LIBS/Raman光谱对称零面积变换自动寻峰方法研究

自动寻峰是进行光谱原位探测、实时自动分析的必要环节,对拓展光谱分析技术到长期海洋监测、石油录井等应用领域具有重要意义。该研究以实验室中获得的LIBS/Raman光谱数据,对Gaussian,Lorenz,Voigt三种线型函数构建的对称零面积变换函数进行了比较研究。结果证明各个光谱峰都存在一个最优的对称零面积变换函数,但三种变换函数在各自的最优化参数下获得的峰位、峰宽一致;以实验室中LIBS和Raman光谱定量实验数据对该方法的测试还证明,对称零面积变换寻峰方法对信号的大范围动态变化适应性强,弱峰识别能力达到或优于人工识别水平,有望应用于将来的LIBS/Raman自动原位分析中去。     

基于高斯锐化法的重叠峰分解方法研究

在放射性能谱测量中,由于探测器分辨率较低、待测样品中原子能级相近,往往会出现全能峰的重叠现象,对放射性核素的定性或定量检测带来较大的困难;常规的分离算法一般需要复杂的谱变换或大量的标准谱样本,不适用于现场测量中重叠峰的实时分解。因此,提出一种基于高斯锐化法的能谱重叠峰解析方法(GSM),结合峰锐化法的分辨率增强能力和褶积滑动变换法的平滑特性,可快速地识别、定位和解析γ能谱中的重叠峰。该方法首先对高斯函数进行锐化并做归一化处理,并以此作为变换算子,选择合适的高斯参数及窗宽度,通过对原始γ能谱数据进行褶积滑动变换,达到滤波和提高重叠峰分离度的目的;然后求解GSM成形处理后的谱线近似函数作为目标函数,并选取峰位中心附近若干点作为初始参数,最后以非线性拟合的方法进行重叠峰特征峰参数的解析。实验中,首先验证了该方法变换前后峰位、峰面积特征值的不变性,其次分别对重叠峰能谱段以及MCNP模拟的131I,137Cs,214Bi,206Bi和26Al混合放射源γ能谱进行方法验证。实验结果表明,该方法对于分离度大于0.375、信噪比大于40 dB的重叠峰具有较好分解效果,分解前后的峰位和峰面积的相对误差分别在1%和4.5%以内;对于γ能谱进行全谱解析后,重叠峰的峰位分离相对误差在1%以内,单峰的分离相对误差约为0.1%以内,且当变换算子的半宽度接近探测器能量分辨率时,重叠峰的分解结果更准确。该方法具备较好的噪声抑制性能,在全谱解析中无需进行能谱光滑及本底扣除等谱线预处理操作,且计算资源耗费少,分解精确度较高,便于能谱测量系统的嵌入式实时解谱应用,对放射性测量中能谱的现场快速解析具有实用性。     

小波变换与高斯拟合在光谱重叠峰解析中的应用

利用小波变换对小波低频系数置零、高频系数阈值量化,实现了光谱信号的基线校正和谱线去噪;对光谱信号进行多尺度小波变换,搜寻各层小波系数模极值所构成的脊线,并对其中复合脊线进行校正,脊线中小波尺度参量最大时所对应的位置即为峰位;根据得到的峰位值,在最小二乘意义下寻找由多个单峰高斯函数叠加而成的最佳拟合光谱,得到谱峰峰强以及峰宽信息.利用该算法对含有基线漂移和随机噪声的光谱重叠峰进行解析,结果表明该算法能够较好地分离重叠峰,其中利用多尺度小波变换求解得到的峰位值偏差在±1.3以内,通过高斯拟合得到的峰强值偏差不超过8.5%.与现有算法求解得到的谱峰信息对比可知,本文所设计的光谱重叠峰解析算法具有一定优势.     

