近红外漫反射光谱信息分解的数量分析

近红外漫反射光谱分析中,一直认为近红外光可获取样品内部的物质信息,但近红外漫反射光谱包含样品内部信息量究竟是多少,一直未给出准确的数量描述.该研究以烤烟样品为实验材料设计样品,每个实验样品分别由表层片状烤烟与内部烤烟粉末两部分组合而成,测定样品近红外漫反射光谱,提取光谱主成分信息(principal component,PC),将所提取的各主成分的不同组合作为统计指标,对样品进行聚类分析,结合各主成分方差贡献率,初步给出了样品不同深度光谱信息分解量的描述.实验结果表明,近红外漫反射光谱第1和第2主成分包含的信息量约占总信息的98%,反映样品表层信息;第3和第4主成分约占1.5%,表征样品内部信息.这一结果将有助于我们对近红外光谱定性定量分析时主成分信息的选择有一个更深刻的理解.     

可见-近红外漫反射光谱技术对羊毛和羊绒的鉴别研究

应用可见-近红外漫反射光谱技术对甘肃不同地区的130个羊毛和羊绒样品进行定性鉴别研究。结果表明：采用主成分-马氏距离聚类判别分析法,羊毛和羊绒样品界线;主成分回归分析技术结合多元离散校正、一阶导数等预处理方法,以及最佳主成分因子为8、不确定因子为1.00等参数,建立的定性鉴别模型预测性能较好,外部验证正确率为100%。说明利用可见-近红外漫反射光谱定性分析技术可以快速鉴别羊毛和羊绒。     

一种近红外光谱在线监测新方法及其在中药柱层析过程中的应用

近红外光谱(NIRS)广泛应用于生产过程分析与监测,常需事先建立定量校正或定性判别模型,并需在生产条件变化后调整模型,使用较复杂。本文从相异度和相似度两个对立互补的角度,提出自适应移动窗口标准差法和过程光谱相似度法,并以此为基础建立一种针对生产过程的无需校正模型的简易光谱在线监测方法。论文以中药柱层析过程为例,对监测过程作NIRS自适应移动窗口标准差趋势图和过程光谱相似度趋势图,并通过HPLC离线分析所得的多指标成分含量变化趋势图进行对比验证,发现可用于工艺状况实时监测,指导收集起点、终点、溶液相变点的判断,表明论文提出的方法合理可行。该方法亦可用于紫外/可见、红外、拉曼、荧光等光谱及色谱、质谱等其他过程分析技术。     

FT-NIR与主成分分析在中药贝母鉴别和聚类中的应用研究

近红外漫反射光谱和主成分分析法相结合,选取不同范围内的近红外光谱数据,对川贝、浙贝以及东北平贝共48个样品进行了主成分分析,作二维线性投影图和三维线性投影图,比较了48个样品在红外光谱上的差异程度,发现基于傅里叶变换近红外光谱的主成分分析投影图能够较好的表征48个样品的类别关系.结果表明:应用近红外漫反射光谱法能够鉴别贝母及其近缘物种,具有较好的聚类和鉴别作用,作为一种药材质量检测手段,该方法具有一定的应用价值.     

新型在线近红外分析系统用于工业醋酸生产的实时监测

醋酸生产过程的实时在线监控一直是困扰醋酸生产安全和质量控制的关键技术难题。传统的在线色谱分析方法由于其固有的缺点无法满足实时在线监测要求。以SupNIR-4510在线近红外分析仪为核心,设计实现的新型在线近红外分析系统可现场在线分析醋酸反应釜中各组分含量的实时变化,该系统可实现实时在线分析。实验室模型和现场试用均证实该系统稳定性好、准确性高,较好地解决了醋酸安全、稳定生产的关键技术难题。     

近红外光谱主成分分析与模糊聚类的典型地面目标物识别

近红外光谱技术在遥感监测领域中应用广泛,针对典型地面目标物遥感监测识别需要,提出了光谱主成分分析(PCA)与模糊聚类结合的分类识别方法,提高了识别算法效率及准确性。以四类典型地面目标物作为研究对象,分别测量其在1 100～2 500 nm范围内漫反射光谱,首先对漫反射光谱进行主成分分析,得到代表光谱特征的主成分分量,然后将其作为模糊聚类分析模型输入参数,计算样品主成分集合之间贴合度,最后利用择近原则对样品进行匹配分类。结果表明,主成分分析可以有效提取光谱特征并且降低数据维度,结合基于择近原则的模糊分类方法,可有效提高算法准确性与效率,为遥感光谱在地面目标物识别应用提供了有益的参考。     

基于LSA与PCA的常见滋补中药NIR聚类

潜在语义分析在信息检索领域应用较多,但在近红外光谱领域应用较少.利用近红外漫反射光谱技术,结合潜在语义分析（LSA）和主成分分析（PCA）,比较了不同预处理方法、不同奇异值和主成分个数对所建模型的影响,最后确定的模型校正集误判数分别为4和3.用建立的校正模型对验证集进行验证,总的识别率分别达到了96.00％和96.50％.对于功效较近、难以聚类的滋补中药,潜在语义分析是一种新的有效的方法.     

