开放光路非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术测量大气NO2

采用蓝色发光二极管(LED)作为非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术(IBBCEAS)系统光源,测量了436～470nm波段内NO2样气的吸收,验证IBBCEAS的高探测灵敏度。通过氮气和氦气两者瑞利散射截面的差异标定了镜片在430～490nm波段内的反射率,并利用纯氧中氧气二聚体(O2-O2)在477nm处的吸收验证了镜片反射率标定的准确性。镜片反射率在461nm处最大且为0.99937,光学腔长度为73.5cm时的最大有效光程为1.17km。当光谱采集时间为20s时,NO2的探测灵敏度(1σ)达到了0.25×10-9。进行了开放光路下环境大气中NO2和O2-O2在454～486nm波段内的吸收测量,结果表明大气中气溶胶等颗粒物的Mie散射消光降低了IBBCEAS仪器的探测灵敏度(1.04×10-9)。大气中O2-O2的测量为IBBCEAS吸收光程的在线标定提供了一种可行的途径。     

非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术应用于大气中HONO和NO_2的实时探测

介绍了基于紫外LED光源的非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱装置,并将其应用于实际大气中的HONO和NO2浓度的探测。中心波长为365nm的UV-LED出射光被耦合到~1.76m长,由两片高反射率镜片组成的光学谐振腔内,透过腔的光由便携式CCD光谱仪接收。高反射率镜片的反射率由NO2和O2-O2的吸收谱来校正,在353~376nm的测量范围内,最高反射率为0.999 17。在120s的采集时间内,HONO和NO2的探测极限(1σ)分别为0.6和1.8ppbv。将该装置测量的连续56h大气中NO2浓度的变化与配备蓝光转换器的NOx分析仪测量的结果进行比较,线性相关系数R2=0.89,斜率为1.09,截距为3.45。基于该装置探测了实验室大气中的HONO和NO2昼夜浓度变化,24h内的HONO浓度在0~5.3ppbv之间波动,平均浓度为1.8ppbv,NO2浓度变化范围为5~51ppbv,平均浓度为21.9ppbv。     

非相干光宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术应用于SO_2弱吸收的测量

非相干光宽带腔增强吸收光谱作为高灵敏检测技术,已成功应用于多种大气痕量气体浓度的测量。根据腔增强吸收光谱技术测量原理可知,若已知测量气体准确浓度,镜片反射率随波长的变化曲线、有效吸收长度、光学腔内有无测量气体吸收前后的光辐射变化,可测量出待测气体的吸收截面。SO_2由于a~3 B_1—X~1 A_1自旋禁阻跃迁,在345~420nm波段吸收截面较低(~10~(-22) cm2/molecule),其测量有一定难度,而准确的弱吸收截面对于卫星反演大气痕量气体浓度以及大气研究等方面均有重要意义。采用365nm LED光源的宽带腔增强吸收光谱实验装置测量357~385nm波段范围SO_2的弱吸收,获得该波段SO_2弱吸收截面,并与已公开发表的SO_2吸收截面进行对比,相关系数r为0.997 3,验证了非相干光宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术准确测量气体弱吸收截面的适用性。     

SR-FEL宽带腔镜与双带腔镜光学膜系实验研究与研制

利用“电子束蒸发沉积薄膜生长技术+离子束溅射沉积薄膜生长技术”、“HfO₂/SiO₂+Al₂O₃/SiO₂+M-SiO₂”复合光学膜系设计技术、400°C4h高温处理技术, 研制的SR-FEL宽带腔镜光学膜系在355nm中心波长的绝对光学反射率测量值为R(355nm)=99.45%, 反射光谱带宽测量值为Δλ(R≥99.00%)=75nm; 研制的355nm/248nm双带腔镜光学膜系, 在355nm中心波长, 其绝对光学反射率测量值为R(355nm)=99.69%, 反射光谱带宽测量值为Δλ(R≥99.00%)=59nm; 在248nm中心波长, R(248nm)=98.21%, 绝对光学反射率光谱带宽测量值Δλ(R≥99.00)=9mm, Δλ(R≥98.00%)=33nm.     

基于LED光源的非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术探测HONO和NO2

介绍了基于近紫外发光二极管LED (中心波长约372 nm,半高宽13 nm) 光源的非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术,同时用于探测痕量气体HONO和NO₂. LED出射光经准直后耦合进入长度为70 cm,由两块高反射率镜片组成的高精密光学腔内. 分别测量了氮气消光谱和氦气消光谱,通过两者瑞利散射截面的差异而引起光谱强度的变化来标定镜片反射率.在360—390 nm反演波段内,镜片反射率在390 nm处最大且为0.99962, 对应测量NO₂/HONO混合物时的最大光程约1.71 km,并利用最小二乘拟合反演出了 HONO和NO₂的浓度值.当光谱采集时间为1000 s时, HONO和NO₂的探测灵敏度(1σ) 分别为0.6 ppbv和1.9 ppbv.实验结果表明,该技术为实现大气痕量气体的高灵敏度在线监测提供了另一种可能的途径.     

