大气光学

空间斜程能见度是空间目标识别的重要参量。水平能见度与大气消光参数有明确的关系,而斜程能见度与大气消光参数、观测方向、太阳天顶角等多种因素有关,目前尚未有明确的结果。从辐射传输理论出发,通过子Eddington近似求解辐射传输方程,尝试推导了空间斜程能见度的表达     

基于大气辐射传输和δ-二流近似的斜程能见度反演方法

从能见度定义出发,提出采用SBDART辐射传输模式结合CALIPSO卫星数据求解辐射传输方程,对华北地区斜程能见度进行了详细的仿真与分析。首先,使用SBDART模式结合CALIPSO卫星数据获取实际条件下天空背景辐射亮度。然后,根据斜程能见度探测原理,得到斜程能见度所处区间,进而采用δ-二流近似估计区间内部辐射亮度分布,从而反演得到精确的斜程能见度。结果表明,采用CALIPSO卫星数据结合SBDART模式模拟大气辐射传输过程,计算结果与MERRA-2辐射数据变化趋势一致,相关系数达到0.949;使用δ-二流近似能更加高效地模拟辐射传输过程,且提出方法结果与SBDART模式保持较好的一致性,两者相对误差在14.3%以内;当斜程能见度小于1 km时,使用提出方法反演斜程能见度同经验公式相比误差约为7.1%,且适用于15°以外以及向上观测的斜程能见度探测。     

大气中的视觉和大气能见度

表征大气对视觉影响的物理量是大气能见度,该物理量的具体定义在各种应用领域和研究文献中是比较混乱的。在气象领域,水平大气能见度已成为常规观测量。航空应用领域常常涉及到的斜程大气视线路径的能见度问题一直没有统一的标准。以物体与背景亮度的对比度为研究对象,详细探讨了大气中的视觉问题,澄清了水平能见度的概念,从辐射传输方程出发研究了斜程大气能见度问题,给出了典型大气条件下斜程大气能见度的基本特征,特别比较了向上和向下观察时能见度的区别。     

空间垂直方向气溶胶消光特性的研究

在已知大气气溶胶折射率和气溶胶谱分布的基础上,对空间垂直方向的气溶胶消光特性进行了研究。文章利用Mie散射理论计算讨论了气溶胶的消光、散射、吸收系数随各参数的变化,并在MATLAB中对变化情况进行了仿真。结果表明,粒子半径与入射波长大小相近时气溶胶的消光最强,并且随着能见度的增大,气溶胶衰减系数减小。这些结论可以为红外辐射的大气衰减计算和分析提供依据。     

湍流大气中斜程传输部分相干光的光束扩展

运用维格纳分布函数与广义惠更斯菲涅耳原理,推导出部分相干光束在任意折射率起伏功率谱模型的大气湍流中斜程传输时,其束宽传输的一般解析表达式。在此基础上,以部分相干平顶(PCFT)光束为例,给出了PCFT光束在大气湍流中斜程传输的束宽扩展解析表达式。在合肥地区大气折射率结构常数高度分布模式下开展了数值计算和分析,并与水平传输时的结果进行了比较。研究结果表明,光束在斜程传输时的束宽不仅与光束阶数、空间相干度、束腰半径、湍流的强弱和传输距离有关,还与天顶角密切相关。光束的阶数越高,空间相干性越差,天顶角越小,则其束宽扩展受湍流的影响就越小。当天顶角小于60°时,大气湍流对斜程传输光束束宽的影响明显小于水平传输的情况。     

斜程湍流大气中部分相干艾里光束的偏振特性研究

偏振是激光通信中保密编码的重要参数,研究斜程湍流大气中的偏振特性对激光通信具有重要意义。利用广义惠更斯-菲涅尔原理和偏振-相干统一理论,推导了无衍射的部分相干艾里高斯光束在斜程湍流大气传输中的偏振度解析式,详细研究了湍流参数、相干长度、天顶角、截断因子和分布因子对偏振度的影响。研究结果表明:与水平湍流相比,光束在斜程湍流下恢复到初始偏振需要更长的传输距离。天顶角、接收高度、截断因子、分布因子越大和相干长度越小,光束偏振度峰值也越大。高相干性的高斯光束比艾里光束更易于保持偏振度不变。无衍射艾里光束中选取合适的光学参数更有利于信息传输与编码,本文结果对激光大气通信领域有着潜在的应用价值。     

部分相干厄米高斯光束在斜程大气湍流中的扩展

基于广义惠更斯-菲涅耳原理,推导出部分相干厄米高斯（H-G）光束通过斜程大气湍流传输的均方根束宽和角扩展的解析表达式,并用以研究了传输路径和光束阶数对部分相干H-G光束传输的影响。引入相对束宽和相对角扩展来定量描述光束抗拒大气湍流的能力。结果表明:在相同条件下,部分相干H-G光束斜程传输受大气湍流的影响要小于水平传输,与水平传输相比斜程传输更有利于部分相干光束在大气湍流中的传输,光束阶数越大部分相干H-G光束受大气湍流的影响越小。     

