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1.
利用由He-Ne激光器、单色仪、光电倍增管(PMT)和数字示波器等组成的光学平台,采用激光消光法测量了RP-3航空煤油高温裂解和富油燃烧的碳烟产率。实验条件:RP-3航油摩尔浓度0.25%和0.5%,压力约2和4atm,高温裂解和当量比20.0,10.0,5.0,温度1 700~2 273K。结果显示裂解条件下碳烟产率随温度变化呈高斯分布,随着压力或浓度的增大,碳烟产率增大;富油燃烧条件下当量比越低,碳烟产率越低。本文结果为研究发动机内碳烟颗粒物排放及碳烟形成机理提供了实验依据。  相似文献   

2.
采用三组单色仪探测系统,测量了甲基环己烷在高温反射激波作用下瞬态燃烧反应过程中三种激发态自由基OH*,CH*和C*_2的特征光辐射,得到了激发态自由基时间历程和光辐射相对强度随温度的变化规律。反射激波温度1 200~1 700K,激波压力1.5atm,甲基环己烷摩尔分数0.1%,当量比1.0。在点火燃烧初始阶段三种自由基几乎同时产生,自由基持续时间随着温度的升高而变短。相同温度下CH*和OH*自由基持续时间大于C*_2自由基,在1 400K以下C*_2自由基发光消失。OH*和CH*自由基发光强度在T1 400K时对温度变化不敏感,而在T1 400K时CH*自由基峰值随温度快速增长,C*_2和OH*峰值随温度增大比较平缓。将实验结果和化学反应机理模拟结果进行了对比,实验获得的OH*自由基时间历程在低温时和机理预测结果吻合较好,但在高温时有一定差异。CH*自由基时间历程在高温与机理结果吻合较好,在低温时机理预测结果 CH*自由基持续时间要长于实验结果。实验测得的结果为含激发态物种化学反应动力学机理的验证和优化提供了依据。  相似文献   

3.
甲基环己烷燃烧反应特性的光谱研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Li CS  Li P  Zhang CH  Nie XF  Li XY 《光谱学与光谱分析》2011,31(9):2521-2524
利用激波管实验装置由反射激波点火,在点火温度1 164~1 566 K,点火压力1.03~1.99 atm,燃料浓度为1.0%,当量比为1.0的条件下,用光谱单色仪、光电倍增管、压力传感器和示波器等组成测试系统,测量了甲基环己烷燃烧过程中主要中间产物OH,CH和C2自由基特征光辐射随时间的连续变化,并测得了甲基环己烷/氧气/氩气的点火延迟时间。通过对测量结果的分析,初步认识了甲基环己烷燃烧反应中几个主要中间产物的光辐射特性及其反映出的甲基环己烷燃烧反应特性。实验所测点火延迟时间与已报道的实验结果和燃烧反应机理预测结果符合较好。本文实验结果为构建和验证甲基环己烷燃烧反应机理提供了实验依据。  相似文献   

4.
JP-10点火延时的激波管研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
在预加热激波管上测定了JP-10的点火延时时间.采用高精度真空仪直接测定注入激波管中JP-10蒸气压力,获得了JP-10气相浓度,解决了高碳数碳氢燃料点火延时激波管实验时管壁吸附影响燃料气相浓度确定的困难.采用压力传感器、单色仪和光电倍增管记录得到了完整的点火过程引起的压力变化和OH或CH自由基发射强度变化.自由基发射信号作为诊断点火发生的手段.当实验压力为151?556 kPa,温度为1000?2120 K,JP-10摩尔百分比为0.1%?0.55%,化学当量比为0.25、0.5、1.0、2.0时,获得了点火延时时间与实验温度、JP-10浓度、O2浓度的依赖关系,结果还表明,高温区和低温区呈现出不同的依赖关系.  相似文献   

