超声空化状态对苯酚降解的影晌

给出不同空化状态下超声波降解苯酚溶液的实验结果,比较了相应的声压级频谱和合成声强。研究了苯酚溶液的浓度、二阶铁盐、超声辐照时间对苯酚降解率的影响,讨论了不同空化状态下的声压级频谱特征。     

铁掺杂A-TiO_2光催化降解对硝基苯酚的动力学研究

研究了以自制掺铁的锐钛矿型TiO2(即A-TiO2)光催化降解对硝基苯酚的动力学过程。结果表明:在可见光照射下,对硝基苯酚溶液为20mg·L-1、溶液调节为酸性(pH=2)、自制的掺铁0.1%(摩尔分数)A-TiO2的投入量1.0g·L-1、室温下搅拌下反应200min的条件下,对硝基苯酚的光催化降解的表观反应速率常数k(0.0050min-1)和降解率(64.52%)最大,拟合可见光下铁掺杂TiO2降解对硝基苯酚为一级反应。     

超声方法对于海藻酸钠的降解反应研究

用超声方法对海藻酸钠溶液进行了降解研究,研究了各种因素对降解效果的影响,得出了聚合物溶液特性粘度与降解时间的经验公式。     

超声波降解有机物溶液的气泡动力学研究

在超声波降解有机物溶液过程中,超声空化产生的高温高压以及空化泡振荡产生的激波在有机物溶液的降解中发挥重要作用.本文通过对超声波作用下气泡动力学的研究,讨论了超声波声压、频率、气泡初始半径等参量对有机物溶液降解效率的影响.研究发现.存在使降解效率极大的声压和频率.在空化稳定的情况下,存在一个使降解效率极大的气泡初始半径,降解效率随着黏滞系数的增大而减小.研究还发现,双频超声作用的空化效果比单频超声作用时强,与双频超声作用下有机物溶液降解率较大这一实验结果一致.     

Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5电极电催化降解苯胺和苯酚溶液的UV-Vis和HPLC研究

文章用UV-Vis光谱和高效液相色谱(HPLC)研究了苯酚和苯胺溶液在Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5电极上的电氧化降解过程.研究结果表明,对苯二酚、苯醌、马来酸是苯胺和苯酚降解的共同产物,因而苯酚和苯胺可能具有相同的降解途径.由于苯胺发生电聚合反应,导致氧化降解历程的差异.     

超声降解处理水体污染物的研究状况与发展

利用超声产生的空化效应来降解水体中的污染物,是近几年来国外研究者关注的热点领域之一。文章就超声在污染水体降解的原理、理论、降解效果以及主要的影响因素作扼要的综述介绍,对存在的问题和发展的趋势提出见解和看法。     

光助Fenton法降解水中间氨基苯酚的研究

采用光助Fenton氧化法处理间氨基苯酚模拟废水,考察了光强、Fenton试剂的用量、初始pH、反应时间对降解效果的影响,初步探讨了其降解动力学规律。结果表明:在不同光源下(闭光、高压汞灯照射以及较强太阳光照射),450W高压汞灯照射以及较强太阳光照射的条件均可以明显加快Fenton法催化氧化降解间氨基苯酚溶液的过程。选择1.5mL2.5g.L-1FeSO4.7H2O,1.0mL6%H2O2,初始pH=3.5,太阳光照射下降解间氨基苯酚效果较好,反应40min后降解率高达99%;降解过程符合准一级反应动力学方程。     

铝酸钠溶液的鲁米诺增强声致发光研究

用荧光光谱分析仪测定了在超声作用下的铝酸钠Luminol溶液的荧光光谱.并对不同超声功率、不同组成的铝酸钠溶液的声致荧光光谱进行了研究,发现在超声空化时,铝酸钠Luminol溶液可以产生声致荧光;在相同功率的超声波作用下,浓度较高,铝酸钠溶液中Na2O/Al2O3摩尔比较低的铝酸钠溶液的声致荧光强度较弱.同时讨论了声致荧光与超声强化铝酸钠溶液结晶过程的关系.     

腐植酸溶液的声化学降解研究

采用频率为1.8MHz的超声波在固定式声化学反应器内研究了声化学降解腐植酸的自由基氧化历程。通过采用TA溶液作为OH自由基捕获剂,吡啶溶液作HO2自由基捕获剂,以及KI溶液的I2释放法分别确定出实验条件下反应溶液中OH自由基的浓度为10^-7M,HO2自由基浓度为10^-5M及H2O2浓度为10^-5M。在此基础上研究了均相与多相催化条件下声化学降解腐植酸溶液的TOC削减情况。发现CeO2和Cu2O催化作用下腐植酸的降解效率分别较均相条件下提高40％和20％。并就反应机理和反应动力学过程进行了描述。     

多超声协同的溴化锂溶液空化气泡动力学特性

超声空化有助于强化盐溶液沸腾传热过程.为改善溴化锂水溶液在真空条件下的发生效率,提出了多超声协同强化吸收式制冷系统的溴化锂水溶液发生过程方法.构建了多超声协同的气泡动力学数学模型,探讨了不同因素对溶液空化特性的影响.通过搭建超声波强化发生器内溶液传热过程的试验台,对理论结果进行了可行性验证.研究结果表明:多超声协同相比单振子对真空发生器内溶液空化特性的影响,具有更明显的强化作用;频率为25 kHz,总超声功率为60 W时,双超声振子和单超声振子的系统发生率较无超声时分别提高了10.26％和5.69％,超声强化传热效率随着溶液浓度的增加而减弱.     