小型化光纤光栅解调系统设计及寻峰算法的模拟评测

为实现光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）反射光谱信号的实时监测，基于全固态光谱模块设计了用于解调FBG信号的硬件系统和软件架构，编写了上位机软件，嵌入了不同的寻峰算法，可适用于不同噪声环境下中心波长的计算，以减少由算法带来的波长误差。软件还包括数据采集、存储及回放等功能。以高斯拟合寻峰算法为例，提出了一种不依赖硬件设备对寻峰算法进行模拟评测的方法，提高了这类光谱解调系统的开发效率。采用叠加了不同噪声水平的理想FBG反射谱进行模拟评测实验，结果表明，阈值取为噪声平均幅值的2倍时可获得最佳的寻峰结果，且寻峰误差与采集数据的信噪比（SNR）和光谱峰宽成反比。运用高斯拟合寻峰算法对硬件系统实际采集的FBG反射谱数据进行寻峰计算，所得系统精度为5.89 pm，与模拟评测结果的误差小于1.7 pm，验证了模拟评测的可行性。     

一种锐化误差小波EDXRF光谱解析方法研究

在轻元素自身和实测元素间的特征X射线相互影响之下，受仪器能量分辨率的制约，实测X射线荧光光谱会产生严重重叠。以色谱分离度Rs判定谱峰重叠程度，针对Rs低于0.3的重叠峰，提出一种解析EDXRF光谱的新方法，并对模拟X射线荧光光谱进行了新方法的验证。首先，详细介绍基于四阶导的峰锐化法和提出误差小波变换。通过仿真结果发现：当Rs=0.27时，两种方法皆不能单独实现重叠谱峰的解析与识别；然而，原始信号在四阶峰锐化法处理后保留了峰位特征的同时，还出现了Rs明显增大的有利现象。因此，只需要通过调节四阶峰锐化法的权重完成对低分离度重叠峰的初步锐化处理，再对锐化后的信号进行误差小波变换，结果实现了对模拟重叠峰的分解，证明了结合后的新方法(锐化误差小波变换)针对极低分离度的重叠谱峰具有强大的分解能力。对两组重叠谱峰采用叠加的高斯函数进行模拟，分别是Mn的K_β能量峰与Fe的K_α能量峰的重叠光谱(Rs=0.19)以及Al的K_α能量峰与其K_β能量峰的重叠光谱(Rs=0.11)。用新方法对谱线进行处理，实现了重叠峰分解，结...     

一种基于连续小波变换的LIBS光谱自动寻峰方法

谱线寻峰在激光诱导击穿光谱(laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy)中是必不可少的步骤,然而噪声和背景的存在,干扰了寻峰的准确性。为了提高LIBS寻峰中重叠峰分辨能力和自适应能力,提出一种适用于LIBS谱图的自动寻峰方法。将基于连续小波变换的脊线寻峰法引入到LIBS中,探讨了连续小波变换中的小波母函数的选择并优化了尺度参数和平移参数,提出一套脊线校正方法对脊线寻峰法进行了改进。实验结果表明,该方法与直接比较法、导数法和脊线寻峰法相比,在重叠峰分辨能力和寻峰精度等方面优势显著,可应用于LIBS数据处理。     

X射线荧光光谱中低分离度重叠峰分解的方法研究

由于轻元素自身特征X射线以及测量元素间特征X射线的相互干扰,受仪器能量分辨率的影响,实测X射线荧光光谱会产生严重重叠。以色谱分离度Rs作为计算谱峰重叠程度的指标,Rs低于0.5的重叠峰作为研究对象,提出一种峰锐化法结合双树复小波变换分解低分离度重叠峰的新方法,并对模拟X射线荧光光谱和实测X射线荧光光谱进行了新方法的验证。首先,在详细介绍峰锐化法和双树复小波变换分解重叠峰原理的基础上,通过仿真结果发现:当Rs=0.38时,两种方法皆不能单独实现重叠峰的分解;然而,峰锐化法处理后的信号不仅保留了原始信号的峰位特征,还出现了分离度明显变大的现象。因此,可以通过调节峰锐化法的权值实现对低分离度重叠峰的初步锐化,再对锐化后的信号做双树复小波变换,结果实现了对模拟重叠峰的分解,验证了新方法分解低分离度重叠峰的优越性。其中,双树复小波变换的分解层数为2～6层,第一层选择near_sym_b滤波器,第一层以上选择qshift_d滤波器,且当细节系数放大倍数为1～10时,重叠峰的分解结果更准确。然后,模拟了K元素K_α能量峰与其K_β能量峰的重叠光谱(Rs=0.44)以及Fe元素K_β能量峰与Co元素K_α能量峰的重叠光谱(Rs=0.34),用新方法对谱线进行处理,结果实现了重叠峰分解,且分解后峰位和峰面积的相对误差分别在1%和6%以内,验证了该方法分解光谱中低分离度重叠峰的可行性。最后,用新方法对实测的Ca元素X射线荧光光谱进行处理,最终也实现了重叠峰分解,且分解后的峰位相对误差分别为0.8%和0.7%。结果证明:峰锐化法结合双树复小波变换能够有效分解低分离度重叠峰,且在解决X射线荧光光谱中谱峰严重重叠的问题上具有实用性。     