5.
正丁醇是一种很有前景的柴油替代燃料,针对缸内火焰发展和燃烧中间产物的自发光光谱开展研究,有助于深入理解柴油掺混正丁醇混合燃料对柴油机燃烧过程的影响规律。因此,在一台光学发动机上,利用火焰高速成像技术和自发光光谱分析法,研究纯柴油与柴油掺混不同比例正丁醇后对发动机缸内火焰发展和自发光光谱的影响。试验过程中,光学发动机转速为1 200 r·min~(-1),喷油压力为600 bar,进气加热到398 K,使上止点附近达到约900 K温度。纯柴油、柴油掺混20%正丁醇燃料和柴油掺混40%正丁醇燃料分别用D100, DB20和DB40表示,三种燃料在每个着火循环喷入的油量分别为17.5, 18.7和19.2 mg,从而保证发动机输出功相同。试验结果表明:冷却水温不变时,喷油时刻推迟,滞燃期缩短,初始火核形成时刻推迟,蓝色预混火焰比例减小;喷油时刻不变时,提高冷却水温度,滞燃期缩短,初始火核形成时刻提前,蓝色预混火焰比例减小。随着正丁醇掺混比例增加,呈现局部混合气率先着火的特征且着火时刻推迟,蓝色预混火焰比例增加,火焰亮度降低,火焰亮度从大到小依次为:D100DB20DB40。D100燃料随喷油推迟,整体光谱的峰值向长波方向移动,碳烟辐射增强, OH谱带的光强峰值先增大后减小, OH和CH_2O谱带出现的时刻推迟,表明高温和低温反应时刻推迟;喷油时刻不变时,提高冷却水温,整体光谱的光强增加, OH和CH_2O谱带的出现时刻提前,表明高温和低温反应时刻提前。掺混正丁醇后的DB40燃料随喷油推迟,光谱的整体光强增加, OH和CH_2O谱带的光强峰值提高,表明推迟喷油对DB40燃料也是有助于促进高温和低温反应。DB40燃料光谱的整体光强低于D100燃料,其OH和CH_2O的谱带出现的时刻迟于D100燃料,表明掺混正丁醇后燃料的高温和低温反应时刻都相对D100燃料推迟。SOI-15、冷却水温95℃工况下, D100燃料的谱线经过2℃A就呈现出了类似碳烟黑体辐射谱的特征,而DB40燃料先呈现出CO氧化连续谱的特征,经过15℃A才呈现碳烟黑体辐射谱的特征。  相似文献   

6.
利用OH自由基特征发射谱测量正庚烷的点火延迟时间   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
在化学激波管中利用反射激波进行点火,采用OH自由基在306.4nm处特征发射谱线强度的急剧变化标志燃料的着火,由光谱单色仪、光电倍增管、压力传感器和示波器组成测量系统,测量了正庚烷/氧气的点火延迟时间,点火压力(1.0±0.1)和(0.75±0.05)atm,点火温度1 170~1 730K,当量比1.0,得到了在此实验条件下正庚烷/氧气点火延迟时间随温度变化的关系式。研究结果表明正庚烷/氧气点火延迟时间随温度的增加呈指数减小,点火压力为0.75atm时,随着点火温度的增加,点火延迟时间的变化率要小于1.0atm条件时。实验结果为建立正庚烷燃烧反应动力学模型,验证正庚烷燃烧反应机理提供了实验依据。  相似文献   

7.
碳烟主要是烃类燃料不完全燃烧生成的产物,其对人类健康、空气质量以及燃烧装置的使用寿命都会产生有害影响。碳烟生成是一个复杂的物理化学过程,控制碳烟排放,需要克服碳烟生成和燃烧过程中物理和化学演化的巨大差异,这些差异表现为对碳烟纳观结构和表面官能团随碳烟氧化活性反应变化的深入探索研究。近些年,研究人员对碳烟的生成机理开展了系列研究,对碳烟生成各个物理化学反应阶段有了一定认识。结合光谱诊断技术可深入了解燃烧系统碳烟形成过程,确定碳烟颗粒分子组成、精细结构、浓度分布等特征,也可从碳烟结构变化、黑体辐射强度等方面详细了解碳烟形成过程。该文旨在阐述光谱诊断技术对烃类火焰碳烟表征的研究进展和发展趋势,探讨LIBS, LII和LIF等作为诊断工具在包含背景辐射的火焰中检测碳烟生成过程产生辐射强度准确性等问题。主要介绍了烃类火焰碳烟的形成机理(从前驱体产生、生长到颗粒生成、凝聚,最后进行颗粒氧化)。总结了探测碳烟性质光谱诊断方法的应用以及光谱诊断技术对燃烧过程中碳烟表征的研究现状,包括对碳烟体积分数、温度和基于图像处理的碳烟结构表征,反应碳烟前驱体(多环芳烃)、反应气氛、温度等对碳烟颗粒物生成的影响。最...  相似文献   

