损伤度函数模型用于3种钢层裂的2维数值模拟

材料的动态损伤及断裂破坏是一个复杂的非线性过程，一直是冲击波物理领域的研究热点。文中将损伤度函数模型嵌入到二维动力有限元程序DEFEL中，并对3种钢（HR-2钢、2169钢及45钢）的平板撞击层裂实验进行数值模拟，在模拟中计及材料的屈服硬化效应和Bauschinger效应的影响，较好地再现了实测自由面的速度历史，同时给出了样品中的损伤分布及其发展。数值模拟发现，断裂面附近所受最大拉应力介于由声学近似解析计算的层裂强度和从三项式固体状态方程出发得出的断裂理论值之间，并对三者之间的差异作了分析，     

无钴合金钢的冲击响应实验研究

 利用一级轻气炮作为加载手段，研究了无钴合金钢在3~20 GPa压力区间的冲击响应特性。用激光干涉测速——VISAR记录了双波结构的自由面速度剖面，并利用常压下的弹性纵波速度近似替代低压冲击下的弹性先驱波速度，确定了无钴合金钢的Hugoniot关系。根据自由面速度反映的层裂信息，给出了无钴合金钢的Hugoniot弹性极限、层裂强度以及层裂片厚度等动态力学参数。     

冲击加载下20钢中弹性前驱波衰减与应力松弛行为实验研究

 通过改变样品厚度，对平面冲击加载下20钢的弹性前驱波的波幅衰减和应力松弛进行了实验研究。采用激光速度干涉测速仪（VISAR）实测了样品后自由面速度历史，采样频率达到1 ns，保证了实验结果的准确性。实验结果显示：Hugoniot弹性极限随着传播距离呈指数衰减，在所研究的样品厚度范围内，Hugoniot弹性极限减小了44%；应力松弛行为和弹性前驱波的上升沿时间也依赖于传播距离；冲击加载的强度对材料动态屈服行为的影响很小。     

损伤度函数模型用于3种钢层裂的二维数值模拟

 把损伤度函数模型嵌入到二维有限元程序DEFEL中，并对3种钢（HR-2钢、2169钢及45钢）的平板撞击层裂实验进行了数值模拟，在模拟中计及材料的屈服硬化效应和Bauschinger效应的影响，较好地再现了实测自由面的速度历史，同时给出了样品中的损伤分布及其发展。在数值模拟中发现，断裂面附近所受最大拉应力介于由声学近似解析计算的层裂强度和从三项式固体状态方程出发得出的断裂理论值之间，并对三者之间的差异作了分析，表明数值模拟结果是合理的。     

预加温条件下高强铝合金动态屈服及层裂行为的研究

采用一级轻气炮加载和电阻丝环向热传导加热方式,对两种典型的高强铝合金(2024-T4和7075-T6)进行了不同预加温度(范围为298~750K)下的层裂实验研究。基于自由面速度剖面的实测结果,获得了不同温度下两种铝合金材料的雨贡纽弹性极限和层裂强度,结果显示,两种铝合金的雨贡纽弹性极限和层裂强度均随温度的升高呈线性衰减。同时,采用内聚力模型对两种铝合金的预加温层裂实验进行了数值模拟研究,讨论了模型参数的物理含义及确定方法,计算得到的自由面速度剖面与实验结果的吻合性很好,表明内聚力模型适用于描述层裂过程中由损伤演化引起的能量耗散行为。     

AF-1410钢冲击响应研究

利用φ100的一级轻气炮作为加载手段，采取飞片对称碰撞法研究了AFI-410钢在冲击载荷下的动态响应。在实验中，用激光干涉测速仪(VISAR)测量样品自由面速度剖面，并用PZT陶瓷片测量弹性先驱波速度。由VISAR测量的自由面速度历史曲线如图1所示，图中Ⅰ～Ⅵ代表不同撞击速度下样品自由面速度历史图像。塑性冲击波速度与波后粒子速度关系为Cpl=4．45 1．477up(km/s)，拟合曲线如图2所示。同时，根据自由面速度历史反映的层裂信息，得到Hugoniot弹性屈服极限约在2．74GPa，层裂强度约4．67GPa。     

AF1410钢的层裂断裂特性研究

 利用一级轻气炮作为加载手段，对AF1410钢的层裂特性进行了研究，获得了AF1410钢的Hugoniot关系、塑性应变率、层裂强度以及层裂片厚度等动态力学参数。对回收的AF1410钢样品进行了断口分析和金相分析，从宏、微观角度分析了AF1410钢在不同应变率下的断裂特性。     

氦泡铝的层裂特性实验研究

含氦泡材料的动态断裂性能是多个研究领域关注的重点。采用平板冲击实验技术,对含有氦泡、硼等杂质的铝材料进行了层裂实验研究,由双光源混频系统分别测量了纯铝、掺硼铝以及两种氦浓度的含氦泡铝样品的自由面速度,对比分析了不同杂质影响下铝材料的层裂强度及其差异。实验显示:纯铝的层裂强度为1.28 GPa,引入硼杂质使铝的层裂强度显著降低,降低幅度接近50%;中子辐照掺硼铝引入氦泡后,对铝的层裂性能没有造成进一步影响,说明采用中子辐照掺硼铝方法制备含氦泡铝时,氦泡效应不显著,即氦泡对材料的动态断裂性能影响有限。此外,根据实验测量结果,简要讨论了硼和氦泡等对铝的Hugoniot弹性极限的影响。     

AD95陶瓷的层裂强度及冲击压缩损伤机理研究

采用激光位移干涉测试技术测量了AD95 陶瓷在一维应变冲击压缩下的自由面或样品/窗口界面粒子速度剖面, 确定了层裂强度及其与加载应力的变化关系, 在此基础上讨论了冲击压缩损伤程度与加载应力的关系. 研究结果表明: AD95陶瓷发生冲击压缩损伤的阈值应力约为3.7 GPa, 小于其雨贡纽弹性极限(HEL, 约5.47 GPa); 小于阈值应力不发生冲击压缩损伤, 层裂强度随加载应力的增加逐渐增大; 大于阈值应力冲击压缩损伤快速发展, 层裂强度迅速降低; 在HEL附近层裂强度降低到零, 丧失了抗拉能力, 表明材料发生了严重的冲击压缩损伤.     

