对称性与对称的破缺性

对称与对称破缺是自然界中普遍存在着的一种矛盾关系。对称是变化中的同一 ,反映不同物质形态在运动中的共性 ,破缺是变化中的差异 ,反映不同物质形态在运动中各自的特性。自然界的物质 (包括整个自然界在内 )处于对称→对称破缺→深一级对称→对称性又破缺……这样不断深化之中     

对称性、对称性破缺和相变

本文将扼要介绍物理学中对称性的分类及其特征,说明对称性破缺与一物理系统从无序到有序的相变过程间的关系,并讨论了对称性破缺出现的前提     

对称性,对称性破缺和相变

本文将扼要介绍物理学中对称性的分类及其特征,说明对称性破缺与一物理系统从无序到有序的相变过程间的关系,并讨论了对称性破缺出现的前提。     

电荷对称破缺

1930年 ,物理学家海森伯曾认为 ,中子与质子实质上是在质量上具有微小差别的同一种粒子 ,他将两者统称为“核子” .近代的核物理学家赞同这样的观点 ,即在大量的核反应中 ,如果用中子来代替质子时 ,核反应过程将以相同方式继续进行下去 ,反之亦然 .但这种相似性在某些情况下会发生破坏 ,因为它将导致电荷对称破缺 ,简称为CSB .2 0 0 3年 4月 ,在美国费城召开的美国物理学会的会议上 ,有两个实验室分别独立地宣布 ,他们完成了对电荷对称破缺的实验观测 .一个是美国印第安那大学回旋加速器实验室 (IUCF) .IUCF的E .Stephenson教授宣…     

混沌吸引子的对称破缺激变

许多非线性动力系统都有某种对称性,在不同情形下可有不同的表现形式,但始终保持其对称的特点.不同对称形式间的转变导致对称破缺分岔或激变.关于非线性动力系统中相空间运动轨道的对称破缺分岔,已有大量研究工作,但绝大多数是指周期或拟周期相轨的对称破缺,偶尔提到对称系统中的混沌相轨也存在“对偶性”.最近,在简谐外激Duffing系统周期轨道对称破缺引发鞍-结分岔的研究中,得到了分岔后由Poincaré映射点间断流构成的图像,其中包括两个稳定周期结点、一个周期鞍点,及其稳定流形与不稳定流形,均较规则.本工作研究了正弦关键词：对称破缺混沌激变分形吸引域     

d波超导体NIS结中的时间反演对称态的破缺与准粒子寿命效应

考虑到d波超导表面时间反演对称态的破缺与准粒子的有限寿命效应,在BlonderTinkhamKlapwijk(BTK)理论框架下,通过求解BogoliubovdeGennes(BdG)方程,计算正常金属d波超导隧道结中的准粒子输运系数与隧道谱.研究表明:1)d波超导表面时间反演对称态的破缺会导致零偏压电导峰位移,位移的程度取决于分解d波超导表面时间反演对称态中s波分量的强度;2)准粒子的寿命效应与粗糙界面散射效应都能压低零偏压电导峰,其中粗糙界面散射还会阻碍零偏压电导峰的位移.这些结果能较好地解释Tc氧化关键词：     

洛伦兹对称破缺框架下的广义克莱因-戈尔登谐振子

在洛伦兹对称破缺的背景下研究了广义克莱因-戈尔登谐振子,主要使用Nikiforov-Uvarov方法分析了有磁场和无磁场两种情况下的克莱因-戈尔登谐振子.在此基础上,详细分析了具有康奈尔势函数的克莱因-戈尔登谐振子的一些特殊情况.结果表明,广义克莱因-戈尔登谐振子的波函数和能量本征值明显依赖于洛伦兹对称破缺效应,另外,康奈尔势函数对克莱因-戈尔登谐振子也有着不可忽略的影响.     