8.
测定了丙酮肟在四氯化碳、氯仿、二氯甲烷、苯和甲苯溶剂中随丙酮肟摩尔浓度变化的1H NMR谱,观察到在氯代甲烷溶剂中,丙酮肟分子中两个甲基和氯代甲烷的质子共振峰随丙同肟摩尔浓度增加而逐渐移向高场,而羟基共振峰却逐渐移向低场。其两个甲基表现为单峰。在芳烃溶剂中,丙酮肟分子中两个甲基和芳烃质子共振峰随丙酮肟摩尔浓度增加逐渐移向低场,且两个甲基表现为双峰,得到了所有化学位移与丙酮肟摩尔浓度呈线性关系。  相似文献   

9.
正癸烷燃烧反应中OH,CH和C2自由基的瞬态发射光谱   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
采用ICCD瞬态光谱测量系统和加热激波管,在点火压力2.0atm,点火温度1 100~1 600K,当量比1.0,燃料摩尔分数1.0%条件下,实时测得了正癸烷/氧气/氩气燃烧过程的瞬态发射光谱,光谱范围200~850nm。结果显示燃烧过程中主要发射光谱带归属于小分子中间产物OH,CH和C2自由基,光谱强度的变化反映了燃烧过程中三种自由基浓度的变化历程;正癸烷燃烧过程中光谱强度峰值之比大于同为链烷烃的正庚烷相应OH/CH峰强度之比,揭示出两种链烃燃烧反应机理有较大差异。实验还获得了正癸烷燃烧过程中能显示谱带转动结构的CH和C2高分辨特征发射光谱。实验结果对了解正癸烷燃烧性质和验证正癸烷燃烧反应机理很有意义。  相似文献   

10.
通过具有高灵敏度、非侵入式等特性的可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术对发动机气缸工作过程等高温高压燃烧环境进行实时在线检测,是了解其内部燃烧过程进而研发高效发动机的重要手段之一。作为一种重要的温室气体和化石燃料燃烧的主要产物,二氧化碳对于了解燃烧过程具有重要的意义。为了寻找一种能够对高温高压燃烧过程中的二氧化碳浓度进行快速检测的方法,利用工作在室温条件下的近红外可调谐二极管激光器作为光源,以二氧化碳位于5 006.140cm-1处的跃迁作为传感谱线,结合固定波长的吸收光谱调制技术,通过该CO2谱线的一次谐波归一化的二次谐波信号峰值实现对高温高压环境中CO2浓度测量,建立了一种可用于高温高压环境下的组份浓度的测量方法,通过实验验证得出该方法在5atm压力、500K温度下和10atm压力、1 000K温度下对于CO2浓度测量的平均标准偏差为3.99%;另外还对实验中所得CO2直接吸收及二次谐波信号进行了分析,得到了其吸收光谱在高温高压环境下的特性。  相似文献   

11.
Soot formation from the combustion of toluene (C6H5CH3) and of two concentrations of nano-sized-ceria-laden toluene was monitored using a shock tube to observe the effect of the organometallic additive on the formation of soot from its point of inception. Two concentrations of ceria, of chemical composition CeO1.63, were employed to examine the effect on soot production of toluene over the range of temperature 1588-2370 K using two levels of inert gas dilution in which reflected-shock pressure was maintained near 1.5 atm. The ceria nanoparticles were synthesized using a microemulsion technique which employs sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT), a surfactant, to retard agglomeration. Introduction of the nanoparticles into the shock tube is achieved using a novel, two-stage injection procedure. Soot yield measurements reveal that the presence of ceria has no direct implications on peak soot concentration near 1950 K. A shift in the parabolic soot profile of toluene in the direction of increased temperature was observed for each concentration of ceria with a larger shift occurring for increased concentration of ceria, although the same effect was exhibited for the toluene-AOT mixtures in absence of ceria, supporting an inefficaciousness of ceria on soot suppression on kinetic timescales. It is evidenced in measured soot delay times that the presence of the surfactant in absence of ceria significantly slows the rate of soot growth for T < 2000 K, while the presence of ceria has a relatively negligible impact. Under conditions of higher fuel concentration, a remarkable decrease in soot accumulation on the shock tube walls was observed in experiments using the ceria-toluene mixtures over that yielded by pure toluene combustion. In the present paper, the authors report the first measurements of nanoparticle-influenced combustion of a hydrocarbon as performed in a shock tube.  相似文献   

