Kevlar纤维的聚丙二醇及丁烯二醇改性研究

探讨了聚丙二醇(PPG)及2-丁烯-1,4-二醇对Kevlar纤维的改性机理,并采用红外光谱分析法考察了Kevlar纤维表面用甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯(TDI)酯化的情况。同时分别分析了用聚丙二醇和丁烯二醇对Kevlar纤维封端后产物的红外光谱图,结果表明：封端后样品在1 700～1 720 cm-1处的吸收峰得到了加强,即—NCO转化成—CONH—,封端效果明显;在相同用量的条件下,丁烯二醇的封端效果明显优于PPG。文中还比较了不同的n_TDI∶n_丁烯二醇值对稳定化产物封端效果的影响,表明过量的丁烯二醇不利于纤维的进一步反应,n_TDI∶n_丁烯二醇应控制在1∶1左右。     

非理想化学计量比氧化铀的拉曼和红外光谱

测量了七种非理想化学计量比的UO₂+x(0＜x＜0.66)及UO₂和U₃O₇等理想化学计量比氧化铀的拉曼和红外光谱,并进行了对比分析,其中U₃O₇和U₃O₈之间UO₂+x的分子振动光谱为首次报道。拉曼光谱结果显示,随着UO₂+x中x值的增加,UO₂特征峰中的578和1 150 cm-1峰强度快速减弱,当x=0.19时,这两峰基本消失,可视为准完美萤石晶体结构UO₂的标志。445 cm-1峰强度在减弱的同时变宽并偏移,当x=0.32时,该峰已偏移至459 cm-1处,同时在～630 cm-1出现一弱肩峰,这与四方相U₃O₇的特征峰一致。当x≥0.39时,459 cm-1峰发生分裂,在235和754 cm-1处出现新峰并增强,其特征逐渐与正交相的α-U₃O₈接近。但直至x=0.60时,与α-U₃O₈相比其333,397,483和805 cm-1峰仍不突出。红外光谱结果显示,随着UO₂+x中x值的增加,UO₂位于400～570 cm-1区间的强吸收特征谱带逐渐分裂为～421和～515 cm-1两峰并增强,同时UO₂在～700 cm-1的弱吸收峰逐渐消失,～645 cm-1处的肩峰逐渐显现,出现的这三个峰正是U₃O₇的特征红外吸收峰。当x≥0.39时,在744 cm-1出现一强吸收峰并增强,该峰是α-U₃O₈的最强特征峰。但即使x=0.60时,～645 cm-1峰仍然存在,同时～515 cm-1峰也未明显分裂成485和535 cm-1峰,这表明UO_2.60仍处于四方相和正交相的过渡阶段。上述结果表明,随着x值的增加,UO₂+x的晶体结构发生变化,每次变化均在拉曼和红外光谱中得到体现。通过对比各特征峰相对强度和位置的变化情况,可很好区分和表征不同的氧化铀。     

酯化前后酵母菌的红外光谱比较

对啤酒酵母酯化前后的红外光谱进行了分析。啤酒酵母的红外光谱图主要由蛋白质的吸收带、碳水化合物的吸收带组成。1 652 cm-1处的吸收峰为酰胺Ⅰ带,是CO的伸缩振动,1 542 cm-1的吸收峰是酰胺Ⅱ带,振sup>振动和N—H的弯曲振动引起的。1 454 cm-1处的吸收峰为CH₃和CH₂的弯曲振动峰;1 160 cm-1处出现的峰可能为细胞壁的主要成分——碳水化合物中C—O的伸缩振动峰;1 080 cm-1处的吸收峰是由啤酒酵母中的RNA,DNA或细胞壁中存在的碳水化合物或醇中的C—O伸缩振动引起的。用甲醇酯化后在1 744和1 454 cm-1处的吸收峰强度增加,说明酵母菌细胞表面的羧基发生了酯化反应。酯化后细胞的主要成分和结构保持完整。     