指数修正高斯拟合寻峰算法处理FBG传感信号

光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)传感系统因其检测精度高、重复性好和适应性强等优点而被广泛应用于不同领域。由于FBG传感器为波长调制型传感器,因此对于外界参量的检测即为FBG中心波长的检测,而FBG中心波长值对应于FBG反射光谱的峰值。因此,系统解调的核心即为FBG反射光谱的峰值检测,而高精度的寻峰算法是系统解调的关键技术。现有的寻峰算法对FBG反射谱进行峰值检测时,都是以FBG反射谱为标准高斯型为前提的。但由于实际制作工艺及环境的影响,FBG反射光谱并不是标准高斯型光谱,而是非对称的高斯型光谱,其非对称特性往往会对寻峰精度有一定的影响。针对现有算法这一缺陷,提出了一种指数修正高斯(EMG)拟合寻峰算法。利用三次判定定位实现粗定位,同时剔除假峰和无效峰值;在此基础上以粗定位点为中心进行光谱重构,再利用积分判定峰值偏向;然后根据不同的峰值偏向以给定的指数修正函数进行相应的峰值修正。实验仿真结果表明:定温条件下或变温条件下,与直接寻峰算法、高斯拟合算法和文献中的算法相比,EMG算法的峰值检测误差最小,寻峰精度提高。考虑了FBG反射光谱非对称特性对寻峰的影响,从光谱自身特性的角度,既克服了传统寻峰算法的局限性,又保证了高精度的寻峰效果。     

不同采样方式下光纤布喇格光栅反射谱寻峰算法的分析

对光纤布喇格光栅反射谱的三种寻峰算法(三次样条插值数值微分法、高斯-多项式拟合法和高斯拟合法)进行了分析和比较;相同采样情况下,得出了高斯拟合法确定的峰值准确度最高的结论;采样点数为250的均匀采样中,三种算法寻峰结果对实际值的误差分别为: 3.4 pm、13.0 pm和2.6 pm.引入了非均匀数据采集的寻峰思路,分别应用三种寻峰法对实际光栅的反射谱分别进行均匀采集和非均匀采集.结果表明,对于相同寻峰方法在非均匀数据采集下获得的峰值更精确,采样点数为250时,高斯拟合法寻峰时非均匀采集对应的误差比均匀采集减少了38.46%.     

不同采样方式下光纤布喇格光栅反射谱寻峰算法的分析

对光纤布喇格光栅反射谱的三种寻峰算法(三次样条插值数值微分法、高斯-多项式拟合法和高斯拟合法)进行了分析和比较;相同采样情况下,得出了高斯拟合法确定的峰值准确度最高的结论;采样点数为250的均匀采样中,三种算法寻峰结果对实际值的误差分别为:3.4pm、13.0 pm和2.6 pm.引入了非均匀数据采集的寻峰思路,分别应用三种寻峰法对实际光栅的反射谱分别进行均匀采集和非均匀采集.结果表明,对于相同寻峰方法在非均匀数据采集下获得的峰值更精确,采样点数为250时,高斯拟合法寻峰时非均匀采集对应的误差比均匀采集减少了38.46％.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.