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水下风成噪声的垂直空间特性包括噪声垂直方向性和垂直相关性,研究海洋环境对其影响规律对提升声呐性能、增加海洋环境参数反演的准确性具有重要意义.本文利用Pekeris割线下的简正波理论描述噪声的传播过程,研究了深海环境下存在表面声道时,表面声道以下噪声垂直空间特性的变化规律及其原因.研究表明,在临界深度以上,表面声道的存在导致噪声垂直方向性在水平凹槽边缘靠近海底方向上的峰值升高,噪声垂直相关性随垂直距离增加先后周期地向正相干和负相干方向偏移;在临界深度以下,表面声道的存在导致水平方向上的噪声能量增强,噪声垂直相关性整体向正相干方向偏移.当表面声道的参数变化时,表面声道的厚度变化对噪声垂直空间特性影响较大,而表面声道内的声速梯度变化对噪声垂直空间特性几乎没有影响.结合各类简正波的变化分析表明,存在表面声道时,噪声源激发的折射简正波阶数增加,强度增强,是表面声道引起噪声垂直空间特性变化的主要原因. 相似文献
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海洋环境噪声是多种自然噪声和人为噪声的复杂组合,其谱级大小和频率组成是影响声纳系统探测性能的重要参数,由于海洋环境噪声时空域特性是非常复杂的,因此需要对海洋环境噪声进行长时间和大范围的观测才足以分析其特性。本文通过在多剖面水下浮标平台基础上集成声学测量系统,研制出了一种具有海洋环境噪声监测能力的水下声学浮标平台,该浮标平台可多次上浮、下潜,具备原位坐底和定深漂流两种工作模式,能够连续观测海洋环境噪声时长多达几个月。利用2019年8月在南海海区组织的多台水下声学浮标组网试验数据,分析了不同频率海洋环境噪声谱级随时间变化特性,数据处理结果符合海洋环境噪声典型变化规律,试验表明,水下声学浮标可作为一种潜在的优势水下无人移动平台,用于长期监测海洋环境噪声特性。 相似文献
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常规实验方法无法同步获取深海大尺度声学和水文数据,水下滑翔机可作为同步观测平台解决该问题.首先利用在东印度洋北部海域水下滑翔机同步获取的声传播和水文实验数据,分析了水下滑翔机的自噪声谱级和实验海区声传播特性,然后推算并修正了滑翔机水下运动轨迹,利用第一影区水下滑翔机接收声传播信号的脉冲多途到达时间差对声源进行测距与定深。潜标接收噪声与滑翔机自噪声谱级对比表明,水下滑翔机在海洋中无动力运动时的系统自噪声接近于潜标观测的海洋环境噪声。滑翔机实测的声传播损失与模型计算结果吻合较好,第一影区水下声源测距定深结果与实际位置较为一致,测距与定深的相对误差均小于5%。利用加载水听器的水下滑翔机可以实现水文环境数据与声学信号的同步观测,对深海声传播特性测量及定位算法研究具有重要意义。 相似文献
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提出了使用Sage-Husa算法估计量测噪声的集势化概率假设密度(CPHD)滤波方位跟踪方法,实现了量测噪声不确定情况下多水下声学目标的稳健方位跟踪。首先,将水下目标方位的变化建模为Singer模型,利用传统目标方位估计方法的结果作为量测值,将方位估计误差看作量测噪声,建立了方位量测模型。然后,给出了CPHD滤波水下多目标方位跟踪算法,该算法利用上一时刻的方位跟踪结果和目标方位变化模型预测目标方位,并利用量测值和量测模型对预测值进行更新得到方位跟踪结果。最后,考虑到量测噪声方差为决定跟踪性能的重要参数,利用改进的Sage-Husa算法在跟踪过程中实时自适应地估计不确定量测噪声的方差,从而实现了多目标的稳健方位跟踪。经海试数据验证,所提出算法将目标方位测量的平均最优子模式分配(OSPA)误差从10°以上降低至2°,显著提高了方位测量精度。所提水下多目标稳健方位跟踪方法能够有效提高量测噪声不确定情况下的方位跟踪性能。 相似文献
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海洋环境噪声研究发展概述及应用前景 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
海洋环境噪声是海洋声场的背景场,通常被当作干扰项。在传统的水声学和海洋声学中,对海洋环境噪声的研究目的大多是为了降低或抑制环境噪声对水下设备的干扰,提高水下设备的性能和作用距离。目前,许多国家纷纷投入力量,开展海洋环境噪声数据获取、分析及噪声场建模工作。从另一个角度考虑,海洋环境噪声是海洋中永恒存在的声场,包含了水体及海底海面等环境特性信息。因此,可利用海洋环境噪声来研究海洋环境物理特性,通过低代价换取丰富的海洋声学信息。若能对海洋环境噪声的宽频带和任意时间存在的特性加以利用,则可以从海洋环境噪声中提取出相关的海洋环境参数。 相似文献
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K. Henschel B. Hellwig F. Amtage J. Vesper M. Jachan C. H. Lücking J. Timmer B. Schelter 《The European physical journal. Special topics》2008,165(1):25-34
The analysis of multi-dimensional biomedical systems requires analysis techniques, which are able to deal with multivariate
data consisting of both time series as well as point processes. Univariate and bivariate analysis techniques in the frequency
domain for time series and point processes are established and investigated, although the number of investigations is strongly
biased towards time series. Actual multivariate techniques for time series or hybrids of time series and point processes are
scarcely addressed. Here, we present spectral analysis techniques which are able to analyse point processes as well as time
series. Thereby, univariate, bivariate as well as multivariate techniques are discussed. Applications to simulated as well
as real-world data reveal the abilities of the proposed techniques. 相似文献
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AR Engel 《Contemporary Physics》2013,54(6):523-526
This article reviews some of the applications of physics to the solution of archaeological problems. The use of magnetic, resistivity and electromagnetic surveying techniques for the location of buried features is described. Various methods of age determination are outlined while the problems associated with radiocarbon dating of organic material and thermoluminescent dating of pottery are discussed in detail. The techniques, including petrological examination, chemical analysis and isotopic analysis, employed in the physical examination of archaeological artefacts are described. Examples of the application of these techniques in establishing the source of the raw materials used in pottery, metal and stone implements and in elucidating the techniques of manufacture of pottery and metal objects are also given. 相似文献
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Shan-Yang Lin 《固体与材料科学评论》2016,41(6):482-530
Polymers or polymeric materials are almost ubiquitous in our daily lives, and their production involves major industrial efforts worldwide. Smart polymers have been developed for diverse purposes ranging from commodities to high-tech medical applications. In particular, bio-based polymers have attracted increasing attention because of environmental concerns and the realization that global petroleum resources are finite. A great quantity of these polymers has been synthesized, and more will be produced in the future. Therefore, their characterization requires various analytical instruments and methods. This article presents the most comprehensive overview of basic operational principles of various advanced hyphenated techniques for polymer analysis and characterization and to present several literature examples of applications of these techniques. An overview of polymer classification and characterization in terms of physico-chemical, mechanical, thermal, and viscoelastic properties is initially introduced. Next, the polymer