12.
The effects of pressure on soot formation and the structure of the temperature field were studied in co-flow methane-air laminar diffusion flames over a wide pressure range, from 10 to 60 atm in a high-pressure combustion chamber. The selected fuel mass flow rate provided diffusion flames in which the soot was completely oxidized within the visible flame envelope and the flame was stable at all pressures considered. The spatially resolved soot volume fraction and soot temperature were measured by spectral soot emission as a function of pressure. The visible (luminous) flame height remained almost unchanged from 10 to 100 atm. Peak soot concentrations showed a strong dependence on pressure at relatively lower pressures; but this dependence got weaker as the pressure is increased. The maximum conversion of the fuel’s carbon to soot, 12.6%, was observed at 60 atm at approximately the mid-height of the flame. Radial temperature gradients within the flame increased with pressure and decreased with flame height above the burner rim. Higher radial temperature gradients near the burner exit at higher pressures mean that the thermal diffusion from the hot regions of the flame towards the flame centerline is enhanced. This leads to higher fuel pyrolysis rates causing accelerated soot nucleation and growth as the pressure increases.  相似文献   

13.
The present work addresses the soot formation parameters behind reflected shock waves and the identification of adsorbed species on their surface. Soot induction delay times and yields have been experimentally determined in the case of toluene pyrolysis highly diluted in argon for the following conditions: the initial carbon atoms concentration was kept constant around 1 × 1018 C atoms cm−3, reflected shock pressure and temperature ranges of 1135-1600 kPa and 1470-2230 K, respectively. The decrease of the induction time, as the temperature is raised, was described using an Arrhenius type expression while, for the bell-shaped evolution of the soot yield versus the temperature, a modified Gaussian expression was derived. Using TEM analysis, the mean particle diameter was found to decrease from 35 to 20 nm as the temperature is raised from 1475 to 2135 K. The micro-texture of the soot sample was found to vary as the temperature is raised, leading to a more organised structure. The adsorbed species on these soot were characterized using laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometer. Results indicate that for temperatures below 1600 K, PAHs in the 178-572 atomic mass units (amu) range were identified. PAHs range was limited to 178-374 amu above 1900 K and they were of benzenoid type above 1600 K. The amount of species adsorbed on the soot surface was found to be inversely proportional to the soot yield with a maximum for the lower temperature domain.  相似文献   

14.
In this study, the influence of pressure and fuel dilution on the structure and geometry of coflow laminar methane–air diffusion flames is examined. A series of methane-fuelled, nitrogen-diluted flames has been investigated both computationally and experimentally, with pressure ranging from 1.0 to 2.7 atm and CH4 mole fraction ranging from 0.50 to 0.65. Computationally, the MC-Smooth vorticity–velocity formulation was employed to describe the reactive gaseous mixture, and soot evolution was modelled by sectional aerosol equations. The governing equations and boundary conditions were discretised on a two-dimensional computational domain by finite differences, and the resulting set of fully coupled, strongly nonlinear equations was solved simultaneously at all points using a damped, modified Newton's method. Experimentally, chemiluminescence measurements of CH* were taken to determine its relative concentration profile and the structure of the flame front. A thin-filament ratio pyrometry method using a colour digital camera was employed to determine the temperature profiles of the non-sooty, atmospheric pressure flames, while soot volume fraction was quantified, after evaluation of soot temperature, through an absolute light calibration using a thermocouple. For a broad spectrum of flames in atmospheric and elevated pressures, the computed and measured flame quantities were examined to characterise the influence of pressure and fuel dilution, and the major conclusions were as follows: (1) maximum temperature increases with increasing pressure or CH4 concentration; (2) lift-off height decreases significantly with increasing pressure, modified flame length is roughly independent of pressure, and flame radius decreases with pressure approximately as P?1/2; and (3) pressure and fuel stream dilution significantly affect the spatial distribution and the peak value of the soot volume fraction.  相似文献   

