端部松动对高温超导电缆导体交流损耗影响的定性分析（英文）

高温超导电缆由于其较低的交流损耗和高传输电流密度的特点,随着地下电缆容量的不断提升在人口密集城区具有潜在的应用前景.交流损耗是是高温超导电缆的一个重要参数,对其运行稳定性和运行成本具有重要影响.为了研究高温超导电缆的交流损耗,用YBCO涂层导体绕制了一根长1.5米的冷绝缘电缆导体,此电缆导体包括一层导体层,绝缘层,和一层屏蔽层.基于Bean临界态模型对电缆导体的交流损耗进行了分析并在工频77K条件下用电测法对交流损耗进行了测量.结果在计算值与试验结果之间有难以置信的差异.本文基于电缆导体两端的几何与机械结构对产生这种现象的原因进行了定性分析.     

10 kV 紧凑型三相同轴高温超导电缆交流损耗研究

根据10 kV 紧凑型三相同轴高温超导电缆参数, 在 COMSOL Multiphysics 有限元软件中建立电缆的二维仿真模型, 基于 H 方程求解了电缆在额定工况稳态运行时以及不同传输电流下的磁场分布和交流损耗; 在此基础上, 分析了绕制半径、 相间距离以及相间相对角度对交流损耗的影响. 仿真结果表明, 各相超导层绕制半径越小,相间距离越小, 各相产生的交流损耗越小; 三相的交流损耗有随着超导层结构周期性变化的特点, 且当相间相对角度为0°时, 各相产生的交流损耗最大.     

110 kV高温超导电缆屏蔽层交流损耗特性研究

基于H方程求解了110 kV/3 kA高温超导电缆在不同工况下运行时的磁场分布和交流损耗,在此基础上分析屏蔽层感应电流的变化情况,并探究导电层和屏蔽层采用组合超导带材的可行性。结果表明,随着传输电流的增大,屏蔽层感应电流发生了畸变,电缆总体的交流损耗显著增加。当导电层采用77 K下临界电流为210 A的超导带材时,电缆可显著降低大约48%的交流损耗。     

10kA超导直流输电电缆系统损耗特性研究

超导电力技术具有诸多优势和良好的应用前景,世界范围内已完成多个超导电力装置的研发和示范应用。一根360m/10kA高温超导直流输电电缆(10kA超导电缆)的研制已经完成并成功实现并网示范运行。文中介绍了10kA超导电缆主要结构参数,讨论了超导电缆损耗源,重点分析了10kA超导电缆终端、低温杜瓦管和通电导体的损耗情况,终端电流引线是超导电缆热损耗最主要来源。10kA稳态运行条件下的损耗测试情况表明,低温液氮闭合循环系统满足10kA超导电缆冷却要求,其自身低温损耗为1600W左右,与分析结论基本吻合。     

高温超导电缆测试平台的设计与实现北大核心

超导电缆与常规电缆在电磁特性上有很大的差异。因此,并网运行前需要对其各方面性能进行试验测试,确保能够在电网中安全稳定运行。文中介绍了基于LabVIEW的高温超导电缆性能测试平台的实现方法,主要完成超导电缆的交直流性能测试试验和交流损耗测量试验。     

高温超导电缆测试平台的设计与实现

超导电缆与常规电缆在电磁特性上有很大的差异。因此,并网运行前需要对其各方面性能进行试验测试,确保能够在电网中安全稳定运行。文中介绍了基于LabVIEW的高温超导电缆性能测试平台的实现方法,主要完成超导电缆的交直流性能测试试验和交流损耗测量试验。     

长距离室温绝缘超导直流电缆的热损耗分析

以中国科学院电工研究所研制的360m/10kA高温超导直流电缆为原型,分析了长距离应用场景下的室温绝缘高温超导直流电缆的杜瓦管道、电缆终端、通电导体和制冷工质等部位的热损耗特性并计算了其数值,讨论了长距离应用下对热损耗的特别考虑,给出所拟模型电缆的单位长度热损耗为1.3W/m,提出了将电缆本体和终端进行分别制冷的策略。分析计算结果是长距离应用室温绝缘高温超导直流电缆的热力学-流体力学特性分析、热负荷管理和低温制冷站配置工作的重要参考。     

不同排布和通流下高温超导电缆交流损耗研究

运用实验的方法,系统研究了在堆叠与并列两种排布方式下YBCO和Bi2223两种高温超导电缆关于电流方向的交流损耗特性,并进行了分析比较。研究表明,在堆叠的情况下,反向电流的交流损耗大于同向电流的交流损耗,两者保持一定的比列;并列的情况下,同向电流的交流损耗大于反向电流的交流损耗,且随着电流的增大,两者的差异在逐渐减小。在堆叠的情况下,YBCO同向电流的交流损耗和反向电流交流损耗的差异远大于Bi2223。     