光子晶体对硝酸钠红外吸收特性的影响

制备了周期为10 μm、孔径7.8 μm左右的二维金属镍(Ni)光子晶体(正方形晶格),并通过电镀方法增加Ni膜的厚度至约3 μm,考察了光子晶体的红外特性及其对水溶液中硝酸根(NO-₃)红外吸收特性的影响。实验结果表明,当光垂直入射光子晶体时,在1 450 cm-1附近出现透射峰,该透射峰正好处于水溶液中NO-₃的反对称伸缩振动频率范围(1 300~1 500 cm-1);经过光子晶体对红外光的调制,1 300~1 500 cm-1处的红外光透射率与NO-₃的反对称伸缩振动的红外吸收强度变化趋势基本一致,表明光子晶体对红外光强度的调制可以改变水溶液中NO-₃的红外吸收强度。     

鱼翅干制品品质的ATR-FTIR鉴别研究

采用衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外光谱法(ATR-FTIR)对64份鱼翅干制品(包括真鱼翅、仿鱼翅和素鱼翅)及明胶增重真鱼翅干制品进行快速无损检测鉴别。实验比较了上述四种样品的特征红外光谱图,结果显示,同一种样品的红外光谱具有较好的稳定性;四种鱼翅干制品的红外光谱图存在明显的差异,主要表现在蛋白质酰胺Ⅰ和Ⅱ峰(1 650, 1 544 cm-1)和多糖骨架(1 050 cm-1)等营养成分吸收峰的差异。真鱼翅样品由于蛋白质含量高、多糖组分含量较低,故其红外光谱图主要呈现强度较高的蛋白质特征吸收酰胺Ⅰ和 Ⅱ峰(1 650, 1 544 cm-1)与较弱的多糖骨架C—O—C伸缩振动峰(1 050 cm-1),前者峰面积和(A_pro)与后者峰面积和(A_pol)的比值(A_pro/A_pol)范围为5.58～25.38。仿鱼翅样品是由鲨鱼的边脚料、胶体及其他一些物质混合、压模而成的,其他添加物质导致减弱了蛋白质特征吸收酰胺Ⅰ和Ⅱ峰的强度,也使酰胺Ⅰ峰发生了约30 cm-1的蓝移,A_pro/A_pol范围为2.63～2.86。素鱼翅样品主要是由海藻酸钠等多糖类物质合成的,其红外光谱图上几乎不显示蛋白质的特征峰,而多糖的特征峰(～1 047 cm-1)表现明显,高于真鱼翅相应吸收峰的强度,A_pro/A_pol范围为0.60～0.72。真鱼翅样品涂覆明胶增重后,样品表面的红外光谱图显示蛋白质和多糖的特征峰均有所减弱,A_pro/A_pol值为1.16,而样品剖面的红外光谱图则与真鱼翅的谱图基本一致。可见,采用ATR-FTIR,利用样品间特征红外光谱图和A_pro/A_pol值的差异,可简便、快速、直观地实现鱼翅干制品品质的无损快速鉴别。     

原位漫反射红外光谱表征钛硅分子筛TS-1催化苯乙烯氧化反应

采用高温漫反射红外光谱考察了钛硅分子筛TS-1的稳定性,发现960 cm-1吸收峰在673 K时没有变化,表明所表征的骨架钛具有一定的高温稳定性,而表征分子筛骨架振动的两个吸收峰在673 K下向低波数位移了约13 cm-1。探讨了H₂O₂吸附对TS-1分子筛骨架钛的影响,发现960 cm-1处的吸收峰在吸附H₂O₂后强度减弱,并且向高波数位移了11 cm-1;抽真空或加热,吸收峰又复原,表明骨架钛可能存在TiO结构,H₂O₂与分子筛中的TiO作用,使相应的960 cm-1吸收峰向高波数位移。原位漫反射红外光谱考察了TS-1催化苯乙烯氧化反应,谱图分析表明,苯甲醛是主要产物,TS-1催化氧化的关键是H₂O₂吸附在TS-1的骨架钛上形成活性中心。     

