Tight focusing of circularly polarized beam over high NA lens axicon with a diffractive optical element

We propose to use diffractive optical element in combination with high NA lens axicon to achieve a high depth of focus when illuminated by a circularly polarized beam. With this kind of system, the focal depth is increased to 12.816λ and the magnetic spot size is reduced to 0.3764λ. However, in the conventional lens with same NA, the FWHM of the magnetic spot is found to be 0.4308λ and its corresponding magnetization depth is only 0.888λ. The author expects that such a high focal depth strong longitudinal magnetic field with large magnetization depth can be widely used in high density magneto optic recording, laser machining, laser cutting and the scanning near-field magnetic microscope.     

Tapered hollow waveguide for focusing infrared laser beams

A tapered hollow waveguide that can focus a laser beam into a small beam spot is proposed for medical and dental applications. We fabricated hollow tapered optics by using a traveling torch, and the shape was formed as a precise linear taper. For a hollow taper tip with input and output diameters of 700 and 200 microm, respectively, the insertion loss is as small as 0.7 dB in a 10 mm long taper. The hollow taper optic producing a 200 microm spot withstands input energy of 100 mJ. Because a focusing lens is unnecessary at the output end, the laser beam can be introduced into a deep and narrow spot with these tapered optics.     

Laser writing system for fabrication of diffractive optics elements

We report a laser writing system for fabrication of diffractive optical elements with He-Cd laser. The wavelength of the light source is 441.6 nm. The output beam is collimated into parallel light with uniform intensity distribution after passing through the spatial filter with a pinhole of 25μm and the collimating device. A microscopy objective lens with numerical aperture (NA) of 0.65 is used to focus the beam into a small diffraction spot. Any pattern can be written with this system. Experimental results are presented.The written gratings and the phase patterns were verified with a conventional optical microscopy and the Taylor Hobson equipment.     

Hyperboloid cylinder-plane lens for shaping laser diode array beam

A high coupling efficiency, simple structure refractive lens was designed; a hyperboloid cylinder-plane lens was proposed to reduce the divergence angle of the laser diode array beam in the fast axis direction. Based on the ray-tracing method, the shape of the input refractive surface of the designed lens is determined by numerical analysis, and designed as aspherical profile in one direction. When the beam from source point reaches the input surface of the lens, it is refracted and becomes a parallel output beam in the fast axis direction. The expressions for describing the irradiance behind the lens are also derived.     

Estimation of coupling efficiency of optical fiber by far-field method

Coupling efficiency to a single-mode optical fiber can be estimated with the field amplitudes at far-field of an incident beam and optical fiber mode. We call it the calculation by far-field method (FFM) in this paper. The coupling efficiency by FFM is formulated including effects of optical aberrations, vignetting of the incident beam, and misalignments of the optical fiber such as defocus, lateral displacements, and angle deviation in arrangement of the fiber. As the results, it is shown the coupling efficiency is proportional to the central intensity of the focused spot, i.e., Strehl intensity of a virtual beam determined by the incident beam and mode of the optical fiber. Using the FFM, a typical optics in which a laser beam is coupled to an optical fiber with a lens of finite numerical aperture (NA) is analyzed for several cases of amplitude distributions of the incident light.     

Using Pure-Phase Element Array to Generate Uniform Laser Focal Profiles

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Experimental and theoretical study of the transient rotation of isotropic transparent microparticles in astigmatic optical tweezers

Micrometer-sized rod-like non-birefringent transparent particles trapped by an astigmatic laser beam having elliptical intensity profile spontaneously rotate until they become aligned with the major axis of the beam cross-section. The observed rotation confirms a simple picture based on orbital angular momentum transfer from the light beam to the trapped particle. A model which regards the particle as a thin cylindrical lens with effective focal lengths f₁ and f₂ has allowed to calculate the applied optical torque and, hence, the time law governing the particle alignment. The time evolution of the particle alignment is studied for different rod-like particles by analysing the sequence of frames recorded by a CCD camera. The time evolution of the angle formed between the main axes of the body and the laser shape results in good agreement with the theory for bodies fully immersed in the spot size of the laser. Discrepancies observed for rod-like particles longer than the minor elliptical axis of the beam cross-section, were removed by developing a more general model taking into account the partial overlapping between the body and the laser profile.     

利用Kagome光纤实现多芯光子晶体光纤的输出合束

多芯光纤的输出光束只能在远场和焦点附近实现良好的同相位超模合束,这种超模传输特性大大影响了多芯光纤的应用范围.一种新型中空Kagome光纤为解决这一难题提供了可行的方案,利用中空Kagome光纤可以实现七芯光纤输出模式的整形合束.本文利用中心波长800 nm的钛宝石飞秒激光作为激光源,耦合入七芯非线性光子晶体光纤,得到700 nm至1050 nm的展宽光谱,并实现同相位超模输出.随后,将非线性展宽之后的宽谱七芯光束耦合至Kagome光子晶体光纤中,从Kagome光纤输出光斑呈高斯分布的模式传输,不再演变回七芯模式,耦合效率71%.实验还进一步验证此方法适用于不同结构的多芯光纤,为多芯光纤在高功率激光等领域的应用提供了参考.     

