAm nanoparticles was cytocompatible for 4 days, whereas NIPAAm monomers were cytotoxic after 24 h of exposure. Photomicrographs showed altered morphology in cells exposed to NIPAAm monomers, while cells exposed to PNIPAAm nanoparticles maintained their normal morphology. Finally, a very low concentration of NIPAAm monomers remained on the PNIPAAm nanoparticles after synthesis and dialysis. Our results demonstrate that NIPAAm monomers are cytotoxic, whereas PNIPAAm nanoparticles are compatible at 5 mg/mL concentration or below for fibrobasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells.     

Preparation of Cu<Superscript>2+</Superscript>/NTA-derivatized branch polyglycerol magnetic nanoparticles for protein adsorption

In this report, we described the preparation of Cu²⁺/nitrilotriacetic acids (NTA)-derivatized branch polyglycerol magnetic nanoparticles for protein adsorption with avoidance of nonspecific interactions at the same time. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized by the coprecipitation method. The transmission electron microscopy results showed that the average diameter of MNPs was 15.8 ± 4.6 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier Transform infrared measurements indicated that branch polyglycerols were grafted on MNPs via the ring-opening polymerization of glycidol and that Cu²⁺ ions had been successfully immobilized on the surface of MNPs. The protein immobilization effect was characterized by UV–Vis spectrum. The results proved that Cu²⁺/NTA-derivatized branch polyglycerol magnetic nanoparticles effectively adsorbed bovine haemoglobin and rarely adsorbed lysozyme and γ-globin.     

Immunological impact of magnetic nanoparticles (Ferucarbotran) on murine peritoneal macrophages

Ferucarbotran, a clinically used superparamagnetic iron oxide, is widely developed as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent and has the potential to improve the monitoring of macrophage recirculation in vivo. However, the biological effect of Ferucarbotran or magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) on macrophage is not clearly understood yet. This study is aimed to examine the immunological impact of Ferucarbotran toward murine peritoneal macrophages. Cells treated with Ferucarbotran demonstrated a dose–responsive increase of granularity in the cytoplasm. After 24 h of incubation, viability and cytotoxicity in macrophages treated with 200 μg Fe/mL of Ferucarbotran were not affected. Macrophages loaded with Ferucarbotran above 100 μg Fe/mL showed a significant (p < 0.01) increase in cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) secretion and mRNA expression, followed by nitric oxide (NO) secretion and iNOS mRNA expression. Chemotactic responses of Ferucarbotran-preloaded macrophages toward CX3CL1 were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those of untreated macrophages. Taking together, Ferucarbotran at high dose (100 μg Fe/mL) could induce murine peritoneal macrophages activation in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and NO production.     

Effects of ultrasonic treatment on the maturation of Zhenjiang vinegar

High-quality vinegars are traditionally produced by aging them in barrels or bottles. However, these processes are very time-consuming. To accelerate of Zhenjiang vinegar maturation, the ultrasound was used to treat the steeped vinegar. Results showed that, the optimum ultrasonic power, time and ethanol addition for aging vinegar were determined to be 50 W/100 mL, 75 min and 0.75% (V/V), respectively. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the total amino acid of fresh vinegar decreased from 1082.259 mg/100 mL to 871.045 mg/100 mL. Several volatile components increased significantly, such as the total esters, aldehydes and heterocyclic. Total non-volatile organic acids increased from 202.59 mg/10 mL to 233.87 mg/10 mL. The changes of above-mentioned components develop towards the direction of mature vinegar. Coupling the HS-SPME/GC–MS analysis data with Principal Components Analysis, ultrasonic treatment vinegar was determined to be equivalent to 2–3 years of natural aged Zhenjiang vinegar. This study has showed that ultrasound is promising not only in shortening the aging time and lowering costs for the vinegar-making industry, but also in producing fine vinegar.     

