基于光谱反射率的两种土壤有机质数学建模方法对比（英文）

已有土壤有机质的光谱预测模型其适用性受建模样本的采样尺度、土壤类型及光谱参数限制,需要在大尺度及范围上进一步检验适用性,并比较分析不同建模方法的建模效果以寻求适用性更好、精度更高的定量模型。在黑河上游大尺度范围采得225个土壤样品,进行了土壤有机质(SOC)及光谱反射率测定后将样本划分为建模集(180个土样)与验证集(45个土样)。将土壤光谱反射率(R)变换处理后得到连续统去除(CR)、倒数(REC)、倒数之对数(LR)、一阶微分(FDR)及Kubelka-Munck变换系数共6种指标,针对建模集分别采用逐步线性回归与偏最小二乘回归方法建立12种光谱指标与SOC的数学模型,并采用验证集进行模型预测效果评价。结果表明:(1)采用逐步线性回归或偏最小二乘回归方法建模,LR指标对SOC变化的解释效果都是最好,是SOC的最优预测因子。(2)基于LR指标建立的SOC模型中,采用偏最小二乘回归模型比逐步线性回归模型的预测精度更好,相较于黑河上游已有的经验模型,偏最小二乘回归法建立的模型的预测效果也更好。(3)采用本实验的225个土壤样品对比验证了黑河上游仅有的SOC模型。该模型的SOC预测值与实测值通过了均值T检验且Pearson相关系数达0.826,表明在局部典型区域建立的SOC预测模型,可以应用到更大尺度上的土壤有机质预测研究。     

基于光谱反射率的两种土壤有机质数学建模方法对比

已有土壤有机质的光谱预测模型其适用性受建模样本的采样尺度、土壤类型及光谱参数限制,需要在大尺度及范围上进一步检验适用性,并比较分析不同建模方法的建模效果以寻求适用性更好、精度更高的定量模型.在黑河上游大尺度范围采得225个土壤样品,进行了土壤有机质(SOC)及光谱反射率测定后将样本划分为建模集(180个土样)与验证集(45个土样).将土壤光谱反射率(R)变换处理后得到连续统去除(CR)、倒数(REC)、倒数之对数(LR)、一阶微分(FDR)及Kubelka-Munck变换系数共6种指标,针对建模集分别采用逐步线性回归与偏最小二乘回归方法建立12种光谱指标与SOC的数学模型,并采用验证集进行模型预测效果评价.结果表明:(1)采用逐步线性回归或偏最小二乘回归方法建模,LR指标对SOC变化的解释效果都是最好,是SOC的最优预测因子.(2)基于LR指标建立的SOC模型中,采用偏最小二乘回归模型比逐步线性回归模型的预测精度更好,相较于黑河上游已有的经验模型,偏最小二乘回归法建立的模型的预测效果也更好.(3)采用本实验的225个土壤样品对比验证了黑河上游仅有的SOC模型.该模型的SOC预测值与实测值通过了均值T检验且Pearson相关系数达0.826,表明在局部典型区域建立的SOC预测模型,可以应用到更大尺度上的土壤有机质预测研究.     

土壤重金属砷的高光谱估算模型

砷是严重危害人体的重金属之一。利用高光谱技术进行土壤重金属砷含量的估测具有很大的应用潜力,但受区域和土壤背景的影响,估算模型适用性和精度都会有很大的差异。针对石家庄市地表水源地保护区土壤砷含量的高光谱估算,在水源地保护区的主要采矿地和冶炼企业进行了土壤实地采样和实验室重金属分析,对土壤样本的原始光谱反射率采用Savitzky-Golay 7点平滑处理,进行一阶微分（FD）、二阶微分（SD）、倒数（RT）、倒数一阶微分（RTFD）、倒数二阶微分（RTSD）、倒数对数（AT）、倒数对数一阶微分（ATFD）、倒数对数二阶微分（ATSD）、连续统去除（CR）9种光谱变换后,再对重金属砷实测含量与经光谱变换后的光谱指标进行相关分析,并提取各光谱指标的最大敏感波段。运用多元线性逐步回归（MLSR）、单光谱变换指标偏最小二乘回归（U-PLSR）和多光谱变换指标偏最小二乘回归（M-PLSR）方法构建土壤重金属砷含量估算模型,最后通过相关系数r、均方根误差（root mean square error, RMSE）和统计值F来比对建模效果。结果表明：研究区部分土壤样本重金属砷含量已经出现了轻度污染,大部分样本处于污染的临界状态;经连续统去除变换后的光谱特征与砷的相关性最大,一阶微分与砷含量存在最大负相关性;相较于多元线性逐步回归和单光谱变换指标偏最小二乘回归,采取多光谱变换指标偏最小二乘回归方法土壤重金属砷含量模型估算值与实测值最为接近,建模R2达到0.852,RMSE和F值分别达到0.147和32.384,多光谱变换指标建模集成效果显著。因此研究结果可以为石家庄水源地保护区主要采矿地和冶炼企业重金属砷污染高光谱快速监测提供科学依据。     

