强度依存耦合J-C模型中光场强度对原子共振荧光的影响

本文应用量子电动力学理论,研究了强度依存耦合的二能级原子与单模光场相互作用系统中,光场强度对原子共振荧光的影响.证明了系统的共振荧光仍有三峰带结构,光场强度的增加,将使三峰带结构更加明显,但当光场强度很大,使得本征谱分裂值等于一个激光光子能量时,三峰带结构变为双峰带结构,而且边峰带由单光子跃迁变为双光子跃迁.     

Light interference and the absence of definite values of measured quantities a priori

The peculiarities of the behavior of photons in various experimental situations are considered. Variants of double-beam interference of a single photon and the possibility of forming a standing wave by this photon are analyzed; three-beam interference is also discussed. The effects observed in this case prove the absence of particular values of the measured quantities up to the moment of measurement; in the latter case, the number of photons in the field does not a priori have a certain value, in spite of the fact that the system is in the energy state. An experiment is also considered that proves the absence of a certain phase and the phase difference of photons in the Fock state, which makes it possible to treat different types of theories of hidden parameters, including nonlocal ones, more critically.     

A stochastic posterior Schrödinger equation for counting nondemolition measurement

A stochastic model of the continuous counting nondemolition measurement of photons emitted by an excited atom in a quantum electromagnetic field is given. It is proved that the posterior dynamics of such an atom is described by a new nonlinear stochastic wave equation showing the relaxation of the atom to its ground state due to the photon emission.     

Quantum Teleportation and Resonance Information Transfer from One Atom to Another at Arbitrary Interatomic Distances

The feasibility of resonance transfer of quantum information from one double-level atom to another that is at an arbitrary distance from the former one has been proved. Symmetric and antisymmetric combinations of the wave functions of individual atoms are considered. When taking into account the interatomic dipole–dipole interaction, a certain energy corresponds to each wave function. A solution has been found to a system of equations for the amplitudes of the probability that a resonance photon will be absorbed by one of the system atoms, and it has been shown that the interaction of the system with actual photons has the result that the wave function of the final state of the system can be represented as a linear combination of the functions < 00|, < 0n|, and < n0| corresponding to the ground and excited states of individual atoms. The amplitude of the probability of each of these states depends on the interatomic distance and on the parameters of the action of actual photons on atoms. Three types of solution to the system of equations have been investigated for the resonance and nonresonance absorption of photons and different interatomic distances. It has been shown that when atoms are at an infinite distance from one another, so that there is no dipole–dipole interaction of atoms, quantum information can be transferred from one atom to another with a characteristic time considerably shorter than the time it takes for a photon to cover the interatomic distance. This effect is referred to as the effect of quantum teleportation in a system of resonance atoms.     

The gravitational field of photons

The gravitational field of a photon on an infinite straight path is a single sheet of plane-fronted gravitational wave accompanying the photon and perpendicular to its track. This field cannot arise from a retarded potential generated by the photon, and I suggest that it arises in the process of emission. The near-field depends on the energy of the photon, but the far-field does not. The field of a steady beam of photons is compared with that of a static material rod, and the differences discussed.     

Quantum effect in a generalized N-atom Dicke model

We have studied the geometric phase and the sub-Poissonian photon distribution of a generalized N two-level atoms Dicke model in the thermo-dynamical limit and the off-resonant coupling case. It is found that the geometric phase in the ground state is relative to the atom number, the coupling strength between the atom and the light field, the frequency of the electromagnetic wave and the energy difference between two levels of the atom. The photons may exhibit the sub-Poissonian distribution in the ground state.     

Spectroscopy of He–Ne afterglow plasma

Implementation of promising control schemes for the intensity and position of X-ray-laser beams with a photon energy up to several tens of kiloelectronvolts requires knowledge of the angular dependence of cross sections for photoionization of noble gas atoms by hard photons. Estimates of quadrupole corrections to the cross section for photoionization of a Kr atom by X-ray photons with an energy of about 25 keV are reported in this paper. An analytic expression for the cross section of the process is parameterized in a compact form convenient for analyzing angular distributions with an arbitrary polarization of a photon beam.     