Influence of ultrasound treatment on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of mung bean protein hydrolysate

This study aimed to investigate influence of ultrasonic treatment on physicochemical and antioxidant properties of mung bean protein hydrolysate (MPH). Physicochemical properties of MPH were evaluated by Tricine-SDS-PAGE, particle size distribution, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and fluorescence spectroscopy, among others. Radicals scavenging activities of ABTS, hydroxyl, superoxide anion, Fe²⁺ chelating ability and reducing power characterized antioxidant activities of MPH. MPH contained four bands of 25.6, 12.8, 10.6 and 4.9 kDa, in which 4.9 kDa was the most abundant. Ultrasonic treatment increased the contents of aromatic and hydrophobic amino acids in MPH. Ultrasonic treatment decreased the content of α-helix of MPH and increased β-sheet and β-turn compared to MPH. MPH-546 W (ultrasonic treatment 546 W, 20 min) had the lowest average particle size (290.13 nm), zeta potential (-36.37 mV) and surface hydrophobicity (367.95 A.U.). Antioxidant activities of ultrasonicated-MPH increased with the ultrasonic power, achieving the lowest IC₅₀ (mg/mL) of 0.1087 (ABTS), 1.796 (hydroxyl), 1.003 (superoxide anion) and 0.185 (Fe²⁺ chelating ability) in 546 W power. These results indicated ultrasonic treatment would be a promising method to improve the antioxidant properties of MPH, which would broaden the application scope of MPH as bioactive components in the food industry.     

Physicochemical and antioxidative properties of ultrasound-assisted extraction of mahua (Madhuca longifolia) seed oil in comparison with conventional Soxhlet and mechanical extractions

Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (UAE) was applied to extract underutilized Madhuca longifolia seed oil. The effect of extraction time, temperature, solvent type, solvent/sample ratio, and amplitude on the oil yield and recovery were investigated. Approximately 56.97% of oil yield and 99.54% of oil recovery were attained using mild conditions of 35 min, 35 °C, 40% amplitude, isopropanol to acetone (1:1), and solvent to sample (20 mL/g). UAE oil yield and recovery were comparable with Soxhlet extraction (SXE) whilst mechanical pressing (ME) yielded < 50% of UAE recovery. UAE does not affect the fatty acids composition (46% C18:1; 22% C16:0; 21% C18:0, 10% C18:2), and triacylglycerol profile (23% POO, 17% POS, 16% SOO, and 14% POP). Interestingly, UAE extracted oil conferred remarkably (P < 0.05) higher antioxidant capacity (IC₅₀ of DPPH 106.60 mg/mL and ABTS 39.80 mg/mL) than SXE (IC₅₀ of DPPH 810.40 mg/mL and ABTS 757.43 mg/mL) or ME (IC₅₀ of DPPH 622.38 mg/mL and ABTS 392.87 mg/mL).     

One-step hydrothermal synthesis of highly water-soluble secondary structural Fe3O4 nanoparticles

Magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) were prepared using the ferric acetylacetonate as the sole iron source in a facile hydrothermal route, while poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was chosen as the stabilizer via one-step functionalized MNPs for better hydrophilic properties. The orthogonal was used in the paper for the experimental parameters optimization, including the solvent, the reaction time, the amount of stabilizer and the presynthesis. The obtained highly water dispersible MNPs with uniform size from about 50 to about 100 nm was individually composed of many monodisperse magnetite crystallites approximately 6 nm in size. And the MNPs show high magnetic properties, whose magnetite content was up to 76.76% and the saturation magnetization was 39.0 emu/g. Later the formation mechanism of MNPs was also discussed. Thus the MNPs proved to be very promising for biomedical applications.     

Observation of Brownian relaxation of magnetic nanoparticles using HTS SQUID

We analyzed the sensitivity of a separationless immunoassay scheme using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and a sensitive HTS SQUID magnetometer. The signal of a 100 μL sample at a concentration of 1 mg/mL and field of 7.5 nT was 20 mΦ₀. This makes it possible for the sensitivity to be within the range of 50 ng/mL at the required time of up to 100 s per a point in the frequency spectrum.     

Sono-assisted preparation of highly-efficient peroxidase-like Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles for catalytic removal of organic pollutants with H2O2

Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ MNPs) with much improved peroxidase-like activity were successfully prepared through an advanced reverse co-precipitation method under the assistance of ultrasound irradiation. The characterizations with XRD, BET and SEM indicated that the ultrasound irradiation in the preparation induced the production of Fe₃O₄ MNPs possessing smaller particle sizes (16.5 nm), greater BET surface area (82.5 m² g^?1) and much higher dispersibility in water. The particle sizes, BET surface area, chemical composition and then catalytic property of the Fe₃O₄ MNPs could be tailored by adjusting the initial concentration of ammonia water and the molar ratio of Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ during the preparation process. The H₂O₂-activating ability of Fe₃O₄ MNPs was evaluated by using Rhodamine B (RhB) as a model compound of organic pollutants to be degraded. At pH 5.4 and temperature 40 °C, the sonochemically synthesized Fe₃O₄ MNPs were observed to be able to activate H₂O₂ and remove ca. 90% of RhB (0.02 mmol L^?1) in 60 min with a apparent rate constant of 0.034 min^?1 for the RhB degradation, being 12.6 folds of that (0.0027 min^?1) over the Fe₃O₄ MNPs prepared via a conventional reverse co-precipitation method. The mechanisms of the peroxidase-like catalysis with Fe₃O₄ MNPs were discussed to develop more efficient novel catalysts.     