柠檬酸和乙二胺改性前后麦秸秆的红外光谱分析比较

对天然麦秸秆(NWS)、柠檬酸改性麦秸秆(CWS)、乙二胺改性麦秸秆(EWS)的红外光谱进行了比较分析.NWS的红外吸收光谱主要由碳水化合物如木质素、纤维素等吸收带组成.NWS表面的羟基吸收峰出现在3405.16cm-1、2916.81cm-1处的吸收峰来自亚甲基中C—H的伸缩振动.1736.02cm-1和1602.21cm-1处的吸收峰是由C=O的伸缩振动引起的;苯环的骨架伸缩振动峰出现在1511.33cm-1;1425.47cm-1处的吸收峰是来自羧基的C—O伸缩振动,1376.19cm-1处为CH2的弯曲振动峰.与NWS的红外光谱图相比,CWS的主要变化为1738.13cm-1和1592.06cm-1处C=O吸收峰强度显著增加;EWS的主要变化为3405.16cm-1处的吸收峰蓝移至3417.43cm-1,且强度增加,1736.02cm-1处的吸收峰消失,CH2的C—H伸缩振动峰(2903.49cm-1)和弯曲振动峰(1382.91cm-1)强度显著增加,结果说明改性后分别引入了羧基和胺基.     

血红蛋白与铜(Ⅱ)-茜素红S络合物相互作用的研究

采用UV-Vis光谱法,研究在pH 4.2的H₃PO₄-KH₂PO₄缓冲溶液中血红蛋白(Hb)与铜(Ⅱ)-茜素红S(ARS)络合物的反应。结果表明：Hb与Cu(Ⅱ)-ARS络合物相互作用形成红色的离子缔合复合物,该复合物的最大吸收波长为537 nm。在此波长下测得复合物的组成为n_Hb∶n_Cu(Ⅱ)∶n_ARS=1∶4∶8,表观摩尔吸光系数为1.52×105 L·mol-1·cm-1,Hb浓度在1.0×10-7～2.0×10-6 mol·L-1范围内与吸光度呈线性关系,回归方程为A=0.026 9+151 675ｃ(mol·L-1),相关系数r=0.997 2。考察了溶液酸度、试剂用量、反应时间与温度、离子强度、表面活性剂等因素对Hb-Cu(Ⅱ)-ARS复合物形成的影响,并对反应机理做了初步探讨,发现Hb与Cu(Ⅱ)-ARS络合物之间主要以静电引力相结合。进一步考察了常见氨基酸及金属离子对Hb-Cu(Ⅱ)-ARS复合物形成的影响。     

FTIR技术应用于香烟烟气的分析

文章采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结合气溶胶流管技术(AFT)和衰减全反射技术(ATR)分别得到香烟整体烟气和气溶胶的红外谱图。通过解析红外谱图可得到丰富的基团振动信息,1 230 cm-1处为酚类化合物的C—O伸缩振动峰,1 735 cm-1处的尖峰为羧酸中羰基的伸缩振动峰。由于烟气中气体占主要比例,所以CO在2 118和2 170 cm-1出现较强的双峰,2 343和2 362 cm-1为CO₂特征吸收峰,其强度远远高于其他峰的强度。而气溶胶谱图中最明显的不同就是CO峰消失,CO₂峰强度也大大减弱。因此将两种技术结合,特别是通过分析对比某些特征峰的变化,得到香烟烟气所发生的化学变化、组分挥发以及形态聚集等动态变化过程。为分析香烟燃烧产物提供了一个新思路,且不需对样品进行预处理,具有方便、快捷、无损等优点。     