煤矸石充填复垦重构土壤重金属含量高光谱反演

为研究煤矸石充填复垦土壤重金属含量快速有效的监测方法,以淮南创大生态园煤矸石充填复垦田间试验小区为研究区域,首先采用化学方法监测土壤(0~20cm)重金属(Cu,Cr,As)含量,然后采用ASD(analytical spectral devices)FiSpec4型高光谱仪测量土壤样品的反射光谱,提取光谱特征,并对光谱进行一阶微分变换、二阶微分变换及倒数对数变换;将变换后的各光谱特征参数与监测的土壤重金属含量进行相关性分析,并依据相关性分析结果选择显著相关的波段作为相关因子供建模使用。采用多元逐步回归(stepwise multiple liner regression,SMLR)分析、偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)及人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)三种方法分别建立基于光谱反射率估算土壤重金属含量的预测模型,并采用回归模型进行精度评定,然后确定各重金属含量的最佳预测模型。实验结果表明,经过微分变换的光谱波段与土壤重金属含量达到了显著相关;重金属Cu和Cr的一阶微分光谱的人工神经网络模型为最佳预测模型,重金属元素As的二阶微分光谱的偏最小二乘回归模型为最佳预测模型。     

基于高光谱的土壤有机质含量估算研究

高光谱遥感技术以其光谱分辨率高、波段连续性强、数据丰富的特点,因而在土壤养分研究中得到广泛应用.通过土壤钉机质的高光谱遥感分析,可以充分了解土壤养分的状况及动态变化,为指导农业生产及保护农业生态环境提供科学依据.本文基于江西省余江县和泰和县采集的34个红壤土样350～2 500 nm波段的光谱曲线,研究了土壤光谱与土壤有机质含量之间的关系.先对土壤反射率光谱进行两种变换:一阶微分(R')、倒数的对数log(1/R),然后在提取特征吸收波段的基础上,运用多元逐步线性回归法和偏最小二乘回归法建立相应的估算模型,并对模型进行检验.结果表明,偏最小二乘回归法优于多元逐步线性回归法,其建立的高光谱估算模型具有快速估算土壤中有机质含量的潜力.     

应用近红外光谱法快速测定蜂蜜中葡萄糖和果糖含量

采用近红外光谱法,以HPLC-ELSD分析值作为建模的基础数据,用近红外透射光谱法采集光谱,对校正集的原始光谱作均值中心化、一阶微分、正交信号校正等光谱预处理,采用主成分回归、偏最小二乘和多元线性回归法建模,以相关系数、校正标准偏差、预测标准偏差为评价指标对模型预测能力进行评价,对蜂蜜中葡萄糖和果糖含量进行快速测定。原始光谱经均值中心化、一阶微分和正交信号校正预处理后,运用多元线性回归法所建葡萄糖和果糖定量分析模型,可用于中药炮制辅料蜂蜜中葡萄糖和果糖的含量测定。     

红外光谱结合化学计量学快速预测铁皮石斛中总黄酮含量

评价药用植物质量的主要手段之一是有效成分含量检测，不同采收期对药用植物有效成分含量有明显影响。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结合化学计量学建立快速预测不同采收期铁皮石斛中总黄酮含量的方法，以期为铁皮石斛质量快速预测评价提供研究基础。采收2014年1至12月的铁皮石斛样品干燥粉碎；以氯化铝显色法测定铁皮石斛中总黄酮含量，分析不同采收时间铁皮石斛总黄酮的累积规律；采集样品红外光谱信息，归属红外吸收峰，拟合红外光谱数据和总黄酮含量数据，结合一阶导数、二阶导数、多元散射校正、标准正态变量、正交信号校正等对数据进行预处理，建立偏最小二乘回归模型预测样品中总黄酮含量。结果显示：(1)样品和标准品芦丁均在270 nm附近有共有吸收峰，实验以270 nm为总黄酮定量波长，标准曲线为y=6.076 5x+0.055 8，相关系数r=0.996 6，线性关系良好；重现性、精密度和稳定性相对标准偏差分别为1.00%，0.37%和0.28%，该方法稳定可靠；(2)总黄酮含量随时间变化趋势为先升高后降低，6月-8月样品含量较高，平均含量大于64.10 mg·g-1；(3)铁皮石斛红外光谱数据与总黄酮含量拟合后进行一阶导数、二阶导数、多元散射校正、标准正态变量、正交信号校正等组合处理，用PLSR模型预测铁皮石斛的总黄酮含量，结果最佳预处理方式为2D+SG5+SNV+OSC-PLSR，训练集和验证集r分别为0.979 0和0.882 4，验证均方根误差(RMSEE)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为2.438 2和4.169 9，铁皮石斛中总黄酮含量预测值与测量值较接近，表明PLS模型可用于总黄酮含量的快速预测。傅里叶变换红外光谱结合化学计量学能实现铁皮石斛中总黄酮含量准确预测，为铁皮石斛质量评价提供快速、有效的方法。     