材料预加热冲击压缩实验技术及高温下不锈钢的动态响应

 建立了用于轻气炮上冲击压缩实验的材料预加热系统及相关实验技术。介绍这一系统的原理、构造及操作。利用这一系统，在加载幅度8 GPa的恒定载荷下，得到了初始温度300～980 K范围内HR-2抗氢不锈钢的动态响应特性，包括层裂强度、Hugoniot弹性极限、卸载声速及它们随温度的变化规律。     

Strength and failure of LK7 borosilicate glass under shock compression

The Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL), the spall strength, the failure threshold, and the failure wave velocity in LK7 glass during shock compression are measured. The HEL estimated from the profiles of compression waves of various intensities is 7.1 ± 0.1 GPa. The spall strength exceeds 7 GPa during shock compression in the elastic range and remains high when passing through the HEL. Failure waves form in the stress range from 5.7 to 10.3 ± 0.5 GPa.     

Effect of a fullerene C60 addition on the strength properties of nanocrystalline copper and aluminum under shock-wave loading

The Hugoniot elastic limit and the spall strength of aluminum and copper samples pressed from a mixture of a metallic powder and 2–5 wt % C₆₀ fullerene powder are measured under a shock loading pressure up to 6 GPa and a strain rate of 10⁵ s^?1 by recording and analyzing full wave profiles using a VISAR laser interferometer. It is shown that a 5% C₆₀ fullerene addition to an initial aluminum sample leads to an increase in its Hugoniot elastic limit by an order of magnitude. Mixture copper samples with 2% fullerene also exhibit a multiple increase in the elastic limit as compared to commercial-grade copper. The elastic limits calculated from the wave profiles are 0.82–1.56 GPa for aluminum samples and 1.35–3.46 GPa for copper samples depending on the sample porosity. The spall strength of both aluminum and copper samples with fullerene additions decreases approximately threefold because of the effect of high-hardness fullerene particles, which serve as tensile stress concentrators in a material under dynamic fracture.     

Elastic-plastic deformation and fracture of shock-compressed single-crystal and polycrystalline copper near melting

The Hugoniot elastic limit, the yield strength, and the spall strength of polycrystalline M1 copper and single-crystal (110) and (111) copper are determined during shock compression up to 8 GPa in the temperature range 20–1080°C from an analysis of the free-surface velocity profiles recorded with VISAR laser velocimeter. The measurements show that all copper samples exhibit strong athermal hardening (increase in the Hugoniot elastic limit) near the melting temperature. Copper single crystals have a very low elastic limit in the temperature range up to 600°C, this limit increases sharply as the temperature increases to 1000°C, and it depends on the crystallographic orientation of a single crystal. The temperature dependence of the spall strength has a threshold character for all copper samples. Copper single crystals demonstrate higher resistance to spall fracture; however, near the melting temperature, the difference between the spall strengths of the copper single crystals and M1 copper becomes insignificant, 50% of the initial level.     

The Influence of the Cobalt Content on the Strength Properties of Tungsten Carbide Ceramics under Dynamic Loads

Based on the registration and analysis of the full wave profiles, the Hugoniot elastic limit and spall strength of ceramics based on tungsten carbide with different cobalt content are measured. We also study the influence of the cobalt content on the mechanical characteristics of tungsten carbide such as hardness, fracture strength, Young’s modulus, shear modulus, and sound velocity. It is shown that in the process of spalling, the failure stresses grow and the dynamic elastic limit decreases almost linearly within the scatter of their values with growing cobalt content; moreover, the value of the Hugoniot elastic limit is abruptly practically halved as the cobalt content grows from 0 to 2 wt %.     

Evolution of shock waves in SiC ceramic

The evolution of a shock compression wave in SiC ceramic is measured for determining the possible contribution of relaxation processes to the high-rate straining. No appreciable decay of the elastic precursor and other features of stress relaxation are revealed when the sample thickness changes from 0.5 to 8.3 mm, and the evolution of the compression wave corresponds to a simple wave. The measured values of the Hugoniot elastic limit (σ_HEL = 8.72 ± 0.17 GPa) and spall strength (σ_sp = 0.50–0.62 GPa) with allowance for the density of the ceramic are in conformity with the available data.     

Finely striped structure at the edges of localized deformation bands

Under conditions of high-rate loading, plastic strain localization is a result of tension in the zone of interference of unloading waves rather than of thermal softening. At stresses close to the dynamic strength of the material, the microstructure of localized strain bands consists of strongly deformed material, with a large number of incipient microdiscontinuities. At stresses below the Hugoniot elastic limit, the microstructure looks as a set of barely visible stripes. The finely striped structure at the edges of the bands of a spall damage arises as a result of the stretching of initially rounded damage centers attached to the matrix material during dynamic deformation.