Aqueous immune magnetite nanoparticles for immunoassay

Immune magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) are prepared by four successive reactions, which are MNPs preparation, silica-coating, surface modification with amino group, and conjugation with bio-molecule, respectively. The crystal structure and morphology of intermediate products are characterized by XRD, TEM and AFM. Qualitative and quantitative assays for amino group on the MNPs’ surface are made by FTIR and Organic Element Assay. Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectrum can indirectly illustrate the quantity of bio-molecule conjugated with MNPs. In addition, specific combination and nonspecific combination of immune MNPs are measured by commercial RIA box. The results show that the size of MNPs prepared is 10 ± 5 nm, and silica-coated MNPs with spinel structure have quasi-spherical morphology. Infrared absorption bands of –NH₂ are appeared around 3380–3200 cm⁻¹ and 1650–1510 cm⁻¹, and the amino group content is 0.5 μmol –NH₂ per mg MNPs. The specific immune combination of immune MNPs is up to 75%, and nonspecific combination is under 5%.     

A chemometric approach to evaluate the effects of probe-type ultrasonication on the enzyme inactivation and quality attributes of fresh amla juice

The enzymatic browning induced in amla juice due to the high activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) is one of the critical issues faced by the industry. The present study assessed the suitability of non-thermal, high-intensity ultrasound (US) on the inactivation of PPO and POD in fresh Indian Gooseberry juice. Ultrasonic waves, using a 6 mm titanium alloy probe were irradiated in the juice at a maximum power of 455 W and frequency of 20 kHz. The subsequent effects on biochemical attributes were studied using response surface methodology. Inactivation rates of 90.72 % and 73.18 %, respectively, for PPO and POD enzymes, were observed at the highest US intensity and exposure time. Numerical optimisation using the three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design suggested that an optimum process at 70 % (energy density: 1610 Wcm⁻²) pulsed at 5 s on and 5 s off for 7 min 30 s resulted in PPO and POD inactivation of the order of 76.42 % and 64.57 % respectively. At these experimental conditions, the optimized levels of biochemical attributes i.e., ascorbic acid (738.50 mg/100 mL), total phenols (17.10 mg/mL), DPPH antioxidant activity (58.47 %), tannins (7.11 µg/mL), colour change (ΔE = 9.04) and flavonoids (6.14 mg/mL) were achieved. The overall statistical models were significant for all the responses except for reducing sugars. Furthermore, the approximation equations for individual responses indicated that the goodness of fit was adequate (R² > 0.90). The results suggested that ultrasound is a suitable processing technique for amla juice stabilisation compared to thermal treatments that result in the loss of quality.     

Optimization of accurate controlled formation of Au MNPs via non-thermal microplasma continuous glow discharge within aqueous electrochemical (GDE) method

In this work, micro plasma-induced non-equilibrium liquid chemistry was utilized to synthesize and controlled formation of gold metallic nanoparticles (Au MNPs) by governing the concentration of (HAuCl₄). These new approaches based on both plasma and liquid electrolytes contain charged species, and the interactions between the two phases represent a unique combination of physics, chemistry, and materials science. Continuous and stable DC glow discharge was done in home–made cavity to synthesize the definite sizes of (Au MNPs) by means of (3 kV) discharge voltage and (2 mA) discharge current for a period of (7 min) in aqueous solution of HAuCl₄ with four different concentrations of about 1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM and 20 mM at room temperature. The atmospheric pressure plasma discharge between stainless steel capillary tube cathode electrode over the (HAuCl₄) solution and platinum plate as an anode dipped in solution for rapid formation of colloidal Au MNPs. Morphology aspects of the synthesized Au MNPs layer were studied by examining the (FE-SEM), HR-TEM images and X-ray difraction (XRD) pattern. Optical features of (Au MNPs) were considered via a UV–Vis beam spectrophotometer. These measurements showed that Au MNPs were organized by governing the concentration of HAuCl₄, and uniform Au MNPs with specific exclusive sizes were acquired. Grain size, specific surface area and optical stability of Au MNPs strongly be affected by the HAuCl₄ concentrations.     

