Directivity calculation with experimental verification for a conformal array of underwater acoustic transducers

The radiation directivity of a complicated conformal array of underwater acoustic transducers is presented based on the boundary ＂element method. It includes the element directivity of each transducer, the natural beam pattern and the controlled beam pattern of the transducer array. At first, the boundary element model of the conformal array is built up, and then the boundary condition is exerted on the model according to the design and environment in which the transducer array is used, and the radiation directivity of the conformal array is calculated. An experiment has been done to measure the directivity in an anechoic water tank. The calculated and the experimental results are compared and analyzed. They are consistent to each other. It is shown that the boundary element method together with the detailed calculations is successful to simulate and predict the radiation directivity of an underwater acoustic transducer array.     

Emission of underwater acoustic orbital angular momentum and data transmission

Emission of underwater acoustic orbital angular momentum(OAM) is studied as well as underwater acoustic communications with OAM multiplexing. Theoretical acoustic properties for circular phased array are analyzed based on point source theory. We optimize and design an array prototype based on cymbal transducer. The diameter of array prototype is 180 mm, the number of array elements is 10, and the working frequency is 25 k Hz. It emits acoustic OAM with topological charges-3 to 3. The favorable r...     

The simulation of ultrasonic beams with a Gaussian beam equivalent point source model

Point Sources and Gaussian beams are used frequently as fundamental building blocks for developing ultrasonic beam models. Both these models have different weaknesses that limit their effectiveness. Here, we will show that one can develop a Gaussian Beam Equivalent Point Source （GBEPS） model that removes those weaknesses and combines the accuracy and versatility of the point source models with much of the speed and well-behaved nature of Gaussian beam models. We will demonstrate the efficiency and versatility of this new GBEPS model in simulating the beams generated from ultrasonic phased arrays, using as few as one Gaussian beam per element of the array. A single element GBEPS model will be shown to be as accurate as a point source model even when substantial beam focusing or steering is present in the array or where the array beam is transmitted through an interface. At the same time the GBEPS model will be shown to be several orders of magnitude faster than the point source model.     

Acoustic radiation analysis and experimental verification of a broadband dense plane array

The sound field distribution of a broadband array is calculated using the acoustics FEM and BEM.The FEM-BEM model is established for a nine-element plane array and its numerical method of calculating mutual radiation impedance among the transducers is given. The changing law of mutual radiation impedance influencing acoustics performances is analyzed. The directivity and beam width of the plane array are calculated at three resonance frequencies.A broadband dense plane array with nine elements is developed using triply resonant transducers.The input impedance and directivity of the plane array are measured in anechoic water tank.Results show that it is reasonable to design the array according to the half wavelengh of the first resonance frequency of the array element.The numerical solution agrees with the measuring results well,which indicates the FEM-BEM method is feasible to calculate sound field distribution and analyze mutual impedances.     

Model-based optimization of phased array ultrasonic testing

Simulation of phased array beams in dovetail and austenitic welds is conducted to optimize the setup of phased array ultrasonic testing（PAUT）.To simulate the beam in such material with complex geometry or with characteristic of anisotropy and inhomogeneity, firstly,linear phased multi-Gaussian beam（LPMGB） models are introduced and discussed. Then,in the case of dovetail,wedge is designed to maximize the stable amplitude of the beam along the steering path;in the case of austenitic weld,modified focal law are developed to solve the problem of beam screwing and defocusing due to the material properties.To verify the effectiveness of the modified focal law,beam fields are calculated using LPMGB model in austenitic welds.     

Research and experiments of mutual radiation impedance effect on array directivity

The mutual radiation impedance ignored in conventional array directivity formula is introduced into the calculation of array radiation sound field,and a modified array directivity formula considering the mutual radiation impedance is gained according to the superposition principle.Results of computer simulation and experiments for a uniform linear array and a uniform planar array show superior performance on the present of the practical directivity pattern of the modified formula in this paper in comparison to the conventional one.     