characterization by conventional thermal analysis is discussed. Hyphenated analytical technique is online coupling of separation and detection techniques using suitable interfaces. Here, the main focus of this review article will discuss recent advances in the online applications of various hyphenated techniques such as double-, triple-, and quadruple-hyphenated methods along with appropriate examples. This should be the first review article simultaneously introduced and discussed overall above three techniques, rather than only one or two techniques presented in other review article. These hyphenated techniques offer shorter analysis times, increased automation, higher sample throughput, better reproducibility, and reduced contamination. The remarkable improvements observed in these methods are expected to enhance combined selectivity and increase the amount of authentic information obtained. When the hyphenated analytical techniques are combined, however, there will be having synergies and negative consequences. Details on the advantages and disadvantages of the hyphenated coupling techniques should be paid more and more attention on the investigation of polymeric materials. 相似文献
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Michael W. P. Petryk 《应用光谱学评论》2013,48(3):287-343
Abstract Techniques for the detection of hazardous low‐volatility contaminants on surfaces are reviewed. These techniques include both point detection (i.e., in situ) and standoff detection (i.e., detection beyond the effective range of the hazard). For low‐volatility agents, a standoff distance may range from a few centimeters to hundreds of meters, depending upon physical and deposition characteristics. This survey has been restricted to optical techniques that can detect contaminants on “realistic” surfaces (including civilian and military painted surfaces) and are hand‐held or man‐portable or those techniques that are anticipated to be made hand‐held or man‐portable within 5 years to one decade. A range of spectroscopic techniques are treated along with their requirements for power and consumables. Detection limits for these techniques are presented in the context of in‐service technologies and in the context of civilian and military toxicity/exposure limits for various chemical warfare agents. The effects of aerosols on various spectroscopic techniques are reviewed. 相似文献
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Plant tissues must be dehydrated for observation in most electron microscopes. Although a number of sample processing techniques have been developed for preserving plant tissues in their original form and structure, none of them are guaranteed artefact-free. The current paper reviews common scanning electron microscopy techniques and the sample preparation methods employed for visualisation of leaves under specific types of electron microscopes. Common artefacts introduced by specific techniques on different leaf types are discussed. Comparative examples are depicted from our lab using similar techniques; the pros and cons for specific techniques are discussed. New promising techniques and microscopes, which can alleviate some of the problems encountered in conventional methods of leaf sample processing and visualisation, are also discussed. It is concluded that the choice of technique for a specific leaf sample is dictated by the surface features that need to be preserved (such as trichomes, epidermal cells or wax microstructure), the resolution to be achieved, availability of the appropriate processing equipment and the technical capabilities of the available electron microscope. 相似文献
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基於脉冲响应积分的音乐厅和剧院观众厅声学特性的测量目前有三种使用不同激励声源的测试方法:人工脉冲声源、伪随机噪声序列(MLS)、以及用正弦扫频信号。这些技术各有其优缺点,在实际应用中为了方便根据具体情况选择不同的激励声源,通过在一个音乐厅现场的实测数据比较丁三种声源的实测结果,发现对混响时间测量三种不同的激励声源给出的结果基本一致,但是对明晰度和一些其他的指标,脉冲声源给出的结果与用MLS和扫频信号给出的结果有较明显的差别。对实际中如何选择具体的技术也做了建议。 相似文献
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Acoustic source localization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this article different techniques for localizing acoustic sources are described and the advantages/disadvantages of these techniques are discussed. Some source localization techniques are restricted to isotropic structures while other methods can be applied to anisotropic structures as well. Some techniques require precise knowledge of the direction dependent velocity profiles in the anisotropic body while other techniques do not require that knowledge. Some methods require accurate values of the time of arrival of the acoustic waves at the receivers while other techniques can function without that information. Published papers introducing various techniques emphasize the advantages of the introduced techniques while ignoring and often not mentioning the limitations and weaknesses of the new techniques. What is lacking in the literature is a comprehensive review and comparison of the available techniques; this article attempts to do that. After reviewing various techniques the paper concludes which source localization technique should be most effective for what type of structure and what the current research needs are. 相似文献