基于近红外光谱技术与支持向量机的苜蓿秋眠类型测定研究

提出出了一种基于近红外光谱分析技术快速无损测定苜蓿秋眠类型的新方法.应用近红外光谱漫反射技术测定苜蓿样本的光谱并对其进行主成分分析(PCA),根据主成分的累积贡献率选取前10个主成分建立支持向量机(SVM)分类模型,并对其参数及核函数类型进行了详细的分析和讨论.试验结果表明,当c=0.339 2,g=32时,测试集的预测准确率可达98.182%,可以作为初步测定苜蓿秋眠类型的手段之一.同时,与主成分回归分析、偏最小二乘法、BP神经网络、LVQ神经网络等方法相比较的结果表明,PCA-SVM模型可以有效地解决小样本问题,且可以避免陷入局部极小.     

近红外光谱和化学计量学对不同产地不同产期当归的定性研究

采用近红外光谱技术结合化学计量学,对来源于不同产地不同产期的136个当归样本进行快速、无损的定性研究.将当归样本粉碎后,采用光纤漫反射采集近红外光谱,并对光谱进行主成分分析(PCA)、结合随机森林建立当归的定性模型,同时对比分析了不同光谱预处理方法(未处理、变量标准化十一阶导数、变量标准化十二阶导数)对鉴别结果的影响....     

近红外光谱结合主成分分析和BP神经网络的转基因大豆无损鉴别研究

为探究无损鉴别转基因大豆的可行性,利用近红外光谱分析仪对大豆扫描得到反射光谱,应用主成分分析结合BP神经网络方法进行分析鉴别。首先应用主成分分析法,得到包含大豆99.03%的光谱信息的6个主成分,再将其作为BP神经网络的输入,对应的大豆种类作为输出,建立一个三层BP神经网络模型。该模型对于转基因大豆的正确识别率为100%,说明近红外光谱结合主成分分析和BP神经网络的方法能无损快速准确地鉴别转基因大豆。     

Discrete One-Dimensional Coverage Process on a Renewal Process

Consider the following coverage model on \(\mathbb {N}\), for each site \(i \in \mathbb {N}\) associate a pair \((\xi _i, R_i)\) where \((\xi _i)_{i \ge 0}\) is a 1-dimensional undelayed discrete renewal point process and \((R_i)_{i \ge 0}\) is an i.i.d. sequence of \(\mathbb {N}\)-valued random variables. At each site where \(\xi _i=1\) start an interval of length \(R_i\). Coverage occurs if every site of \(\mathbb {N}\) is covered by some interval. We obtain sharp conditions for both, positive and null probability of coverage. As corollaries, we extend results of the literature of rumor processes and discrete one-dimensional Boolean percolation.     

Vocal Process Avulsion

Vocal process avulsion is a rare condition in which laryngeal trauma causes a separation of the vocal process from the body of the arytenoid cartilage. Typically symptoms are dysphonia and shortness of breath during phonation. Strobovideolaryngoscopy, laryngeal electromyography, and laryngeal computed tomography are helpful in establishing this important and sometimes elusive diagnosis. Several treatment modalities have been reported with varying success. We report four new cases, review four cases reported previously by the senior author, and suggest approaches to diagnosis and optimal treatment of vocal process avulsion.     

The Enskog Process

In this paper we give a new proof of the second order Boltzmann–Gibbs principle introduced in Gonçalves and Jara (Arch Ration Mech Anal 212(2):597–644, 2014). The proof does not impose the knowledge on the spectral gap inequality for the underlying model and it relies on a proper decomposition of the antisymmetric part of the current of the system in terms of polynomial functions. In addition, we fully derive the convergence of the equilibrium fluctuations towards (1) a trivial process in case of super-diffusive systems, (2) an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process or the unique energy solution of the stochastic Burgers equation, as defined in Gubinelli and Jara (SPDEs Anal Comput (1):325–350, 2013) and Gubinelli and Perkowski (Arxiv:1508.07764, 2015), in case of weakly asymmetric diffusive systems. Examples and applications are presented for weakly and partial asymmetric exclusion processes, weakly asymmetric speed change exclusion processes and hamiltonian systems with exponential interactions.     