具有多层结构的BSCCO电缆交流损耗测量研究

为了研究带有屏蔽层超导电缆的交流损耗,实验选取了5m BSCCO电缆作为样品,通过电测法评价其交流损耗,并将测量结果与热测法和数值分析法的结果进行对比讨论。此次热测法测量的是100m BSCCO电缆在75.6K和66.6K下的总交流损耗。理论研究中利用直线多边形模型和绕制圆柱形模型计算交流损耗。实验结果表明,热测法和电测法归一化的总交流损耗值是一致的。电测法测量出的总交流损耗和导体层交流损耗分别与对应的数值分析计算结果相吻合。其中绕制圆柱形模型的计算结果更接近电测法结果,说明带材的绕制结构比多边形结构对交流损耗的影响更为重要。     

带有屏蔽层的BSCCO电缆的交流损耗特性研究

为了研究在HTS电缆导体层和屏蔽层的交流损耗,我们准备了5米长22.9KV/50MVA的BSCCO HTS电缆,在导体层和屏蔽层都附上电压引线,并在几毫秒到几分钟内给导体层和屏蔽层通大小相等、方向相反的电流,以测试通电时间对于交流损耗的影响。实验表明,从屏蔽层引线上测出的交流损耗和通电时间无关,但从导体层引线上测量出的损耗值却很大程度依赖于通电时间,这是因为导体层周围很厚的绝缘层导致热传输很难到达周围的冷却剂。当通电周期变长时,导体层的温度升高,通过导体引线测出的交流损耗增加,尤其在通电若干周期后,导体层引线测出的损耗值比在屏蔽层引线测出的损耗值大1.5倍。     

在单一和连续等离子体放电条件下KSTAR PF线圈的运行特性分析

我们使用分析程序SAITOKSCPF研究了KSTAR PF 超导线圈的运行特性.为了控制KSTAR超导托卡马克的运行等离子的外形以便实现受控热核聚变反应,在超导PF线圈内通过高变化率的运行电流.由于电磁感应,在超导线圈、支持结构和低温容器内产生感应电流和损耗.超临界氦流过CICC导体内部保持超导体运行在4.2K的温度.分析表明最大的温度在PF1线圈内部.在这篇论文中,我们对于单一和连续条件下等离子体放电对超导体运行的影响进行了研究.     

AC loss of low temperature superconducting AC wire caused by longitudinal and azimuthal AC magnetic field components

We investigated the AC loss characteristics of a low temperature NbTi AC wire by measuring the AC transport current losses in the external AC magnetic field whose components are the longitudinal and transverse ones. The measurement results showed that the AC losses were significantly dependent on the directions and magnitudes of the external longitudinal field component. The AC losses caused by the longitudinal and azimuthal field components were estimated by our previously derived model. The theoretical results well explained the dependence of the AC losses on the longitudinal field components. It was also shown that the AC losses can be substantially reduced by the proper choice of the twisting way.     

AC losses in multifilamentary HTS-composite tapes based on BiPbSrCaCuO

Some results of AC loss measurements are presented for 19, 61, 127-filamentary Bi-2223/Ag tapes prepared by the ‘powder-in-tube' method. All measurements have been made at T=77 K under sinusoidal transport current with frequency in the range of 30–600 Hz and the current amplitude up to 30 A. The measurements have been carried out both in self field conditions and at the external magnetic field applied to the tape at the different angles. The dependencies of the AC losses on current amplitude and frequency have been obtained. It is found that for all tapes the current amplitude dependencies of the AC losses show good agreement with the Norris prediction for an elliptical or strip geometry. The AC loss dependencies on frequency were linear. The measurements of AC losses in external magnetic field show that the change of AC losses is only through the change of the critical current. So the transport AC losses in the tapes are the ‘saturation losses' that is they are different from classic hysteresis losses.     

AC losses in multifilamentary Bi(2223) tapes with an interfilamentary resistive carbonate barrier

For the most common AC application frequencies, the main component of the AC losses in multifilamentary Bi(2223) tapes are caused by hysteresis- and coupling losses. These losses can be reduced enhancing the matrix resistivity and applying a twist to the filaments. We report on the AC loss properties of 37-filament tapes with AgAu (8 wt.%) matrix, and novel 19-filament tapes with SrCO₃ barriers between the filaments. We performed transport AC loss and magnetic AC loss measurements in parallel and perpendicular magnetic fields. Both kinds of tapes were also prepared with filament twists below a twist pitch of 20 mm. The influence of the different tape modifications on the AC loss behaviour is presented and compared with theoretical models to understand the effect of the resistive matrix. In the case of magnetic AC loss measurements, reduced AC losses due to decoupled filaments were observed for the twisted tapes with a resistive matrix in low parallel fields.     