NO(3+1)共振增强的多光子离化谱

用皮秒脉冲高功率Nd:YAG激光器抽运的光学参量发生/放大器作激发源,获得了NO分子在420～500 nm波长范围内的多光子离化谱,光谱图呈现分离谱的特征,表明在该波长区间NO分子以多光子共振方式离化.离化信号随激光强度的近四次方变化关系表明,在420～500 nm波长范围内NO分子吸收4个光子而离化.通过对谱线的标识,首次分离出NO分子以E2∑激发电子态为中间共振态的(3 1)多光子离化光谱序列,由谱线序列峰值波长得到NO分子E2∑电子态的振动常数,从而实现了采用多光子离化技术对该态能级结构的实验研究.     

基于O2-O2吸收的非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱浓度反演方法研究

针对传统非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱浓度反演方法的定量结果易受镜片反射率标定误差的影响问题, 提出了一种基于测量大气O₂-O₂吸收的浓度反演方法. 该方法是将非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术的光学增强腔等效成吸收光程不随波长变化的多次反射池, 首先根据测得的宽带腔增强大气吸收谱和参考谱计算出光学厚度, 并应用差分光学吸收光谱算法拟合修正后的气体吸收截面到光学厚度, 反演得到大气中O₂-O₂以及被测气体的柱浓度, 然后根据O₂-O₂在大气中的含量已知且相对稳定这一特性, 确定出等效多次反射池的吸收光程, 最后从被测气体的柱浓度中扣除吸收光程信息得到被测气体的浓度值. 以监测大气中NO₂实验为例, 应用该方法在454-487 nm波段反演得到了大气NO₂的浓度(1-30 ppbv范围内), 并将反演结果与传统浓度反演方法的结果进行了对比, 发现两者的不一致性在7%以内. 实验结果表明, 非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术可以利用大气O₂-O₂的吸收来定量其他被测气体的浓度, 而且定量结果对镜片反射率的标定误差不敏感.     

宽带腔增强吸收光谱法测量大气NO2定标方法研究

非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱法定量探测大气痕量气体浓度需要准确定标。以定量探测大气NO₂为目的，建立了基于蓝色发光二极管光源的非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱测量系统，研究了(1)仅使用浓度已知的NO₂吸收光谱、(2)同时使用浓度已知的NO₂和纯氧气中氧气二聚体O₂-O₂吸收光谱、(3)利用纯氮气和纯氦气的瑞利散射消光差异等三种方法，分别获取非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱在430～490 nm波段的镜片反射率定标曲线。三种方法得到的镜片反射率最大值对应波长均约为460 nm，但这些最大值存在一定差异，分别为0.999 25，0.999 33和0.999 37。利用NO₂样气吸收测量对比了三种定标方法，发现方法(1)与另外两种方法的测量结果不一致性分别约为14%和19%，而后两种方法所测结果的不一致性仅为4%。测量结果表明，NO₂标准气体浓度的不准确性以及壁损耗等因素恶化了方法(1)的定标精度，应尽量避免使用该定标方法。通过对实际大气中NO₂和O₂-O₂在440～485 nm波段内的同时测量，进一步验证了非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱法的高灵敏度以及所用标定方法的有效性。     

腔增强吸收光谱技术中镜片反射率的标定

为确定光学腔内高反射率镜片的反射率随波长的变化,分别采用不同气体瑞利散射的差异性和已知浓度的吸收气体对同一对高反射率镜片的反射率随波长变化曲线进行标定.结果表明:高反射率镜片在359~380nm光谱区间内反射率曲线为0.99962~0.99990,两种方法标定结果的相关系数达到0.998,具有较高的一致性.用腔增强吸收光谱实验装置与商用氮氧化物分析仪同时对实际大气NO2进行测量,验证了镜片反射率标定的准确性.     

基于光纤耦合长光程LED-DOAS技术的大气NO_2测量研究

大气中NO2的含量在10-9量级。研究了一种以发光二极管(LED)为光源的光纤耦合长光程差分吸收光谱(DOAS)系统,用于测量大气NO2。对比了四种不同类型和波段的蓝光LED,确定以中心波长451nm的CREE宝蓝LED为测量光源。在0.8km的测量光程、2min的测量时间分辨率的情况下,在445nm~465nm光谱反演波段内得到NO2的探测限为3.36×10-9。利用系统对大气NO2的浓度进行了一整天的连续观测,通过对吸收光谱的分析计算,反演出的大气NO2浓度在(7~31)×10-9之间变化。测量结果表明,将光纤耦合技术与LED光源的长光程DOAS系统相结合后,可实现大气NO2的高灵敏、高时间分辨率探测。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.