傍轴光束在单轴左手介质中传输的矢量性质

研究了沿光轴入射的傍轴光束在单轴左手介质中传输的矢量性质.通过平面角谱的方法得到了横电(TE)波和横磁(TM)波在单轴左手介质中传输的严格解，并得到了傍轴近似下的矢量传输模型.利用这一模型，分析得到垂直于光轴方向不同偏振态的入射光束在单轴左手介质中同时激发横向场和低阶纵向场.如果单轴左手介质的介电常数张量在沿垂直于光轴方向上的元素不相等，同时磁导率张量在沿垂直于光轴方向上的两元素也不相等(即z方向为光轴方向，_x≠_y,μ_x≠μ_y),那么入射光束激发的横向场的分布与入射光束的初始场分布和偏振态有关，而纵向场的分布与入射光束的偏振态无关，只决定于入射光束的初始场分布. 关键词： 傍轴传输 单轴左手介质 矢量效应     

多焦距多通道全息光学元件

本文介绍了由不同焦距与不同衍射方向的全息透镜组合而成的一种新型全息元件。这种元件中的每个透镜具有相同的物方光轴和不同的象方光轴。它可以把物方空间沿光轴方向上的不同物距上的物面分别成像在对应的通道上,从而把一个三维物场变为多个二维像进行显示。文中给出了应用此元件对三线粒子场进行检测的初步结果。     

时域有限差分法利用聚焦光脉冲模拟介质球微粒所受单频光阱力

用三维时域有限差分法对光镊装置中介质球微粒所受光阱力情况进行模拟。根据Richards-Wolf矢量场衍射积分公式对消球差会聚透镜像空间中电磁场分布的表示,在总场空间中实现了对聚焦光脉冲的模拟。聚焦光脉冲与介质球微粒的相互作用,通过离散傅里叶变换提取出单频成分,利用计算光阱力的麦克斯韦应力张量公式,计算单频激光对介质球的光阱力。聚焦光脉冲的引入可以使一次计算得到多个频率下的计算结果。对相同的聚焦装置下介质球受不同频率入射光的光阱力情况进行了计算。计算结果表明使用线偏振光作光源时,大数值孔径聚焦透镜和短入射波长有利于介质球的横向操纵;沿光轴方向对介质球进行纵向操纵,需要大数值孔径的物镜和与之相适应的入射波长。     

六角孔的夫琅禾费衍射场的实验演示

采用一维光栅叠加和傅里叶变换对二维矩形光栅构成的矩孔衍射屏进行了分析计算,给出了衍射场光强分布的解析解和数值模拟结果.将内部具有3个不同取向的光栅的六角孔衍射屏看作是由3个不同方向一维光栅的叠加,对构造出的衍射屏进行快速傅里叶变换,得到该衍射屏的夫琅禾费衍射场分布.结果表明,单个六角孔的衍射场仅在衍射场中心处有一亮斑,衍射光强在3个受限方向有展开,演示观察效果不明显;内部具有光栅结构的六角孔的衍射场能明显地反映出六角孔的形状和衍射光强在3个受限方向的展开,演示效果明显.     

双折射晶体入射、折射光电场矢量的琼斯描述及界面处菲涅耳方程的修正

为了用琼斯矢量更明确地表示双折射晶体入射光和折射光的偏振状态,利用波法线椭球和物质方程,将入射光和折射光的电场矢量均视为由o振动和e振动两个方向的分量叠加而成,并将之投影到垂直于和平行于入射面的两个方向上。其中,入射光和折射光电场分量之间的关系用菲涅耳方程中的透射系数表示。考虑到e光电场矢量与电位移矢量的差别,对菲涅耳方程进行了一定的修正以满足e光的边界条件。最终给出了入射光和折射光电场矢量的琼斯矢量形式。并通过具体的数值计算说明,菲涅耳方程修正前后e光的透射系数有一定的差别,且e光的电场矢量和电位移矢量之间的分裂不可忽略。     

高阶邦加球上柱矢量光束的变换

本文从理论和实验上系统研究了利用半波片实现高阶邦加球上柱矢量光束变换的方法.通过琼斯矩阵的方法理论分析得出变换前后柱矢量光束在高阶邦加球上两个对应点的纬度相反,经度随半波片的光轴方向角的不同而改变.最后,基于空间光调制器搭建了一套柱矢量光束产生及其变换系统,实验结果证明了这种方法的可行性.     