Investigation of long-range sound propagation in surface ducts

Understanding the effect of source-receiver geometry on sound propagation in surface ducts can improve the performance of near-surface sonar in deep water. The Lloyd-mirror and normal mode theories are used to analyze the features of surface-duct propagation in this paper. Firstly, according to the Lloyd-mirror theory, a shallow point source generates directional lobes, whose grazing angles are determined by the source depth and frequency. By assuming a part of the first lobe to be just trapped in the surface duct, a method to calculate the minimum cutoff frequency （MCF） is obtained. The presented method is source depth dependent and thus is helpful for determining the working depth for sonar. Secondly, it is found that under certain environments there exists a layer of low transmission loss （TL） in the surface duct, whose thickness is related to the source geometry and can be calculated by the Lloyd-mirror method. The receiver should be placed in this layer to minimize the TL. Finally, the arrival angle on a vertical linear array （VLA） in the surface duct is analyzed based on normal mode theory, which provides a priori knowledge of the beam direction of passive sonar.     

Chaos game representation （CGR）-walk model for DNA sequences

Chaos game representation(CGR) is an iterative mapping technique that processes sequences of units,such as nucleotides in a DNA sequence or amino acids in a protein,in order to determine the coordinates of their positions in a continuous space.This distribution of positions has two features:one is unique,and the other is source sequence that can be recovered from the coordinates so that the distance between positions may serve as a measure of similarity between the corresponding sequences.A CGR-walk model is proposed based on CGR coordinates for the DNA sequences.The CGR coordinates are converted into a time series,and a long-memory ARFIMA(p,d,q) model,where ARFIMA stands for autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average,is introduced into the DNA sequence analysis.This model is applied to simulating real CGR-walk sequence data of ten genomic sequences.Remarkably long-range correlations are uncovered in the data,and the results from these models are reasonably fitted with those from the ARFIMA(p,d,q) model.     

Radiography of a K_α X-ray source generated through ultrahigh picosecond laser–nanostructure target interaction

Laser-driven ultrafast X-ray sources are widely used for diagnostic radiography. However, there is a large divergence of fast electrons when they are generated by an intense short-pulse laser interacting with a foil target.We design a nanowire array target to achieve a more compact point X-ray source. Fast electrons are confined and guided by the nanowire array structure in order to generate a Kαsource with a small spot size. In our work, the smallest measured source size is comparable to the laser spot size, while the conversion efficiency can reach2.4 × 10-4.     

Feature-based fusion of infrared and visible dynamic images using target detection

We employ the target detection to improve the performance of the feature-based fusion of infrared and visible dynamic images, which forms a novel fusion scheme. First, the target detection is used to segment the source image sequences into target and background regions. Then, the dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DT-CWT) is proposed to decompose all the source image sequences. Different fusion rules are applied respectively in target and background regions to preserve the target information as much as possible. Real world infrared and visible image sequences are used to validate the performance of the proposed novel scheme. Compared with the previous fusion approaches of image sequences, the improvements of shift invariance, temporal stability and consistency, and computation cost are all ensured.     

Laser generation of narrow-band and directed ultrasound

An aluminium hemicylindrical sample has been irradiated with an array of laser lines, with each line acting as a source of acoustic waves. Detection of the generated ultrasonic waves was performed using both a wide-band stabilized Michelson interferometer and a 20 MHz piezoelectric transducer. Experimental and theoretical results are presented which reveal that the use of a spatially modulated laser source produces significant narrow-banding of the detected ultrasound, compared with a single point or single line source case. Additionally, for a given line spacing, ultrasound of a particular frequency can be directed. Owing to the nature of the acoustic signals generated by each individual array element, superposition of several signals does not result in any energy directivity similar to that encountered in phase electromagnetic array antennas. While time or frequency feature enhancement may be obtained in a desired direction, in most cases the far field energy directivity pattern is simply the incoherent sum of the energy directivity of each array element.     

