弹光调制型成像光谱偏振仪中的高精度偏振信息探测研究

提出了一种基于三弹光调制器的差频偏振调制方法, 并结合声光可调谐滤波技术构成了新型弹光调制型成像光谱偏振探测仪(photo-elastic modulator-based imaging spectro-polarimeter, PEM-ISP). 介绍了PEM-ISP及三弹光差频偏振调制方法的基本工作原理, 并从PEM-ISP的探测原理出发, 通过分析和计算PEM-ISP的Mueller矩阵, 推导出了相应的偏振测量公式; 通过仿真及实验验证了三弹光差频偏振调制方法的可行性和准确性; 最后分析了探测积分步长、采样间隔的选取对偏振测量的影响, 对入射视场角、相位延迟幅值等因素所带来的测量误差进行了初步分析. 结果表明, 1%的相位延迟量误差带来的线偏振度DoLP误差 <0.6%. 本研究为新型PEM-ISP的遥感探测以及Stokes参量的反演的进一步工程化实现提供了必要的理论依据. 关键词： 偏振调制 三弹光调制器 差频 成像光谱偏振仪     

双弹光调制广义偏振测量的数字锁相数据处理研究

针对高精度、快速实时的偏振测量需求,提出了一种双弹光差频调制的偏振参量测量方法。对偏振测量原理进行了详细分析,针对双弹光调制器工作控制及信号解调需求,设计了基于数字可编程逻辑门阵列(FPGA)的多通道数字锁相数据处理方案。FPGA提供一定频率占空比的脉冲宽度调制波(PWM),经高压谐振电路输出正弦高压驱动弹光调制器工作,与此同时,探测器探测到的调制光信号经模数转换器(ADC)采集后进入FPGA中。FPGA提供本地参考信号完成多个频率信号的同时解调,进而单次测量便可得到4个斯托克斯分量。搭建了实验系统进行了实验验证,利用旋转1/4波片法建立了偏振产生装置,实现了对线偏振光、圆偏振光、椭圆偏振光的测量。实验结果表明,系统测量的相对误差小于0.8%,重复性标准差小于0.2%,单次测量时间小于200ms,实现了高精度、重复性好、实时的偏振测量。     

100 kHz弹光调制器多功能调制仿真

针对弹光调制器（photoelastic modulator,PEM）在超高速全偏振领域的测量问题,研究一种目标频率在100 kHz附近的圆型PEM,由弹光晶体和2个方位角相差45°的压电驱动器组成。通过理论计算弹光晶体谐振频率和压电驱动器振动频率,当二者频率达到一致时,PEM工作在谐振状态,此时PEM的调制效率达到最高。当PEM达到谐振状态并趋于稳定后,调节两压电驱动器驱动电压的幅值与相位,实现纯驻波模式和纯行波模式两种特殊调制,纯驻波模式可实现纯电控制下调制快轴的延迟量和方位角;纯行波模式可实现纯电控制下调制快轴以PEM谐振频率的半频速度高速旋转。最后,利用COMSOL有限元仿真模拟两种调制模式下PEM,验证两种调制状态下的PEM振型及其快轴方向,表明PEM可实现多功能弹光调制,为后续偏振测量提供理论支撑。     

基于双弹光差频调制的中红外波片相位延迟高精度测量

提出了一种基于双弹光差频调制的中红外相位延迟精确测量方法。通过两个硒化锌型弹光调制器(PEM)的差频降低系统调制频率,产生载有被测相位延迟的低频调制信号,调制后的1倍差频幅值和2倍差频幅值相除可求得被测波片的相位延迟。该方法可有效抑制光强波动及PEM相位延迟波动对测量的影响,提高测量精度。对测量原理进行了理论推导,设计了硒化锌型PEM和实验系统。实验结果表明,相位延迟测量误差不大于0.004%,灵敏度可达5×10~(-4) rad。     

双弹光拍频调制型Fourier-Bessel变换成像光谱技术研究

针对现有弹光调制器(photoelastic-modulator, PEM)的调制频率高(几十kHz以上),调制干涉信号频率更高,普通阵列探测器无法有效采集,提出了一种基于双弹光调制器拍频调制和傅里叶-贝塞尔(Fourier-Bessel)变换的光谱测量方法,并结合CCD成像技术构成新型双弹光调制成像光谱技术(dual-photoelastic-modulator-based imaging spectrometer, Dual-PEM-IS)。该方法将双弹光调制器分别工作在数值略有差异的频率上,以对光进行拍频调制,并产生载有被测光的低频调制分量(比驱动频率小2～3个数量级,普通CCD可实现探测),通过对调制信号中的低频成分进行Fourier-Bessel变换可得到目标光谱,使得弹光调制兼具了成像和光谱测量能力。介绍了其原理并推导出光谱反演公式,并通过仿真和实验验证其可行性,分析了光程差的微小偏差对反演光谱造成的影响,为进一步工程化实现提供了必要的理论基础。     