Parity states in the one-atom maser

An experiment to determine the parity of the photon field of one privileged mode in a high-Q resonator is proposed. Even parity indicates that the photon number equals zero, two, four or any other even integer; likewise, odd parity states are mixtures of states with any odd number of photons. The parity measurement can be performed while the resonator is pumped as in standard one-atom maser operation. The time dependence of the parity expectation value is studied theoretically, and we suggest its experimental verification, which would serve as a test of the standard models describing both the relaxation of the cavity field toward thermal equilibrium and the pumping process. The connection between parity expectation values and Wigner's phase space function is recalled; the central value of the Wigner function equals twice the mean parity and it is, therefore, a measurable quantity.     

Rayleigh Scattering at Atoms with Dynamical Nuclei

Scattering of photons at an atom with a dynamical nucleus is studied on the subspace of states of the system with a total energy below the threshold for ionization of the atom (Rayleigh scattering). The kinematics of the electron and the nucleus is chosen to be non-relativistic, and their spins are neglected. In a simplified model of a hydrogen atom or a one-electron ion interacting with the quantized radiation field in which the helicity of photons is neglected and the interactions between photons and the electron and nucleus are turned off at very high photon energies and at photon energies below an arbitrarily small, but fixed energy (infrared cutoff), asymptotic completeness of Rayleigh scattering is established rigorously. On the way towards proving this result, it is shown that, after coupling the electron and the nucleus to the photons, the atom still has a stable ground state, provided its center of mass velocity is smaller than the velocity of light; but its excited states are turned into resonances. The proof of asymptotic completeness then follows from extensions of a positive commutator method and of propagation estimates for the atom and the photons developed in previous papers. The methods developed in this paper can be extended to more realistic models. It is, however, not known, at present, how to remove the infrared cutoff. Activities supported, in part, by a grant from the Swiss National Foundation. Work partially supported by U.S. National Science Foundation grant DMS 01-00160. Supported by a NSF postdoctoral fellowship.     

Polarization fields in the positronium atom undergoing emission or absorption of optical photons

This paper solves the problem of the interaction of an electron and positron via the field of soft and hard photons with emission or absorption of a real photon. The interaction is interpreted as a third-order QED effect in the coordinate representation. The role of intermediate states with positive and negative frequencies is studied. A general expression is derived for the matrix elements of the operator of the effective electron-positron interaction energy for different types of quantum transitions. The expression makes it possible to calculate the probabilities of the corresponding transitions in the nonrelativistic approximation. Electric dipole transitions in the positronium atom accompanied by emission (absorption) of an optical photon are investigated. Two-particle wave functions of the positronium atom are used to introduce the concept of polarization fields inside the positronium atom. It is found that the polarization fields depend on the coordinates and time and on the choice of the pair of states between which a quantum transition with emission or absorption of a photon takes place. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 113, 471–488 (February 1998)     

一种生成质量最优路径纠缠微波信号的压缩参量选择方法

介绍了路径纠缠微波及其生成原理,将生成信号以量子力学算符的形式表示,并在光子数态表象下展开,定性地给出了生成信号与压缩参量之间的关系.提出了一种路径纠缠微波信号质量评价方法,即通过信号中纠缠微波光子总数的期望值表征信号的纠缠度,间接实现对信号质量的评价.基于这种信号质量评价方法,提出了一种生成质量最优路径纠缠微波信号的压缩参量选取方法:在近似确定有效纠缠微波光子数的前提下,找出生成不同微波光子数纠缠概率最大时的一组压缩参量值,进而得出各个压缩参量值所对应的一组纠缠微波光子总数的期望值,其中的最大值对应的压缩参量值即为生成质量最优信号所要选择的压缩参量值.通过理论分析,发现路径纠缠微波信号质量由压缩参量决定,且只与压缩幅有关,而与压缩角无关.仿真实验结果表明,在纠缠微波光子数的最大有效值取为"26"时,纠缠微波光子总数期望值的最大值对应的压缩幅值为1.77,即压缩幅取此值时所得到的路径纠缠微波信号质量最佳,仿真结果表明该方法是有效的.本文的研究为路径纠缠微波在实验研究和实际应用中如何生成高质量信号的问题提供了思路.     