非等间距高频波导线阵列指向性研究

研究了非等间距高频波导组成的线阵列的远场垂直指向性。提出了更符合实际应用的高频波导线阵列非等间距排列模型。通过分析同相点声源阵列的指向性,结合扬声器线阵列乘积理论得到了计算所提出模型远场垂直指向性的方法,对模型进行了有限元仿真,并实验验证了理论计算值的准确性,最后分析了高频波导线阵列非等间距排列对指向性的影响。结果表明:该方法简单有效。在有效辐射率相等的情况下,非等间距高频波导线阵列与等间距线阵列的远场指向性主瓣差异很小。      

Lens-focused transducer modeling using an extended KLM model

The goal of this work was to develop an extended ultrasound transducer model that would optimize the trade-off between accuracy of the calculation and computational time. The derivations are presented for a generalized transducer model, that is center frequency, pulse duration and physical dimensions are all normalized. The paper presents a computationally efficient model for lens-focused, circular (axisymmetric) single element piezoelectric ultrasound transducer. Specifically, the goal of the model is to determine the lens effect on the electro-acoustic response, both on focusing and on matching acoustic properties. The effective focal distance depends on the lens geometry and refraction index, but also on the near field limit, i.e. wavelength and source radius, and on the spectrum bandwidth of the ultrasound source. The broadband (80%) source generated by the transducer was therefore considered in this work. A new model based on a longitudinal-wave assumption is presented and the error introduced by this assumption is discussed in terms of its maximum value (16%) and mean value (5.9%). The simplified model was based on an extension of the classical KLM model for transducer structures and on the related assumptions. The validity of the implemented extended KLM model was evaluated by comparison with finite element modeling, itself previously validated analytically for the one-dimensional planar geometry considered. The pressure field was then propagated using the adequate formulation of the Rayleigh integral for both the extended KLM and finite element results. The simplified approach based on the KLM model delivered the focused response with good accuracy, and hundred-fold lower calculation time in comparison with a mode comprehensive FEM method. The trade-off between precision and time thus becomes compatible with an iterative procedure, used here for the optimization of the acoustic impedance of the lens for the chosen configuration. An experimental comparison was performed and found to be in good agreement with such an extension of the KLM model. The experiments confirm the accuracy of such a model in a validity domain up to −12 dB on the pulse-echo voltage within a relative error of 9% between experiment and modeling. This extended KLM model can advantageously be used for other transducer geometries satisfying the assumption of a predominantly longitudinal vibration or in an optimization procedure involving an adequate criteria for a particular application.     

指向性辐射器的简正波声场

本文讨论比较一般的指向性辐射器在分层介质中的声场,并将指向性概念应用于简正波计算。结果表明,对无方向性点源的简正波表示式补充以指向性激发函数,就可得到指向性辐射器的简正波声场,而指向性激发函数与辐射器的位置及指向特性有关。文中还分别计算了具有垂直对称性、反对称性、单边指向性以及尖锐指向性的辐射器的简正波声场。对于均匀水层中的垂直线阵,若源的分布函数正比于某一简正波的本征函数,则指向性激发函数的零点正好对应于其他简正波的本征射线的方向。 关键词：     

Non-contact optical fibre phased array generation of ultrasound for non-destructive evaluation of materials and processes

The use of non-contact laser techniques for the generation of ultrasound has extended the limits of the application of traditional ultrasonic techniques. This paper focusses on the use of one such non-contact laser technique, known as ‘optical fibre array’, to generate shear and surface waves. The shear wave experimental directivity pattern results are presented and compared with the theoretical results of a single source and an array source. The experimental directivity results for the surface wave are also presented, and compared with the theoretical results. The data show that the array enhances signal generation in the forward direction for both shear and surface waves. The array gain is also discussed. The receiver for the directivity measurements was a contact piezoelectric transducer.     