生命起源中的对称性破缺

生命起源中的对称性破缺─—分子的手性是生物学中长期困惑不解的难题。自然界中组成蛋白质的氨基酸几乎都是Ｌ型。最近萨拉姆提出,由于Ｚ°相互作用结合玻色凝聚态理论,在某临界低温有可能引起氨基酸由Ｄ向Ｌ型的二级相变,并通过非线性化学动力学将对称破缺放大。     

对称性自发破缺和希格斯机制

 众所周知,本世纪最辉煌的科学成就之一是弱电统一理论,然而历史上这一理论的重大突破有赖于对对称性自发破缺的研究,特别是希格斯机制的建立。     

Role of electronic nematicity in the interplay between s- and d-wave broken-symmetry states

To understand the role of electronic nematic order in the interplay between s- and d-wave particle-particle or particle-hole condensate states, relations between various s- and d-wave order parameters are studied. We find that the nematic operator transforms two independent six-dimensional vectors. The d-wave superconducting, d-density wave, and antiferromagnetic orders are organized into one vector, and the s-wave superconducting, charge density wave, and spin-triplet d-density wave orders into the other vector. Each vector acts as a superspin and transforms under the action of SO(6) where charge, spin, η- and π-pairing, spin-triplet nematic operators satisfy the SO(6) Lie algebra. Electronic nematic order is not a part of the SO(6) group. It commutes with all 15 generators. Our findings imply that nematic order does not affect the competition among the order parameters within the same superspin, while it strongly interferes the interplay between two order parameters that belong to different superspins. For example, nematicity allows a linear coupling between d- and s-wave superconducting order parameters which modifies the superconducting transition temperature. A generalized Ginzburg-Landau theory and further physical implications are discussed.     

Deposition and evaporation ofk-mers: Dynamics of a many-state system

When the dynamics of a system partitions the phase space of configurations into very many disjoint sectors, we are faced with an assignment problem: Given a configuration, how can we tell which sector it belongs to? We study this problem in connection with the dynamics of deposition and evaporation ofk particles at a time, from a lattice substrate. Fork ≥ 3, the system shows complex behaviour: (a) The number of disjoint sectors in phase space grows exponentially with the size. (b) The asymptotic time dependence of the autocorrelation function shows slow decays, with power laws which depend on the sector. Both (a) and (b) are explained in terms of a nonlocal construct known as the irreducible string (IS), formed from a particle configuration by applying a deletion algorithm. The IS provides a label for sectors; the multiplicity of possible IS’s accounts for (a), and let us determine sector numbers and sizes. The elements of the IS are conserved; thus their motion is responsible for the slow modes of the system, and accounts for (b) as well.     

拉曼峰强作为分子晶体相变的有序度

本文介绍以拉曼峰强为分子晶体相变有序度的概念，并以ＫＨ＿（１－ｘ）Ｄ＿（ｘ）Ｆ＿２和Ｋ＿（１－ｘ）Ｎａ＿（ｘ）Ｆ＿２为例说明晶格振动模在相变过程中的临界性质可以因此得到。晶格振动模的临界性质反映着掺杂体系的丰富信息。     

Critical Analyses of Order Parameter and Phase Transitions at High Density in Gross-Neveu Model

By critical analyses of the order parameter of symmetry breaking, we have researched the phase transitionsat high density in D = 2 and D = 3 Gross-Neveu (GN) model and shown that the gap equation obeyed by the dynamicalfermion mass has the same effectivenesss as the effective potentials for such analyses of all the second order and somespecial first order phase transitions. In the meantime we also further ironed out a theoretical divergence and proventhat in D = 3 GN model a first order phase transition does occur in the case of zero temperature and finite chemicalpotential.     

“Statistical” symmetry with applications to phase transitions

Hermann proposed that mesomorphic media should be classified by assigning certain statistical symmetry groups to each possible partially ordered array. Two translational groups introduced were called superordinate and subordinate. We find that the average density in such a partially ordered medium has the superordinate symmetry ₁, while the pair correlation function has the subordinate symmetry ₂. A complete listing is made of all compatible combinations of ₁ and ₂ in two and three dimensions. This leads to more possible symmetries than Hermann obtained, e.g., also to nonstoichiometric crystals. The order parameter space for the systems is found to be the quotient space ₁/₂. In most cases it is identical to the order parameter space of low-dimensionalXY spin systems. The Landau free energy is expanded as functional of the two-particle correlation functionK; the translation group is found to be ₁×₂. A Landau mean-field theory can then be carried out by expanding the system free energy into a series of invariants of the active irreducible representations ofK and mapping the free energy onto that for anXY planar spin system. We predict novel critical behavior for transitions between mesomorphic phases and go nogo selection rules for continuous transitions. We give the structure factors for X-ray scattering so changes in all such phase transitions are observable. The statistical symmetry groups, which describe point and translational symmetries of the mesophases, are classified. Proposals are made to include quasi-long-range or topological order in the classification scheme.This work supported in part by National Science Foundation (Division of International Programs), the PSC-BHE—Faculty Research Award CUNY and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.