非傍轴近似条件下透镜的出射光场分布

本文先是利用光线追迹给出了不考虑傍轴近似时轴上点物发射的光线在经透镜折射后最终出射之光线的方程.之后由此方程出发,利用几何画板绘制出了上述情形下透镜像方空间中的出射光场分布图,并对之进行了分析.结果表明,当透镜为凸透镜时,像方空间中起初的一段范围内出射光场的能量主要集中在以一条特殊形状的曲线为母线、以光轴为轴线的旋转曲面所围成的区域中,区域内外有清晰的分界.超出此范围之后,该分界不再清晰,并且会随着到透镜距离的增加而越来越模糊.而在垂直于光轴的各横截面内,随着到透镜距离的增加,出射光场分布先后呈现三种不同的特点.当透镜是凹透镜时,像方出射光场中不存在光强显著超过它处的区域,各横截面内的光能都较为分散.     

紧聚焦角向偏振分数阶涡旋光诱导磁化场特性

基于理查德-沃尔夫矢量衍射理论和逆法拉第效应, 首次推导出紧聚焦角向偏振分数阶涡旋光诱导磁化场表达式, 分析出角向偏振分数阶涡旋光诱导磁化场可近似等效为有限个相邻整数阶涡旋角向偏振光诱导磁化场与其交叉诱导磁化场的加权叠加. 数值模拟了紧聚焦条件下不同分数阶涡旋角向偏振光诱导磁化场的分布特性. 模拟结果表明角向偏振分数阶涡旋光诱导磁化场呈非对称分布. 当取分数阶涡旋拓扑荷α∈ [0.5, 1.5]时, 随着涡旋拓扑荷的增加, 磁化场横向平面分布出现分裂现象, 同时还引起磁斑垂直于光轴方向的自移效应. 当α = 0.5 或 1.5 时, 磁斑中心最大偏移量达0.24λ; 当分数阶涡旋拓扑荷α∈ (2, 3]时, 磁化场横向平面分布分裂出 2 个强度热点, 强度分布环径逐渐变大. 当分数阶涡旋拓扑荷趋于α = 3整数时, 磁化横向平面分布也趋于圆对称性分布. 特别有趣的是, 当分数阶涡旋拓扑荷取半整数, 尤其大于 3 时, 磁化场强度热点数与其包围的暗点数均与涡旋阶数存在正相关关系, 其中热点数为α - 0.5, 暗点数为α - 1.5. 这些研究结果将可应用于全光磁记录和磁性粒子的捕获与操控等.     

重建彩色数字全息图时不同色光物光场的准确重叠研究

将数字全息检测物体表面视为散射面,球面波为参考波,使用角谱重建算法对不同波长照明情况下物平面光波场重建位置进行研究.结果表明,不考虑图像的物理意义时,衍射的一次傅里叶变换重建像中心与物光场频谱的中心相对应,以一次傅里叶变换重建像为参考,可以较好地确定物光场频谱位置,按照可变放大率的角谱重建算法实现不同色光重建场的准确重叠.     

重建彩色数字全息图时不同色光物光场的准确重叠研究

将数字全息检测物体表面视为散射面,球面波为参考波,使用角谱重建算法对不同波长照明情况下物平面光波场重建位置进行研究.结果表明,不考虑图像的物理意义时,衍射的一次傅里叶变换重建像中心与物光场频谱的中心相对应,以一次傅里叶变换重建像为参考,可以较好地确定物光场频谱位置,按照可变放大率的角谱重建算法实现不同色光重建场的准确重叠.     