Numerical and theoretical evaluations of AC losses for single and infinite numbers of superconductor strips with direct and alternating transport currents in external AC magnetic field

AC losses in a superconductor strip are numerically evaluated by means of a finite element method formulated with a current vector potential. The expressions of AC losses in an infinite slab that corresponds to a simple model of infinitely stacked strips are also derived theoretically. It is assumed that the voltage-current characteristics of the superconductors are represented by Bean’s critical state model. The typical operation pattern of a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) coil with direct and alternating transport currents in an external AC magnetic field is taken into account as the electromagnetic environment for both the single strip and the infinite slab. By using the obtained results of AC losses, the influences of the transport currents on the total losses are discussed quantitatively.     

基于改进电测法的Bi-2223/Ag高温超导带的交流损耗研究

研究了B i-2223/Ag高温超导带材的交流传输损耗与频率及运行电流的关系。采用锁相放大器激励,内参考方式,首先对纯阻性相位进行定标的改良电测法,对带材的交流传输损耗进行测量。实验在温度77K,频率45-200Hz的范围内进行。实验结果显示:当运行电流幅值小于临界电流时,传输损耗与电流的关系式(P-In)中,指数n介于2-3之间,说明这时的损耗除来源于磁滞损耗外,涡流损耗的作用也不可忽略。鉴于电测法测得的交流损耗与Norris模型的理论计算值差别较大,分析了这种差别产生的原因,并与另一种B i系高温超导带的交流损耗情况进行了对比;此外还对实验误差的大小进行了理论估测。     

外场下机械振动对高温超导带材交流损耗的影响

高温超导带材在磁场中传输交变电流时,将受到电磁力的作用而产生机械振动,振动对带材的交流损耗将产生影响.本文讨论了振动情况下交流损耗的测量方法,在平行于带面的直流磁场下,测量了Bi-2223/Ag高温超导带材在不同振动情况下的交流损耗.结果显示:当传输电流频率偏离样品的共振频率时,振动对带材的交流损耗影响不大;只有当电流频率在共振频率附近时,样品产生剧烈振动,交流损耗才有明显的增加;另外,带材振动时的交流损耗随频率变化曲线的斜率比不振动时略有增加.     

Finite element analysis of AC loss in non-twisted Bi-2223 tape carrying AC transport current and/or exposed to DC or AC external magnetic field

AC losses in Bi-2223 superconducting tapes carrying AC transport current and/or exposed to DC or AC magnetic field are calculated with a numerical model based on the finite element method. Superconducting property is given by the E–J characteristic represented by a power law using equivalent conductivity. First, transport loss and magnetization loss are calculated numerically and compared with measured values. The calculated losses almost agree with the measured losses. Frequency dependencies of calculated and measured transport losses are compared with each other. Next, the influence of DC external magnetic field on the transport loss is studied. DC external magnetic field reduces n that is an exponent in the power law connecting resistivity and current density. The numerically calculated transport loss increases with increasing DC magnetic field. Finally, the total loss of superconducting tape carrying AC transport current in AC magnetic field is calculated. In the perpendicular magnetic field, the calculated total loss is lager than the sum of the transport loss and the magnetization loss, while they almost agree with each other in the parallel magnetic field.     

The frequency dependence of AC transport losses in stacked Bi—2223／Ag superconducting tapes

AC transport losses in a single superconducting tape, double-and triple-stacked Bi-2223/Ag superconducting tapes were measured by use of electrical method. The measurements were carried out at 77K with the frequency of AC transport currents ranging from 50 to 100Hz. The dependence of AC losses on frequency and the number of tapes in the stack were presented and analysed.     

高温超导YBCO线圈交流损耗的频率特性

YBCO线圈的交流损耗直接关系到YBCO设备的运行成本及稳定性。实现对YBCO线圈交流损耗的快速、准确测量,对于开展YBCO涂层导体的应用研究具有重要的意义。文中采用电测量法,在77K、零场和不同频率条件下,对YBCO线圈通以不同运行电流时产生的交流传输损耗进行测量。构建了YBCO线圈交流损耗的数值计算模型,对YBCO线圈交流损耗进行理论研究,最后将实验数据与理论计算结果进行比较,两者结果基本一致。可以发现,YBCO线圈在频率低于75Hz时,交流传输损耗随频率的增大而减小,当频率从75Hz增加到195Hz时,交流传输损耗随频率的增大而增加。