有机高性能Kevlar纤维表面改性研究

试图通过化学处理方法在Kevlar纤维表面引入活性基团 ,从而达到对Kevlar纤维进行表面接枝改性的目的。通过红外光谱分析方法研究了甲苯 2 ,4 二异氰酸酯 (TDI)接枝Kevlar纤维的反应 ,探讨了水解时间对其产物中—O—H基含量的影响 ;纤维水解对接枝反应 ,及其己内酰胺的封端处理对接枝产物的影响。结果表明 ,纤维水解后含有较多的—O—H基 ,且有利于接枝反应的进行 ;而己内酰胺的封端处理可以得到稳定化的接枝产物。证明了只要在纤维表面引入少数活性基团就会有效地改善纤维 /树脂界面的结合。     

Studies on surface modification of UHMWPE fibers via UV initiated grafting

In this research, the surface of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber was modified by high energy ultraviolet (UV) initiated grafting reactions and acrylamide groups were grafted onto UHMWPE chains. The initiating and grafting mechanism of the reactions was studied. Some important factors influencing the grafting effect, e.g. crystallinity of UHMWPE fiber, concentration of the initiating reagent, grafting time and the concentration of grafting monomer (acrylamide) were discussed. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was used to manifest the mechanism of the grafting reaction. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to show the morphology changing of the fiber surface. Single fiber pull-out strength and ILSS tests of the composite showed that acrylamide grafted onto the surface of the fiber could improve the interfacial adhesion between treated fibers and matrices.     

光谱法研究MC尼龙6/芳纶复合材料的结构

将经甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)和己内酰胺改性的Kevlar纤维作为MC尼龙6的增强体,X射线光电子能谱观察到改性后纤维表面C,N和O元素的含量发生了改变,谱峰也相应发生变化。从红外光谱分析发现,Kevlar纤维和MC尼龙6相混所得谱图只是二者红外谱图的简单叠加,而改性Kevlar纤维可作为己内酰胺阴离子开环聚合的活性中心,且接枝链上的酰胺基可以与基体尼龙形成较强的氢键,有利于提高界面结合。XRD测试表明Kevlar纤维的引入并没有明显改变MC尼龙6的晶型,但其晶粒将具有更严格的三维周期性结构。在相同纤维用量时,改性Kevlar纤维增强的MC尼龙6的晶粒较未改性纤维的完善。当纤维含量小于2%时,纤维的加入有利于生成完善的α球晶,纤维含量大于2%时,α球晶结构含量随着纤维用量的增多反而下降。     

Interfacial Tension and Fiber Lifetime of Ionomer‐Compatibilized Blends Investigated by Embedded Fiber Retraction

Embedded fiber retraction was used to investigate the interfacial tension and fiber lifetime of an immiscible polyester/polyamide system, with and without ionic functionality incorporated onto the polyester as compatibilizing groups. The ionic groups reduce the interfacial tension of the system from 7.55 dyne/cm to 1.49 dyne/cm when incorporated at 5.5 mole% into the polyester. In addition, fiber lifetime increased by a factor of 4–5 with the incorporation of ionic functionality. These results correlate extremely well with previously published observations of the ionomer‐compatibilized blends and confirm the influence of interfacial tension on blend morphology. The initial aspect ratio of the fiber should be between three and 12 for consistent and reproducible results.     

Lignocellulosic composites with grafted polystyrene interfaces

The effects of surface grafting of a polymer onto lignocellulosic fiber surface and processing methods on both the interfacial interactions and the resulting composite properties of the fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites were investigated. Chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) wood fiber was used as a reinforcement, which has been chemically modified by radical polymer grafting of styrene onto the fiber surfaces. The chemically modified CTMP fiber was then compounded with polystyrene (PS). Two different processing methods, both compression and injection moldings, were performed to prepare the wood-fiber-reinforced composites. Experimental results showed that surface modification of wood fiber leads to an obvious increase in mechanical properties of the fiber-reinforced composites as compared to the untreated fiber composites. The enhancement of mechanical properties is much greater through injection molding compared with compression molding owing to occurrence of orientation, and better mixing and interaction between the fiber and the matrix by injection molding. An improvement in fiber wetting properties and adhesion by the matrix was observed through scanning electron microscopy for the surface grafted fiber reinforced composites. Untreated wood fiber exhibited a smooth surface without adhered polymer, indicating poor adhesion, while polymer attached to the surface was seen on treated cellulose fiber due to the higher fiber-matrix interactions.     