用布儒斯特角法同时测定单轴晶体的折射率和光轴方向

在理论上分析了光轴任意方向的单轴晶体的折射率．根据布儒斯特角原理,当线偏振光的电场矢量平行于入射面时,通过测出对样品三个表面的布儒斯特角,就能同时确定单轴晶体的折射率和光轴方向．并利用分光计,在光轴不确定的情况下,测定了方解石的两个主折射率和光轴方向．     

Scattering forces and electromagnetic momentum density in crossed circularly polarized standing waves

We analyze the forces on a small dipolar particle and the electromagnetic momentum density in a configuration consisting in two perpendicular circularly polarized stationary waves. The field distribution shows regions in which the electric and magnetic fields are parallel corresponding to a null Poynting vector. Although the average value of the momentum density, proportional to the Poynting vector, is zero in these regions, there are scattering forces acting on small particles due to light's spin force. The total scattering force suggests a new definition of the average value of the momentum density for free propagating electromagnetic fields.     

Scattering forces and electromagnetic momentum density in crossed circularly polarized standing waves

We analyze the forces on a small dipolar particle and the electromagnetic momentum density in a configuration consisting in two perpendicular circularly polarized stationary waves. The field distribution shows regions in which the electric and magnetic fields are parallel corresponding to a null Poynting vector. Although the average value of the momentum density, proportional to the Poynting vector, is zero in these regions, there are scattering forces acting on small particles due to light's spin force. The total scattering force suggests a new definition of the average value of the momentum density for free propagating electromagnetic fields.     

Vectorial Structure of Non-Paraxial Linearly Polarized Gaussian Beam in Far Field

According to the vectorial structure of non-paraxial electromagnetic beams and the method of stationary phase, the analytical TE and TM terms of non-paraxial linearly polarized Caussian beam are presented in the far field. The influence of linearly polarized angle on the relative energy flux distributions of the whole beam and its TE and TM terms is studied. The beam spot of the TE term is perpendicular to the direction of linearly polarized angle, while that of the TM term coincides with the direction of linearly polarized angle. The whole beam spot is elliptical, and the long axis is located at the direction of linearly polarized angle. The relative energy flux distribution of the TE term is relatively centralized in the direction perpendicular to the linearly polarized angle. While that of the TM term is relatively centralized in the direction of linearly polarized angle. To obtain the isolated TM and TE terms, a polarizer should be put at the long and the short axis of the whole beam spot, respectively.     

Double pulse quasi-collinear high harmonic generation scheme as a tool for X-ray laser plasma gain probing

We calculate the field distribution based on the vector diffraction theory for a superposition of spirally phase shifted radially polarized beams. Twisted longitudinally polarized field is found in the focal region. The total intensity as well as the polarization components rotates around the beam axis near the focus. Calculation of the Poynting vector at the focal plane shows that the electromagnetic energy is redistributed between different polarization components. Nonzero value of transverse components of the Poynting vector implies the transverse flow of the energy in the focal region.     

Zur Reflexion und Transmission elektromagnetischer Wellen bei senkrechtem Einfall auf ebene Grenzflächen zwischen unterschiedlich absorbierenden Medien

On Reflection and Transmission of Electromagnetic Waves Propagating Perpendicular to Plane Surfaces between Different Absorbing Media Born and Ladenburg already in 1911 pointed out that to describe reflection and transmission of electromagnetic waves through a plane surface between two different absorbing media in addition to the usual Poynting vectors of the running waves the so called “mixed” Poynting vector is necessary to maintain the balance of energy on the boundary plane. The flow of energy connected with this vector always points toward the region of maximal wastage of this energy and is closely related to the spatial modulation of the energy consumption within the partially standing interference pattern between the incoming and the reflected wave. In almost all substances the energy absorption is caused by the electric field whereas practically a direct contribution from the magnetic field can be neglected. But taking account of these magnetic effects we may get a better understanding of the mixed Poynting vector. To that end we add to the second of the Maxwell equations a quantity analogous to the electric current term in the first Maxwell equation. The amplitude of the “mixed” Poynting vector then turns out to depend essentially on the ratio of the energy absorption by the electric and the magnetic field. To confirm this fact we consider a medium, which shows in addition to the usual electric losses also magnetic ones of comparable magnitudes. In such materials the resultant energy consumption is distributed more similar to the spatial distribution of the fieldenergy. As a result the amplitude of the mixed Poynting vector disappears if the percentage of energy absorption by the electric and the magnetic field and their energy densities themselves are made equal to each other.     