可压缩涡流场中空泡运动规律及声辐射特性研究

基于可压缩流体力学基本理论, 通过边界积分方程, 采用不同表面压力模型, 求解空泡在计及可压缩性的涡流场中的运动规律; 通过表面离散及坐标变换, 采用Kirchhoff动边界积分方程, 将空泡表面视为运动变形边界, 作为直接噪声源, 获得涡流场中空泡运动产生的时域声压分布; 分析了涡流场参数对空泡运动规律及声辐射特性的影响. 研究结果表明: 计及流场可压缩性, 空泡的脉动幅度会随时间减弱, 辐射声压幅值随之减小; 空泡在涡流场中会发生延展、 颈缩、 撕裂, 并在撕裂后子空泡中形成射流; 当流场中的压力减小时, 空泡运动过程中的最大半径与撕裂前的最大长度逐渐增加, 且当流场中压力较小时, 空泡撕裂时形成的子空泡增多; 空泡辐射声压的指向性较弱, 撕裂会使辐射声压产生突变, 形成极大峰值; 随着涡通量的增大或空泡数的减小, 空泡脉动周期及其诱导的辐射声压波动周期随之延长, 辐射声压峰值逐渐滞后并减小. 本文结果旨在为涡流场中空泡运动规律及声辐射特性的相关研究提供参考. 关键词： 可压缩 涡流场 空泡 声辐射     

Low frequency elastic properties of neutron-irradiated quartz. Comparison with glasses

Neutron-irradiated quartz is a promising model system to learn more about the low-energy excitations (tunneling states) in vitreous silica and in similar glasses. We present the first systematic study of the elastic properties of neutron-irradiated quartz at low frequencies and very low temperatures. Using the vibrating reed technique at frequencies of several kHz we have measured the sound velocity and internal friction of six quartz crystals irradiated with different neutron doses over a wide range of temperatures (7 mK-300 K). The results are analyzed using the tunneling model and several extensions of this theory. Comparisons are made with recent low-frequency measurements on normal and compacted vitreous silica and with ultrasound experiments on neutron-irradiated quartz. Received 23 October 1998     

Simultaneous extraction of phenolic compounds of citrus peel extracts: effect of ultrasound

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) has been widely applied in the extraction of a variety of biologically active compounds including phenolic compounds. However, there is an insufficiency of information on simultaneous extraction of these compounds in this area. In the present study, seven phenolic compounds of two families including cinnamic acids (caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, sinapic acid), and benzoic acids (protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic acid) from citrus (Citrus unshiuMarc) peels were evaluated by UAE. The effects of ultrasonic variables including extraction time, temperature, and ultrasonic power on the yields of seven phenolic acids was investigated. Results showed that the yields of phenolic compounds increased with both ultrasonic time and temperature increased, whereas the opposite occurred with increasing time at higher temperature to some certain. In the case of 40 degrees C, the decrease in the yields of some phenolic compounds was observed with increased time, whereas those of other compounds did not significantly declined. Ultrasonic power has a positive effect on the yields of phenolic acids under study. Among all ultrasound variables, temperature is the most sensitive on stability of phenolic compounds. Moreover, when phenolic compounds from citrus peel extracts were subjected to ultrasound process, the benzoic acids were more stable than the cinnamic acids. Meanwhile, the optimal ultrasound condition was different one compound from another. These were partly attributed to both the differently chemical structures of phenolic acids and the combination effects of ultrasonic variables.     

Combining pressurized liquids with ultrasound to improve the extraction of phenolic compounds from pomegranate peel (Punica granatum L.)

The combination of ultrasound and pressurized liquid extraction (UAPLE) was evaluated for the extraction of phenolic compounds from pomegranate peels (Punica granatum L.). The influence of several variables of the process on extraction yield, including solvent type (water, ethanol + water 30, 50 and 70% v:v), temperature (50–100 °C), ultrasound power (0–800 W at the generator, or 0–38.5 W at the tip of the probe), mean particle size (0.68 and 1.05 mm), and number of cycles (1–5), were analyzed according to the yield of 20 different phenolic compounds. The most suitable temperatures for the extraction of phenolic compounds using water were from 70 to 80 °C. In general, 100 °C was not adequate since the lowest extraction yields were observed. Results suggested that ultrasound had a greater impact on extraction yields using large particles and that intermediate ultrasound power (480–640 W at the generator, or 23.1–30.8 W at the tip of the probe) produced the best results. Using small particles (0.68 mm) or large particles (1.05 mm), extraction with ultrasound was 1 cycle faster. Ultrasound may have offset the negative effect of the use of large particles, however, did not increase the yield of phenolic compounds in any of the cases studied after five cycles. Additionally, the continuous clogging problems observed with small particles were avoided with the use of large particles, which combined with ultrasound allowed consistent operation with good intra and inter-day reproducibility (>95%). Using samples with large particle size, the best extraction conditions were achieved with water extraction solvent, 70 °C extraction temperature, ultrasound power at 480 W, and 3 cycles, yielding 61.72 ± 7.70 mg/g. UAPLE demonstrated to be a clean, efficient and a green alternative for the extraction of phenolic compounds from pomegranate peels. These findings indicate that UAPLE has a great potential to improve the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural products.     