考虑静态双折射和圆二色性的弹光调制器偏振特性

为了进一步理解弹光调制器(PEM)的静态双折射和圆二色性,深入研究了PEM偏振特性。运用Muller矩阵分别描述弹光调制、静态双折射和圆二色性的偏振特性,建立了同时考虑静态双折射和圆二色性的PEM偏振特性模型;对该模型进行理论分析和仿真分析;搭建实验装置并进行了偏振调制实验。实验结果表明理论分析正确合理,PEM的偏振特性应为微小静态双折射、弹光调制和微弱圆二色性效应的组合。此外,还精细测量了其中一个PEM样品的圆二色性值为2.755×10~(-2),静态双折射的相位延迟值b=5.73×10~(-2)rad和方向角α=3.96°。较全面地给出了PEM偏振特性的一般Muller矩阵描述,扩充了弹光偏振调制方面的知识。     

一种弹光调制器精确定标微系统设计

弹光调制器利用各向同性晶体受迫振动后产生的双折射效应,对入射的偏振光进行相位调制,在偏振调制及测量方面具有重要应用.弹光调制器的相位延迟是其关键指标参数,实际应用时需对驱动电压与相位延迟进行标定.但传统的弹光调制器定标系统中的元件体积较大,且在使用前完成标定,误差大.为了使弹光调制系统能够实现实时定标,达到精确定标的目...     

一种基于两块PEM调制器的光谱测量方法（英文）

弹光调制干涉信号范围为百赫兹到数十吉赫兹之间,而由于探测器阵列无法对该等级频率实现有效响应,因此,该情况使弹光调制器在光谱成像工作中受到限制。为了解决该问题,发展了一种使用两块具有相近谐振频率的PEM,并基于该频率差进行光信号调制的方法。该方法将两个弹光调制器分别工作在数值略有差异的频率f_1和f_2上,被测光通过双弹光调制器实现差频调制,因此干涉信号中产生载有被测光的低频调制分量,低频调制频率是以δ_i(σ,t)=δ_(0i)(σ)sin(ωit)为基频的一系列倍频信号,该低频调制信号使用普通探测器即可实现探测,再将直流和高频信号滤波后,仅对调制信号后的低频成分进行对应的运算即可得到被测光谱。由于该频率差比所使用PEM的谐振频率低2至3个数量级,因此,该方法可使探测器获得更多的响应时间,而且由于该方法并不需要所使用的两块PEM具有严格一致的谐振频率和相同的光程差,降低了系统本身的设计难度。     

一种基于两块PEM调制器的光谱测量方法

弹光调制干涉信号范围为百赫兹到数十吉赫兹之间,而由于探测器阵列无法对该等级频率实现有效响应,因此,该情况使弹光调制器在光谱成像工作中受到限制。为了解决该问题,发展了一种使用两块具有相近谐振频率的PEM,并基于该频率差进行光信号调制的方法。该方法将两个弹光调制器分别工作在数值略有差异的频率f₁和f₂上,被测光通过双弹光调制器实现差频调制,因此干涉信号中产生载有被测光的低频调制分量,低频调制频率是以δ_i(σ,t)=δ_0i(σ)sin(ω_it)为基频的一系列倍频信号,该低频调制信号使用普通探测器即可实现探测,再将直流和高频信号滤波后,仅对调制信号后的低频成分进行对应的运算即可得到被测光谱。由于该频率差比所使用PEM的谐振频率低2至3个数量级,因此,该方法可使探测器获得更多的响应时间,而且由于该方法并不需要所使用的两块PEM具有严格一致的谐振频率和相同的光程差,降低了系统本身的设计难度。     

单弹光调制傅里叶偏振光谱测量研究

提出一种基于弹光调制器(photoelastic-modulator, PEM)的复色光偏振光谱的傅里叶测量方法,被测光经过0°(-45°)弹光调制器调制,通过45°(0°)检偏器并由探测器探测调制后形成干涉信号,对干涉信号进行傅里叶变换,由所得结果实部和虚部得到被测光Stokes矢量中的S1、S2和S3的光谱。该方法降低了偏振光光程测量的复杂度,给出理论推导过程,并结合仿真结果与理论结果对比,证实了该方法复原后的偏振光谱与原始光谱可很好地吻合。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.