Process optimization studies of 10-Hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT)-loaded folate-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles by SAS-ionic crosslink combination using response surface methodology (RSM)

10-Hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) is a well-established topoisomerase I inhibitor of a broad spectrum of cancers. However, poor aqueous solubility, low instability, and toxicity to normal tissues have limited its clinical development. A novel HCPT-containing drug carrier system was developed to overcome these disadvantages. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the process of preparing HCPT-chitosan nanoparticles (HCPT-CSNPs) by the SAS-ionic crosslink (supercritical antisolvent SAS) combination method; the resulting HCPT-CSNPs were then conjugated with folate for specific targeting. A central composite design, composed of four independent variables, namely, chitosan concentration, TPP concentration, HCPT nanoparticle concentration, and crosslink time, was applied in the modeling process. The mean particle size and drug entrapment efficiency (DEE) of HCPT-CSNPs were chosen as response variables. The interactive effects of the four independent variables on the response variables were also studied. Nanoparticle characteristics such as morphology, DEE, and mean particle size were investigated. The optimum conditions for preparing HCPT-CSNPs were determined as follows: folate-coupled chitosan concentration 2.46 mg/ml, TPP concentration 7.73 mg/ml, HCPT nanoparticle concentration 0.48 mg/ml, and crosslinking time 47.4 min. Optimum conditions for preparing desired HCPT-CSNPs with a mean particle size of 173.5 nm and entrapment efficiency of 77.3% were obtained. The resulting folate-conjugated HCPT-CSNPs (FA-HCPT-CSNPs) reveal that the amount of folate conjugation was 197.64 mg/g CS. FA-HCPT-CSNPs used in drug carrier systems could have potential value in HCPT-sensitive tumors.     

Effect of multi-mode dual-frequency ultrasound pretreatment on the vacuum freeze-drying process and quality attributes of the strawberry slices

The effects of osmotic pretreatment assisted by ultrasound in different frequency modes before vacuum freeze-drying (VFD) on moisture migration and quality characteristics of strawberry slices were investigated. The frequency modes are single-frequency modes under 20, 40 kHz (SM-20, SM-40), and dual-frequency under 20/40 kHz including sequential mode (SeDM) and simultaneous mode (SiDM). The quality characteristics of dried strawberry products including rehydration, hardness, color, flavor, total anthocyanins, total phenols, vitamin C content, and active antioxidant components (DPPH and –OH) were determined. Results showed that drying time of the strawberry slices irradiated by ultrasound was reduced by 15.25%–50.00%, compared to the control samples. Besides, dual-frequency ultrasound shortened the drying time more than single-frequency ultrasound. The drying time of SeDM was the shortest. In addition to vitamin C content, the quality characteristics including rehydration, hardness, color, flavor, total anthocyanins, total phenols, and antioxidant activity of dried strawberry products pretreated by SeDM were significantly (p < 0.05) better than those of control and other pretreated samples. It can be concluded that the SeDM was an effective pretreatment method to produce high-quality vacuum freeze-dried strawberry products.     

Production of biologically active peptides by hydrolysis of whey protein isolates using hydrodynamic cavitation

Whey protein isolate (WPI) hydrolysates have higher solubility in aqueous phase and enhanced biological properties. Hydrolysis of WPI was optimized using operating pressure (ΔP, bar), number of passes (N), and WPI concentration (C, %) as deciding parameters in hydrodynamic cavitation treatment. The optimum conditions for generation of WPI hydrolysate with full factorial design were 8 bar, 28 passes, and 4.5% WPI concentration yielding 32.69 ± 1.22 mg/mL soluble proteins. WPI hydrolysate showed alterations in binding capacity over WPI. SDS-PAGE and particle size analysis confirmed the hydrolysis of WPI. Spectroscopic, thermal and crystallinity analyses showed typical properties of proteins with slight variations after hydrodynamic cavitation treatment. ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays of WPI hydrolysate showed 7–66, 9–149, and 0.038–0.272 µmol/mL GAE at 1–10, 0.25–4, and 3–30 mg/mL concentration, respectively. Further, a considerable enhancement in fresh weight, chlorophyll, carotenoids, reducing sugars, total soluble sugars, soluble proteins content and total phenolics content was noticed during in vitro growth of sugarcane in WPI hydrolysate supplemented medium at 50–200 mg/L concentration over the control. The process cost (INR/kg) to hydrolyze WPI was also calculated.