多光子非线性Compton散射的能量转换

研究了多光子非线性Compton散射中电子与光子的能量转换及其转换效率.结果表明:散射光子频率随电子吸收光子数n的增大而增大,随碰撞非弹性成分ξ的增大而迅速减小.在超强激光场中,当极端相对论性电子与光子发生多光子非线性Compton散射且被光场俘获时,能量转换效率趋于无限大,即电子可以从超强激光场中获得巨大的加速能量.用高速电子束入射并与光子发生多光子非线性Compton散射,是提高非线性Compton散射能量转换效率的重要途径.     

高能核-核碰撞中直接光子各向异性的数值模拟研(英文)

通过计算给出了在LHC能区非对心核 核碰撞中由椭圆流ν₂ 表示的高横动量直接光子的方位角不对称性。该高横动量光子是由喷注与热密介质相互作用而辐射出来的。光子椭圆流与强子椭圆流ν₂ 相差π/2的相位, 是直接光子椭圆流中负值的来源。同时, 计算表明LHC能区直接光子ν₂随粒子横动量p_T的变化趋势与RHIC上的实验结果一致, 但LHC能区较RHIC能区有更低的直接光子流ν₂ 值, 且ν₂ 值由负到正对应的转换p_T值更高。这表明在LHC能区喷注淬火效应更为明显, 表面发射的直接光子对光子椭圆流的贡献份额增强。The azimuthal anisotropy of high p_T direct photons is investigated by using the coefficient of elliptic flow ν₂ in non-central nucleus-nucleus collision at LHC energies. These photons come from radiation induced by the interaction between jet and hot/dense medium. The azimuthal anisotropy of high p_T direct photons is investigated by using the coefficient of elliptic flow ν₂ in non-central nucleus-nucleus collision at LHC energies. These photons come There is π/2 difference between direct photons and hadrons for the azimuthal elliptic flow ν₂. Such photons are the main source of the negative part of ν₂ for direct photons. The dependence of the direct photon ν₂ on the transverse momentum p_T at LHC energy is found to be consistent with the experimental results at RHIC energy. Furthermore, we find that the value of the direct photon ν₂ at LHC energy is smaller than that at RHIC energy. The value of the transverse momentum at which the direct photon ν₂ changes from negative value to positive at LHC is higher than that at RHIC. It’sfound the enhanced jet quenching effect and enhanced contribution for the elliptic flow ν₂ of the direct photons emitted from surface at LHC energy.     

Spin correlations in a pair of atoms induced by spontaneous emission of photons

An analysis is presented of the state that arises after photons have been spontaneously emitted by a pair of spatially separated excited two-level atoms with spin-1/2 ground and excited states. Selection of possible decay scenarios conditioned on the helicities of the photons (even on the helicity of the one emitted first) makes it possible to reveal ground-state spin-projection correlations between atoms. The correlations are due to quantum interference between alternative scenarios (the atom that has emitted a particular photon cannot be identified). The correlations obtained by the chosen selection method are classical.     

Controlled generation of single photons from a strongly coupled atom-cavity system

We propose a new method for the generation of single photons. Our scheme will lead to the emission of one photon into a single mode of the radiation field in response to a trigger event. This photon is emitted from an atom strongly coupled to a high-finesse optical cavity, and the trigger is a classical light pulse. The device combines cavity-QED with an adiabatic transfer technique. We simulate this process numerically and show that it is possible to control the temporal behaviour of the photon emission probability by the shape and the detuning of the trigger pulse. An extension of the scheme with a reloading mechanism will allow one to emit a bit-stream of photons at a given rate. Received: 7 July 1999 / Revised version: 3 September 1999 / Published online: 20 October 1999     

Effect of the state of a quantized electromagnetic field on the interaction with an atom with allowance for the continuum

This paper studies the effect of a transition into the continuous spectrum on the “collapse” and “revival” of population oscillations in an atom. It is shown that at large values of the mean number of photons in a radiation field and in conditions of weak ionization the phenomena of collapse and revival can still be observed, but the amplitude of population oscillations decreases exponentially because of the damping of the level. The interaction of a quantized electromagnetic field with a Λ system of an atom when one state is continuous is examined. Expressions are derived for the probability of “survival” of the atom when the quantized field was initially in a state with a given number of photons and when it was in a coherent state. An approximate calculation of the sum in averaging over the photon number distribution in the case of a coherent field leads to expressions for the probabilities of survival of the atom that transform into expressions, as the mean number of photons tends to infinity, corresponding to the case of a field in the representation of a fixed number of photons. The possibility of a stable state existing in a coherent quantized field is examined. It is found that for a Λ system the condition for the existence of a stable state remains valid in the case of a coherent state of the field when the photon number is large. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 113, 1193–1205 (April 1998)     