Influence of stacking sequence on scattering characteristics of the fundamental anti-symmetric Lamb wave at through holes in composite laminates

This paper investigates the scattering characteristics of the fundamental anti-symmetric (A(0)) Lamb wave at through holes in composite laminates. Three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) simulations and experimental measurements are used to study the physical phenomenon. Unidirectional, bidirectional, and quasi-isotropic composite laminates are considered in the study. The influence of different hole diameter to wavelength aspect ratios and different stacking sequences on wave scattering characteristics are investigated. The results show that amplitudes and directivity distribution of the scattered Lamb wave depend on these parameters. In the case of quasi-isotropic composite laminates, the scattering directivity patterns are dominated by the fiber orientation of the outer layers and are quite different for composite laminates with the same number of laminae but different stacking sequence. The study provides improved physical insight into the scattering phenomena at through holes in composite laminates, which is essential to develop, validate, and optimize guided wave damage detection and characterization techniques.     

优化扬声器阵列的指向性与声功率级

提出了同时优化扬声器阵列的指向性和声功率级的方法。运用该方法可以优化扬声器阵列的输入电压分布,获得指向性和声功率级二者兼顾的扬声器阵列。本方法不必使用复杂的与频率相关的信号处理装置。模拟结果和实验测量结果表明该方法是可行的和有效的。     

厅堂声学计算机模型的应用(英)

此处所介绍的厅堂声学计算机模型计算了房间和多功能厅的声学响应。这个模型是以房厅的三维表示为基础的。每个墙面都赋予一个吸声系数,并且分成更小的单元。首先计算了单元间影响系数所组成的矩阵。对于给定的声源,可以计算每个单元收到的能量,并由此定出房厅内任一点的声级,这样又能够算出（ａ）随距离变化的衰减,（ｂ）在任一平面上的声照度,和（ｃ）任一点所收到声能的接收指向性．可以算出房厅内任一被选定点的回波图,作为接收器所在地接收指向性随时间的演变;这么一个特点使得有可能核对目视图象和声图象之间的可能不符。这个软件能够设法任意修改房间的形状,以最优化房间的声学特征．本文列举了一个厅堂声学的研究例,是关于沙特拉伯首都Ｒｉｙａｄｈ的 Ａｈｕｒａ主厅的。     

Optimal two-layer directive microphone array with application in near-field acoustical holography

Conventional near-field acoustical holography (NAH) is generally based on the free-field assumption, which can cause errors when interfering sources are present in practical environments. To cope with this problem, previous research suggested a combined pressure-velocity approach for NAH that provides certain advantages to rejection of interferences. This paper revisits this idea in a broader context of optimal array design and examines the feasibility of using unidirectional microphones in each channel of the array such that the robustness of inverse reconstruction is enhanced against interfering sources. As indicated in the simulation, the numerical noise in finite difference estimation of particle velocity can nullify the advantage of the well-conditioned velocity-based reconstruction. In the proposed approach, the characteristics of each array channel consisting of two microphones are tailored by taking into account not only the directivity, but also the robustness against self-noise. An objective function based on directivity index and white noise gain is exploited in a linear quadratic optimization of a two-element end-fire array. The proposed optimal array is validated in conjunction with the equivalent source model (ESM) -based NAH through numerical simulations, with an interfering source positioned behind the array. The results have shown the directive optimal array has yielded improved quality of images in comparison with conventional approaches in the presence of an interfering source and sensor noise.     

有限波束作用下掩埋球体的散射声场计算

计算并分析了海底掩埋物体的三维散射声场。采用“等效垂直线列阵”方法来进行有限波束的建模,并将浅海波导中点声源散射声场的波数积分计算方法,推广到有限波束作用下海底掩埋物体的散射场计算,本文导出了物体位于沉积层中的散射声场计算公式。计算结果表明,在波导中垂直面内的散射声场,与沉积层中点源形成的声场非常相似;当距离较远时,散射声波呈柱面波衰减。文章还分析利用海面反射以提高散射能量的可能性,表明波束指向性及波束宽度对散射声场有较大影响。