大功率条形激光二极管阵列光束整形方法研究

为改善条形大功率LD阵列的光束质量,提高其输出功率密度,使其更利于应用,提出了一种基于非成像光学的光束分割重排的光束整形方案,详细讨论了方案的工作原理和设计方法。对整个方案用Zemax进行了仿真优化并通过计算比较整形前后光束的光束参数乘积分析了光束质量的改善情况。首先采用抛物面反射镜对光束进行准直,并配合反射镜实现按发光区对光束的分割,进一步利用平行六面体棱镜对光束的平移效果完成光束重排,最后在输出端得到了光占空比为1的高亮度的矩形光斑。仿真计算结果表明,整形后光束的快慢轴尺寸相近,光束参数乘积比接近于1,质量均衡;整个光束的能量集中,平均功率明显提高。     

Magnetic properties of epitaxial-grown exchange-coupled FePt/FeRh bilayer films

The propagation of a laser beam through a micro-lens array (MLA) was simulated using Finite Time Difference Domain (FDTD) method. The intensity distribution at different output planes away from the micro-lens array surface was investigated. As compared to the focal plane, the intensity distribution observed at those out-of-focus planes varies, which is attributed to the interference and diffraction of output laser beams. The simulated results were counter checked by placing a physical MLA under an illumination of a 488 nm continuous wave Argon Ion laser and images were captured for different output planes. Both simulation and experimental results show a great similarity in terms of the distribution patterns. By changing the lens sag height with respect to the lens diameter, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the focused laser spot and its corresponding maximum energy flux were analyzed. A FWHM of 160 nm can be achieved by proper selection of lens sag height. It is also found that the energy flux is proportional to numerical aperture (NA).     

高光束质量、高功率稳定性激光器的设计及实验研究

高光束质量、高功率稳定性激光器在激光加工、激光测量等领域具有广泛的用途.为了实现激光器腔内光斑聚焦同时减少色散和体积,人们常常将曲面反射镜用在激光谐振腔中,但光束倾斜入射到曲面反射镜往往会引起像散,从而导致光斑质量恶化,并降低激光器的性能.另一方面,在高功率激光器或超短脉冲激光器中,激光增益介质热透镜焦距的起伏,是导致激光输出功率波动的主要原因之一.针对激光器的像散和功率波动这两个问题,本文提出了一套简单高效的解决方案,在考虑像散补偿和热透镜效应的基础上,基于传播变换圆理论,首次提出一种可实现高光束质量、高功率稳定性激光器谐振腔的设计方法,并对采用该方法所设计出的超短脉冲激光器进行理论与实验研究.研究结果表明,利用该方法设计的激光谐振腔,两端臂像散能够完全被补偿,实验上实现了基模高斯光束输出;当激光晶体热透镜焦距改变时,该方法所设计出的激光谐振腔内各关键位置光斑半径的变化,显著地小于普通谐振腔,在相同外界条件下,其输出激光功率稳定性明显优于普通激光器.     

利用消衍射透镜列阵及光谱色散平滑实现焦斑均匀辐照

提出将空间域的透镜列阵法和时间域的光谱色散平滑法结合起来实现靶面的均匀辐照. 消衍射型透镜列阵能获得边缘陡峭且顶部较平坦的准近场焦斑，光谱色散平滑则能有效地抹平焦斑内部由多光束干涉引起的细密条纹. 数值结果显示，通过该方案能获得均匀性较好的焦斑. 进一步分析了光谱色散平滑单元中位相调制和光栅的参数对辐照均匀性的影响，发现参数的选取要在焦斑均匀性和能量利用率之间取得合理平衡，以在整体上获得最佳的均匀辐照效果. 关键词： 光谱色散平滑 透镜列阵 衍射 多光束干涉     

Fabrication of a random convex-lens-shaped microstructure using a laser ablation

A convex-lens-shaped microstructure with a diameter of 50 μm on a metallic mold substrate was fabricated in this paper. A laser ablation process, in which the laser beam was focused and irradiated on the metallic mold substrate in order to remove a part of the substrate, was used for that. The convex-lens-shaped microstructure has not been reported in any studies of microstructure using the laser ablation process. It was proposed that the unbalanced ablation and re-adherence of the melted particles was the processing mechanism of the convex lens shape. The convex-lens-shaped microstructure fabricated in this study is smaller than the focused spot. It was expected that the same convex-lens-shaped microstructure can be fabricated even if the focused spot size is increased, so long as the fluence of the laser can be maintained. Therefore, the method proposed in this paper will improve the low processing speed, which has been the problem of a laser ablation process. The fabricated convex-lens-shaped microstructure on the metallic substrate can be used as the mold for the micro lens.     