The Pearcey Process

The extended Airy kernel describes the space-time correlation functions for the Airy process, which is the limiting process for a polynuclear growth model. The Airy functions themselves are given by integrals in which the exponents have a cubic singularity, arising from the coalescence of two saddle points in an asymptotic analysis. Pearcey functions are given by integrals in which the exponents have a quartic singularity, arising from the coalescence of three saddle points. A corresponding Pearcey kernel appears in a random matrix model and a Brownian motion model for a fixed time. This paper derives an extended Pearcey kernel by scaling the Brownian motion model at several times, and a system of partial differential equations whose solution determines associated distribution functions. We expect there to be a limiting nonstationary process consisting of infinitely many paths, which we call the Pearcey process, whose space-time correlation functions are expressible in terms of this extended kernel.     

Vocal Process Avulsion

Vocal process avulsion is a rare complication of intubation or external laryngeal trauma that can cause significant dysphonia. The vocal process develops independently from the body of the arytenoid cartilage, which results in a fusion plane that is vulnerable to trauma. The findings of vocal process avulsion may be subtle, and the relationship of the vocal process to the body of the arytenoid cartilage must be examined closely. Stroboscopy is critical in the evaluation. We describe three cases of vocal process avulsion encountered by the senior author (R.T.S.) over the last 5 years and discuss our approaches to evaluation and treatment. All cases were repaired endoscopically. However, we used three different techniques. These include chemical tenotomy with botulinum toxin, closed reduction with fat injection, and open reduction via cordotomy.     

Determinantal Process Starting from an Orthogonal Symmetry is a Pfaffian Process

When the number of particles N is finite, the noncolliding Brownian motion (BM) and the noncolliding squared Bessel process with index ν>−1 (BESQ^(ν)) are determinantal processes for arbitrary fixed initial configurations. In the present paper we prove that, if initial configurations are distributed with orthogonal symmetry, they are Pfaffian processes in the sense that any multitime correlation functions are expressed by Pfaffians. The 2×2 skew-symmetric matrix-valued correlation kernels of the Pfaffians processes are explicitly obtained by the equivalence between the noncolliding BM and an appropriate dilatation of a time reversal of the temporally inhomogeneous version of noncolliding BM with finite duration in which all particles start from the origin, Nδ ₀, and by the equivalence between the noncolliding BESQ^(ν) and that of the noncolliding squared generalized meander starting from Nδ ₀.     

Process with delta-correlated cumulants

In a recent paper¹) a differential equation was studied which involves a stochastic process having the property that all its cumulants are delta-correlated. It is here shown that such processes consist of a random sequence of delta functions with random coefficients. As a consequence the solutions of the differential equation are Markov processes, whose master equation can be constructed. From it closed equations for the successive moments may be obtained, and the auto-correlation is determined, in agreement with the results of reference 1. Some generalizations are given in Appendices B and C.     

The Asymmetric Avalanche Process

An asymmetric stochastic process describing the avalanche dynamics on a ring is proposed. A general kinetic equation which incorporates the exclusion and avalanche processes is considered. The Bethe ansatz method is used to calculate the generating function for the total distance covered by all particles. It gives the average velocity of particles which exhibits a phase transition from an intermittent to continuous flow. We calculated also higher cumulants and the large deviation function for the particle flow. The latter has the universal form obtained earlier for the asymmetric exclusion process and conjectured to be common for all models of the Kardar–Parisi–Zhang universality class.     

DC-SC光阴极注入器的束载实验的调试进展

 北京大学射频超导实验室设计了新型超导光电子枪——DC-SC光阴极注入器，目标是为自由电子激光平台提供能量在2~3MeV，脉宽小于10ps，脉冲重复频率为81.25MHz，平均流强约为1mA的低发射度电子束。现在已经建成了DC-SC光阴极注入器实验平台，包括激光驱动光阴极系统，Pierce直流高压加速结构，1.3GHz 1＋1/2纯铌超导腔，恒温器低温系统，4.5kW连续波微波系统，1/16分频与同步控制系统，束流诊断系统和能量分析系统等。并且完成了超导腔的静态实验，直流加速结构也经过了100μA低电流测试。实验结果符合设计要求，整体调试后即可以进行束载实验。     

教学过程设计——物理教学设计系列讲座之四

教学过程是为实现教学任务和达成教学目标，通过对话、沟通和合作，以动态生成的方式推进教学活动的进程；其基本环节和内在逻辑结构都是动态的．教学过程设计形成的是一个“弹性化”方案，但一般应对教学顺序、教学组织形式、学习方式、教学模式、教学方法、学习环境及课堂管理等方面进行分析和设计．