基于最小二乘支持向量机的国公酒中橙皮苷含量测定

应用近红外光谱技术结合最小二乘支持向量机建立了国公洒中橙皮苷含量的模型.利用Kemard-Stone法对训练集样本进行划分,对光谱数据预处理方法进行了选择,比较了平滑、范围标度化、自标度化、一阶微分、二阶微分以及这几种预处理相互结合的六种方法,确定了以平滑、一阶微分,范围标度化作为国公酒近红外光谱的数据预处理方法,采用组合的间隔偏最小二乘法筛选出有效波段8 211～8 312cm-1及9 712～9 808 cm-1.应用最小二乘支持向量机建立模型,所建模型的交叉验证误差均方根为0.000 1,预测误筹均方根为0.004,预测集的相对偏差小于5%.与组合的间隔偏最小二乘法、径向基-人工神经网络和支持向量机进行了比较.该方法快速、无损且可靠,可作为国公酒中橙皮苷含量快速测定的手段.     

橡胶添加剂瓦斯炭黑的太赫兹光谱定量研究

瓦斯炭黑是橡胶中重要的添加剂之一，其含量对橡胶性能有重要的影响。丁腈橡胶是工业生产中应用比较广泛的合成橡胶，研究丁腈橡胶中瓦斯炭黑的含量具有重要意义。利用太赫兹时域光谱技术，对八种不同含量瓦斯炭黑与丁腈橡胶组成的混合物样本中的瓦斯炭黑含量进行测试，获取了混合物样本在0.3~1.4 THz频段的吸收光谱数据。分别利用偏最小二乘(PLS)和支持向量回归(SVR)建立混合物中瓦斯炭黑的定量分析模型，使用均匀梯度法来选择模型的校正集和预测集，获得瓦斯炭黑预测集的相关系数与均方根误差。偏最小二乘模型相关系数与均方根误差分别为0.985 8和2.098 9%，支持向量回归模型相关系数与均方根误差分别为0.998 0和0.785 4%。实验结果表明，支持向量回归定量分析模型的预测结果优于偏最小二乘模型。为进一步证明支持向量回归模型的稳定性，多次使用随机选择法选择它的校正集和预测集，并求得其相关系数与均方根误差。结果表明，无论是利用均匀梯度法还是随机选择法对支持向量回归定量分析模型的校正集和预测集进行选择，求得的相关系数和均方根误差均优于偏最小二乘模型。     

近红外光谱快速检测丙氨酸氨基转移酶

在探讨近红外光谱快速检测丙氨酸氨基转移酶的可行性过程中,首先对不同厚度(0.5,1,2和4mm)血液样品的近红外透射光谱进行了分析。发现全血样品0.5 mm厚时的近红外透射光谱更适合于进行光谱分析。进而采集了176个全血样品0.5 mm厚时的近红外光谱。对采集的光谱进行多元散射校正、二阶微分法光谱预处理后,采用逐步多元线性回归和偏最小二乘回归方法建立定量分析模型,预测了全血丙氨酸氨基转移酶的含量。结果表明:利用近红外光谱法测定丙氨酸氨基转移酶时,采用偏最小二乘回归方法建立的定标模型预测效果最好,定标相关系数、定标标准差和预测标准差的值分别为:0.98,2.42和7.22。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.     

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by a pyroelectric camera

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz (THz) imaging is demonstrated. A 1.89-THz optically-pumped farinfrared laser is used as the illumination source, and a 124 × 124 element room-temperature pyroelectric camera is adopted as the detector. With this setup, THz images through various wrapping materials are shown. The results show that this imaging system has the potential applications in real-time mail and security inspection.