三环非均匀混合偏振同轴矢量光束的聚焦特性

基于Richards-Wolf矢量衍射积分公式,数值分析了同轴三环非均匀混合偏振矢量光束经过高数值孔径透镜的聚焦特性。该矢量光束由同轴三环局域线偏振矢量光束通过一个相位延迟角为δ的液晶相位延迟器产生,光束偏振变为包含线偏振、圆偏振和椭圆偏振的混合态。同轴三环局域线偏振矢量光束的偏振分布是由径向向内偏振的外环光束、径向向外偏振的内环光束和线偏振方向与径向方向夹角为φ2的中环光束构成。数值模拟结果显示该混合偏振矢量光束的聚焦强度分布与参数φ2和相位延迟角δ密切相关,当选取适当的φ2和δ时,在焦平面附近产生沿光轴方向的三维多点光俘获结构——暗光链,这在光学微操纵领域具有潜在的应用价值。     

Transmission of electric dipole radiation through an interface

We consider the transmission of electric dipole radiation through an interface between two dielectrics, for the case of a vertical dipole. Energy flows along the field lines of the Poynting vector, and in the optical near field these field lines are curves (as opposed to optical rays). When the radiation passes through the interface into a thicker medium, the field lines bend to the normal (as rays do), but the transmission angle is not related to the angle of incidence. The redirection of the radiation at the interface is determined by the angle dependence of the transmission coefficient. This near-field redistribution is responsible for the far-field angular power pattern. When the transmission medium is thinner than the embedding medium of the dipole, some energy flows back and forth through the interface in an oscillating fashion. In each area where field lines dip below the interface, an optical vortex appears just above the interface. The centers of these vortices are concentric singular circles around the dipole axis.     

Vectorial structure of far field of cylindrically polarized beams diffracted at a circular aperture

Based on the vector angular spectrum representation and the method of stationary phase, the analytical vectorial structure of the cylindrically polarized Laguerre-Gaussian beam diffracted at a circular aperture is derived in the far field, which provides an approach to further comprehend the vectorial properties of the apertured cylindrically polarized beams. The radially polarized, azimuthally polarized, and unapertured cases can be viewed as the special cases of our general result. The analyses show that the far-field energy flux distributions of the entire beam, the TE term, and the TM term depend on the beam order, the ratio of the waist width to the wavelength, the truncation parameter, and the angle between the electric field vector and the radial direction.     

用时阈有限差分方法研究光纤微探针近场分布特性

采用三维时间域有限差分（FDTD）方法研究了扫描近场光学显微镜中光纤微探针的近场分布特性,研究结果表明,锥形裸光纤探针的近场光中,以从探针锥变区侧面泄露的光即传播场为主,当在探针的侧面镀上一层金属膜对于从侧面泄露的光具有较好屏蔽效果,因而比裸光纤探针具有更好的空间束缚能力,无论是裸光纤探针还是金属膜探针,入射偏振光从针尖出射手发生了退极化现象,近场分布中产生与入射光偏振方向垂直的其它两个电场分量,而且金属膜探针的退极化分量对近场分布的影响比裸探针显著得多,如果在近场成像中接收退极化分量而不是总场则可以提高近场成像的对比度,还详细地分析了微探针的近场分布特征与退极化之间的关系。