Response of bubbles to diagnostic ultrasound: a unifying theoretical approach

The scattering of ultrasound from bubbles of m radius, such as used in contrast enhancers for ultrasound diagnostics, is studied. We show that sound scattering and “active” emission of sound from oscillating bubbles are not contradictory, but are just two different aspects derived from the same physics. Treating the bubble as a nonlinear oscillator, we arrive at general formulas for scattering and absorption cross-sections. We show that several well-known formulas are recovered in the linear limit of this ansatz. In the case of strongly nonlinear oscillations, however, the cross-sections can be larger than those for linear response by several orders of magnitude. The major part of the incident sound energy is then converted into emitted sound, unlike what happens in the linear case, where the absorption cross-sections exceed the scattering cross-sections. Received: 26 February 1998 / Revised: 13 March 1998 / Accepted: 15 March 1998     

二维声子晶体中简单旋转操作导致的拓扑相变

构建了一种简单的二维声子晶体:由两个横截面为三角形的钢柱所组成的复式元胞按三角点阵的形式排列在空气中,等效地形成了一个蜂巢点阵结构.当三角形钢柱的取向与三角点阵的高对称方向一致时,整个体系具有C_(6v)对称性.研究发现:在保持钢柱填充率不变的条件下,只需要将所有三角柱绕着自己的中心旋转180°,就可实现二重简并的p态和d态在布里渊区中心Γ点处的频率反转,且该能带反转过程实质上是一个拓扑相变过程.通过利用Γ点的P态和d态的空间旋转对称性,构造了一个赝时反演对称性,并在声学系统中实现了类似于电子系统中量子自旋霍尔效应的赝自旋态.随后通过k·p微扰法导出了Γ点附近的有效哈密顿量,并分别计算了拓扑平庸和非平庸系统的自旋陈数,揭示了能带反转和拓扑相变的内在联系.最后通过数值模拟演示了受到拓扑不变量保护的声波边界态的单向传输行为和对缺陷的背向散射抑制.文中所研究的声波体系,尽管材料普通常见,但其拓扑带隙的相对宽度超过21%,比已报道的类似体系的带隙都要宽,且工作原理涵盖从次声波到超声波的很大频率范围,从而在实际应用上具有较大的优势和潜力.     

Sound field structure produced by tone sources in the Kurile-Kamchatka region of the Pacific Ocean with a surface channel and wind waves

Results of the experimental studies of sound signal propagation in the continental wedge of the northwestern Pacific, near the eastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, are presented. The signals are produced by highly stable tone sources. The experiments are carried out in winter, in the presence of a strong surface sound channel and intense wind waves, at frequencies of 100, 230, and 400 Hz, on a 1000-km-long path. The signal transmission is performed by continuously towing the sound sources at a depth of 50±5 m with a speed of 4.5–5 knots, for 115 hours. The decay of the sound field level with distance is studied as a function of the sea state and the frequency. The results of the experiments, including the sound field decay along the path, are compared with the calculations for different sea states.     

Numerical simulation of the dependence of quantitative ultrasonic parameters on trabecular bone microarchitecture and elastic constants

Finite-difference numerical simulation of ultrasound propagation in complex media such as cancellous bone represents a fertile alternative to analytical approaches because it can manage the complex 3D bone structure by coupling the numerical computation with 3D numerical models of bone microarchitecture obtained from high-resolution imaging modalities. The objective of this work was to assess in silico the sensitivity of ultrasound parameters to controlled changes of microarchitecture and variation of elastic constants. The simulation software uses a finite-difference approach based on the Virieux numerical scheme. An incident plane wave was propagated through a volume of bone of approximately 5 x 5 x 8 mm(3). The volumes were reconstructed from high-resolution micro-computed tomography data. An iterative numerical scenario of "virtual osteoporosis" was implemented using a dedicated image processing algorithm in order to modify the initial 3D microstructures. Numerical computations of wave propagation were performed at each step of the process. The sensitivity to bone material properties was also tested by changing the elastic constants of bone tissue. Our results suggest that ultrasonic variables (slope of the frequency-dependent attenuation coefficient and speed of sound) are mostly influenced by bone volume fraction. However, material properties and structure also appear to play a role. The impact of modifications of the stiffness coefficients remained lower than the variability caused by structural variations. This study emphasizes the potential of numerical computations tools coupled to realistic 3D structures to elucidate the physical mechanisms of interaction between ultrasound and bone structure and to assess the sensitivity of ultrasound variables to different bone properties.