The effect of oxygen-plasma treatment on Kevlar fibers and the properties of Kevlar fibers/bismaleimide composites

The effect of oxygen-plasma treatment for Kevlar fibers on the interfacial adhesion and typical macro-properties of Kevlar fiber/bismaleimide composites was intensively studied. It is found that oxygen-plasma treatment significantly affects the interfacial adhesion by changing the chemistry and morphology of the surfaces of the fibers, and thus leading to improved interlaminar shear strength, water resistance and dielectric properties of the composites. However, the improvement is closely related to the treatment power and time. The best condition for treating Kevlar fiber is 70 W for 5 min. Oxygen-plasma treatment provides an effective technique for overcoming the poor interfacial adhesion of Kevlar fiber based composites, and thus showing great potential in fabricating high performance copper clad laminates.     

Influence of Grafting Density of Diblock Copolymers on Interfacial Assembly Behavior and Interfacial Shear Strength of Glass Fiber/Polystyrene Composites

To investigate the influence of the grafting density and the molecular structure of block copolymers on the interfacial assembly behavior and interfacial shear strength, macromolecular coupling agents, hydroxyl-terminated poly(n-butyl acrylate-b-styrene) (HO-P(BA-b-S)) were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization, and then chemically anchored on the glass fiber surfaces to form a well-defined monolayer. The phase separation and 'hemispherical' domain morphologies of diblock copolymer brushes at the polystyrene/glass fiber interface were observed. The interfacial assembly morphology differs with changes in the grafting density of diblock copolymers. When the grafting density is greatest, the highest height difference of the hemispherical domain and the largest surface roughness are achieved, as well as the best interface shear strength. It was also found that the copolymer brush with a PBA block of the polymerization degree (Xn) about 77 is the optimal option for the interfacial adhesion of PS/GF composites. Thus, the grafting density and molecular structure of diblock copolymers determines the interfacial assembly behavior of copolymer brushes, and therefore the interfacial shear strength.     

Influence of γ-ray radiation grafting on interfacial properties of aramid fibers and epoxy resin composites

This research used Co⁶⁰ γ-ray radiation to modify Armos fibers in 1,2-epoxy-3-chloropropane. After the treatment, the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) values of aramid/epoxy composites were improved by about 20%. Surface elements of Armos fibers were determined by XPS analysis, which indicated that the oxygen/carbon ratio was increased. The surface of the fibers treated was rougher than that of the untreated fibers when examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra confirmed that the epoxy group was grafted onto the fibers. The wettability of the fibers' surface was also enhanced by the treatment. Nanoindentation technique analysis showed that the nanohardnesses of the various phases (the fiber, the interface and the matrix) in the composite, whose fibers were treated, were correspondingly higher than those in the composite, whose fibers were untreated. The results indicate that γ-ray irradiation grafting technique, which is a suitable batch process for industrialization, can modify the physicochemical properties of Armos fibers and improve the interfacial adhesion of its composite.     

Research on OCDMA-based PON monitoring technologies

An optical fiber fault location method based on OCDMA coding is proposed, which may locate branch optical fiber fault at local side. The method expands dynamic range through coding gain without influencing event distinction degree. Through simulation, it indicates that dynamic range of the method may support optical fiber fault detection in PON with branching ratio of 1:16 and transmission distance of 20 km, while the distinction degree is about 10 cm.