15.
In direct-injection spark-ignition engines, fuel films formed on the piston surface due to impinging sprays are a major source of soot. Previous studies investigating the fuel films and their correlation to soot production were mostly performed in model experiments or optical engines. These experiments have different operating conditions compared to commercial engines. In this work, fuel films and soot are visualized in an all-metal engine with endoscopic access via laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and natural incandescence, respectively. Gasoline and a mixture of isooctane/toluene were used as fuel for the experiments. The fuel films were excited by 266 nm laser pulses and visualized by an intensified CCD camera through a modular UV endoscope. Gasoline yielded much higher signal-to-noise ratio, and this fuel typically took an order of magnitude longer to evaporate than isooctane/toluene. The effects of injection time, injection pressure, engine temperature, and combustion on the fuel-film evaporation time were investigated. This film survival time was reduced with higher engine temperature, higher injection pressure, and later injection time, with engine temperature being the most significant parameter, whereas skip-fired combustion had very little effect on the film survival time. In complementary experiments, LIF from fuel films and soot incandescence were simultaneously visualized by an intensified double-frame CCD camera. At lower engine temperatures the fuel films remained distinct, and soot formation was limited to regions above the films, whereas at higher temperatures, fuel films, and hence the soot, appeared to be spread over the whole piston surface. Finally, high-speed imaging showed the spray, chemiluminescence, and soot incandescence, with results broadly consistent with fuel-film LIF and soot incandescence imaging.  相似文献   

16.
Catalytic ignition and heat release of methane oxidation over a Pd wire covered with a 1–2 μm PdO surface layer were investigated by wire microcalorimetry over the temperature range of 600–770 K and pressure range of 0.5–4 atm. Ignition temperatures and heat release rates for different methane concentrations (1–4 vol.% in dry air) were determined, showing that the ignition temperatures decrease with increasing the methane concentration and increasing ambient pressure. At total pressure of 1 atm and 2% methane concentration, the global activation energy for the catalytic reaction is 21.5 ± 0.9 kcal/mol and 14.3 ± 0.2 kcal/mol in the temperature ranges of 600–670 K and 670–770 K, respectively. The reaction order for methane is 0.9 ± 0.1 over the temperature range of 630–770 K.  相似文献   

17.
This work concerns the oxidation of cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane in a motored engine at low to intermediate temperatures, which is largely unknown in the literature. The experiment is conducted with variable compression ratio from 4 to 15 at equivalence ratio 0.25 and intake temperatures of 120 °C and 200 °C. Results show that overall reaction activity, indicated by fuel conversion and carbon monoxide formation, is largely enhanced by the existence of the methyl group. Cyclohexane shows a stronger negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior than methylcyclohexane. Detailed product analyses reveal that conjugated olefins are the major product for cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane in both low temperature oxidation and NTC regime. Four C6 oxygenates, 5-hexen-1-al, 1,2-epoxycyclohexane, 1,4-epoxycyclohexane, and cyclohexanone are detected in cyclohexane oxidation. The relative yields indicate that intramolecular hydrogen abstraction of cyclohexylperoxy radical is more likely to occur on γ-carbons than on α-, β-, or δ-carbons. Four conjugated olefins, 1-, 3-, 4-methylcyclohexenes and methylenecyclohexane, are detected in methylcyclohexane oxidation, with relative yield about 1, 1.2, 1.4 and 0.25, respectively.  相似文献   

18.
We investigate the effect of pressure on both flame structure and soot formation in nitrogen diluted counterflow diffusion flames of ethylene in the 8–32atm pressure range. Capillary-probe gas sampling is performed to resolve spatially the profiles of gaseous species up to three-ring aromatics by GC/MS analysis and multi-color pyrometry is used to quantify the soot volume fraction and dispersion exponent. Self-similarity of flames is preserved by keeping constant mixture fraction and strain rate, so that profiles of concentrations and temperature, normalized with respect to their peak values, are unaffected by changes in pressure, once the axial coordinate is nondimensionalized with respect to the pressure-dependent diffusion length scale. When conditions are chosen so that the overall soot loading is approximately constant and compatible with the diagnostics, it is found that both the soot volume fraction and the profiles of key aromatics in the high-temperature nucleation region are virtually invariant. For it to happen, a twofold increase in pressure must be compensated by a ~100 K decrease in peak flame temperature and, therefore, in the temperature across the soot forming region. The implication is that from the perspective of the chemical kinetics of soot formation these two actions counterbalance each other. As pressure increases (and temperature decreases) the peak production rate of the high-temperature soot mechanism decreases and, further downstream, towards the particle stagnation plane, a low-temperature soot mechanism sets in, yielding an increase in soot H/C content. This mechanism is enhanced as the pressure is raised, causing a higher overall soot volume production rate in the 16atm flame and, especially, in the 32atm one. The role of C4/C2 species in the formation of C6H6 increases with increasing pressure and dominates over the recombination of propargyl radical at sufficiently high pressures. A comprehensive database is established for soot models at high pressures of relevance to applications.  相似文献   

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