The effect of center-of-mass motion on photon statistics

We analyze the photon statistics of a weakly driven cavity quantum electrodynamics system and discuss the effects of photon blockade and photon-induced tunneling by effectively utilizing instead of avoiding the center-of-mass motion of a two-level atom trapped in the cavity. With the resonant interaction between atom, photon and phonon, it is shown that the bunching and anti-bunching of photons can occur with properly driving frequency. Our study shows the influence of the imperfect cooling of atom on the blockade and provides an attempt to take advantage of the center-of-mass motion.     

The problem of two electrons in an external field and the method of integral equations in optics

This paper solves the problem of the interaction, via the field of virtual photon field with the emission or absorption of a real photon, of two atomic electrons located at arbitrary distances from one another. The interaction is interpreted as a third-order QED effect in the coordinate representation. The role of intermediate states with positive and negative frequencies is studied. A general expression is derived for the matrix elements of the operator of the effective electron-electron interaction energy for different types of quantum transitions. The expression makes it possible to calculate the probabilities of the corresponding transitions and to examine various patterns of induction of polarizing fields by one atom at the point occupied by the other atom. The exchange of virtual photons between the atoms located at arbitrary distances from one another is shown to lead to additional terms in the operators of spin-orbit and spin-spin coupling of the atomic electrons, over and above those in the corresponding Breit operators. It is shown that there is an important difference between the induction of polarizing fields and the transfer of optical photons. In particular, it is found that when polarizing fields are induced, a situation may arise in which the disappearance (production) of a photon takes place at the point occupied by one atom, while absorption (emission) of the same photon occurs at the place occupied by the other atom. A block diagram of an experimental device that could be used to study this property of polarizing fields is presented. Finally, a method of deriving integral field equations is proposed. The method is based on allowing for polarizing fields, and its effectiveness is demonstrated by the example of electric dipole and spin transitions in the spectrum of interacting atomic electrons. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 114, 1555–1577 (November 1998)     

Derivation of generalized quantum jump operators and comparison of the microscopic single photon detector models

The recent experiment of Parigi et al. [Science 317, 1890 (2007)] shows, in agreement with theory, that subtraction of one photon can increase the expectation value of the number of photons in the thermal state. This observation agrees with the standard photon counting model in which the quantum jump superoperator (QJS) gives a count rate proportional to the number of photons. An alternate model for indirect photon counting has been introduced by Dodonov et al. [Phys. Rev. A 72, 023816 (2005)]. In their model the count rate is proportional to the probability that there are photons in the cavity, and the cavity field is bidirectionally coupled with a two state quantum system which is unidirectionally coupled to a counting device. We give a consistent first principle derivation of the QJSs for the indirect photon counting scheme and establish the complete relations between the physical measurement setup and the QJSs. It is shown that the time-dependent probability for photoelectron emission event must include normalization of the conditional probability. This normalization was neglected in the previous derivation of the QJSs. We include the normalization and obtain the correct photoelectron emission rates and the correct QJSs and show in which coupling parameter regimes these QJSs are applicable. Our analytical results are compared with the exact numerical solution of the Lindblad equation of the system. The derived QJSs enable analysis of experimental photon count rates in a case where a one-to-one correspondence does not exist between the decay of photons and the detection events.     

Beams of electromagnetic radiation carrying angular momentum: The Riemann-Silberstein vector and the classical-quantum correspondence

All beams of electromagnetic radiation are made of photons. Therefore, it is important to find a precise relationship between the classical properties of the beam and the quantum characteristics of the photons that make a particular beam. It is shown that this relationship is best expressed in terms of the Riemann-Silberstein vector - a complex combination of the electric and magnetic field vectors - that plays the role of the photon wave function. The Whittaker representation of this vector in terms of a single complex function satisfying the wave equation greatly simplifies the analysis. Bessel beams, exact Laguerre-Gauss beams, and other related beams of electromagnetic radiation can be described in a unified fashion. The appropriate photon quantum numbers for these beams are identified. Special emphasis is put on the angular momentum of a single photon and its connection with the angular momentum of the beam.