用于超快束匀滑的动态波前调控新方案

提出了利用光克尔效应实现激光束波前动态调控,进而实现焦斑超快束匀滑(ps量级)的方案,其原理是利用抽运光动态改变光克尔介质的折射率分布,以对透射主激光束附加时空耦合的动态波前,进而使激光束在靶面的焦斑散斑产生更加快速、多样的变化,最终实现焦斑的超快束匀滑.当抽运光时间波形为高斯脉冲序列,且以小角度倾斜入射至光克尔介质时,由于抽运光和光克尔介质对主激光附加随时间横向移动的周期性球面相位,且球面相位的幅值随时间不断变化,因而可以同步实现激光束焦面散斑的横向和径向超快速扫动,从而更为有效地改善靶面辐照均匀性.     

LD泵浦固体激光器基模振荡光的场分布噪音

通过调整泵浦光直径,使得LD端面泵浦固体激光器的振荡光工作于基模.在排除高阶横模的条件下,测量了由于热透镜的不稳定引起的光场场分布的噪音.实验发现,基模振荡光的高斯半径、光束指向角都在波动,而且光斑存在畸变波动.对一个未采取抑制措施的2W连续LD端面泵浦Nd:YAG固体激光器进行了测量.结果表明,在总功率不变的情况下,激光束峰值点附近的光强波动达到6.3%;激光的高斯半径波动达到5.8%;激光的指向角波动达到0.3mrad.     

Focus shaping of tightly focused TEM11 mode cylindrically polarized Laguerre Gaussian beam by diffractive optical element

We study the focus shaping of tightly focused TEM₁₁ mode cylindrically polarized Laguerre Gaussian beam with high numerical aperture lens axicon system is investigated theoretically by vector diffraction theory. The intensity pattern at the focus can be tailored by appropriately adjusting the rotation angle. We show that the high NA lens axicon system can generates a sub wavelength focal spot, focal hole, focal splitting and flat-topped focal shapes with extended depth of focus.     

Periodic adjustment of the position of a laser beam spot on a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror in a passively mode-locked solid-state laser

A laser diode end-pumped passively mode-locked Nd:YVO₄ solid-state laser with a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM), in which the intracavity laser beam spot on the SESAM can be adjusted periodically, is investigated. Inserting a rectangular prism (RP) into the laser cavity is a promising approach towards the goal of periodically moving the position of the focus spot of the intracavity pulse on the SESAM surface to avoid the long-time irradiation of the laser beam on the same position, thereby solving a series of problems caused by damage to the SESAM and greatly prolonging its usage life. The adjustment of the rectangular prism in the laser cavity does not break the stable continuous wave (CW) mode-locked condition. The laser generates a stable picosecond pulse sequence at 1064 nm with an output power of 3.6 W and a pulse width of 14 ps. The instabilities of the output power and the pulse width are 1.77% and 4.5%, respectively.     

角量控制的激光天线设计

在多环检测系统理论的基础[4,5]上,通过对激光天线单镜和双反射镜的高斯光束的传播规律和双镜距控制光斑稳定不变的实验数据[1,2],来进行激光天线的设计。设计采用了高斯光束控制入射光束的光腰位置,对天线副镜和主镜的入射角、反射角和天线发散角的控制方法,设计了天线的副镜和主镜的曲率半径、焦距和直径,达到了光斑保持的目的。计算公式简单,使用方便,计算公式和实验测定的数据误差在工程设计要求的范围以内,适合工程设计的需要。     

激光位移传感器的光学系统设计

针对目前国内自主研制的激光位移传感器精度低,测量范围小等问题,提出了一种采用光学设计软件预先仿真整个激光位移传感器光学系统的方法。在分析系统各部分的光学特性的基础上,结合具体要求设计了一个激光位移传感器的光学系统,其工作范围为（50±10）mm。采用系统分割的方法,将整个光学系统分为两部分进行设计,第一部分是激光束的整形透镜,要求在有效的工作范围内得到小而均匀的出射光斑,设计结果表明,在测量范围内,光斑大小能够控制在10-1mm量级;另一部分是被测面散射光接收的成像物镜,该系统的特点是物面和像面相对于光轴都有一定的角度,实验结果表明其成像满足Scbeimpflug条件。     

PCB板TEA脉冲CO2激光微孔研究

印刷电路板（PCB）微孔技术是实现高密度互联技术的关键,我国在这方面的研究还刚刚起步,所采用的激光器基本依赖进口,投资成本高,后期维护费用昂贵。研究了聚焦透镜焦距、激光腔内结构、外光阑、扩束系统及其组合方式对PCB激光微孔特性的影响,通过对国产的TEACO2脉冲激光器的激光光束输出模式进行改善、光学系统进行优化,得到了直径在φ170μm以下、孔形良好的微孔。