大气折射对可见近红外波段辐射传输的影响分析

为定量分析大气折射对辐射传输的影响,建立了矢量辐射传输模型(VSPART),讨论了大气折射对漫射光Stokes矢量及辐射通量密度的影响。在模型中,采用射线追踪法实现了大气折射过程的参数化,基于矩阵算法实现了辐射传输方程的求解;将VSPART模拟结果与文献值及SPDISORT、DISORT、RT3/PolRadtran和MYSTIC的模拟结果进行了对比,验证了模型间的一致性;在纯瑞利散射大气及含气溶胶大气条件下,分析了大气折射对地面下行辐射和天顶上行辐射漫射光Stokes矢量的影响,讨论了大气折射效应随太阳天顶角的变化。结果表明,太阳天顶角为86°时,在瑞利散射条件下,由大气折射造成的漫射光(波长0.35μm)I、Q和U分量的相对偏差可达9.2%、10.2%和11.3%,辐射通量密度的相对偏差可达5.3%。对于地面下行辐射,大气折射的影响总体随天顶角增大而增强,天顶上行辐射则反之。大气折射对地面下行漫射辐射的影响强于天顶上行辐射。随着气溶胶光学厚度的增加,大气折射效应显著增强;煤烟气溶胶条件下,大气折射的影响强于矿质型及海盐型气溶胶情形。当太阳天顶角大于70°时,大气折射的影响迅速增强,此时有必要在辐射传输模拟过程中考虑大气折射效应。     

可见光到远红外波段气溶胶衰减计算模式

 建立了一种根据实测的气溶胶尺度谱分布(Junge指数)、地面能见度、相对湿度和气溶胶衰减廓线计算空间任意两点的气溶胶衰减计算模式，光谱波段范围覆盖了从可见光到远红外(1~25 000 cm^-1)。利用该气溶胶模式及国际上流行软件MODTRAN中的气溶胶模式同时和光栅太阳辐射计(pgs100)实测气溶胶衰减进行了对比，这种模式与MODTRAN相比，因考虑了气溶胶的实际尺度谱分布和高度分布，计算结果更接近实测值。利用所建立的气溶胶模式还分析了气溶胶衰减受各参数的影响，结果表明：气溶胶衰减受各参数影响较大，说明实测气溶胶参数在计算气溶胶衰减中起重要作用。将此气溶胶模式嵌入到我们自己研制的通用大气辐射传输软件CART中进行大气透过率和大气辐射传输的计算，有助于提高计算精度和增强功能。     

机载激光探测空中目标脉冲回波特性研究EI北大核心CSCD

分析了空中目标态势的影响因素以及与激光脉冲回波参数的关系;考虑了目标的距离、速度、进入角和尺寸等因素对脉冲时延和展宽的影响,建立了相应的关系模型,得出了不同因素对脉冲时延和展宽有不同影响程度的主要结论;探讨了激光大气斜程传输过程,提出了一种激光大气斜程透射率计算方法,对一般的激光大气传输能量衰减模型进行了改进,得出激光脉冲能量随距离的增大和目标投影面积的减小而呈现指数衰减规律;搭建了实验系统平台,并对实验采集的回波数据进行了分析;对比了脉冲展宽理论计算结果与实测结果,二者相对误差控制在6%以内,具有很好的符合程度,验证了所建模型的有效性。得出的结论具有为反演空中目标态势信息提供一定参考的价值。     

基于激光雷达的垂直能见度反演算法及其误差评估

针对大气垂直方向上消光系数分布不均匀难以用传统方法直接测量垂直能见度的问题,提出了一种基于激光雷达探测垂直能见度的计算方法。根据大气辐射传输基本原理,借助于辐射传输方程,推导出了垂直能见度的计算公式;然后利用激光雷达原理方程和Klett算法反演出大气垂直方向上的消光系数分布,基于此提出了垂直能见度的迭代算法。最后,利用灰色模型GM(1,1)和批统计算法,对激光雷达反演得到的后向散射系数进行了评估,给出了误差置信区间为(0.760±0.339)×10^-4(srad·km)^-1。结果表明,该方法是一种特别有效的计算垂直能见度的方法,符合探测的基本需求,且误差小精度高。     

半导体激光雷达斜程能见度观测和反演方法

论述了自行研制的半导体激光雷达能见度仪的工作原理、基本结构及参数,提出了一种稳定的消光系数迭代算法。利用该半导体激光雷达能见度仪与美国Belfort model 6230A型能见度仪对水平及斜程能见度进行了对比实验。对比实验表明:对于水平能见度,平均相对误差在10%以内的占总量的45.6%,平均相对误差在20%以内的占总量的84.7%,平均相对误差在30%以内的占总量的91.2%;对于斜程能见度,不同天气条件下,能见度变化趋势明显,反映了斜程能见度与水平能见度探测的差别与意义。充分说明该能见度仪能够在各种气候条件下测量水平及斜程能见度,所提出的反演能见度的迭代算法稳定可靠。     

Radiative properties of scattering and absorbing dense media: theory and experimental study

We investigate the validity of the radiative transfer equation to model transmission of light through an absorbing and scattering medium. Assuming that radiative transfer equation is valid, the inverse scattering problem for non-polarized radiative transfer in one-dimensional absorbing and scattering media is solved using a parameter identification method. We discuss how to identify the albedo, phase function and extinction coefficient of the medium. We present experimental data that confirm that this approach is robust and can be used to make reliable predictions of the behavior of scattering absorbing systems.     

Numerical investigation of the effect of signal trapping on soot measurements using LII in laminar coflow diffusion flames

Laser-induced incandescence has been rapidly developed into a powerful diagnostic technique for measurements of soot in many applications. The incandescence intensity generated by laser-heated soot particles at the measurement location suffers the signal trapping effect caused by absorption and scattering by soot particles present between the measurement location and the detector. The signal trapping effect was numerically investigated in soot measurements using both a 2D LII setup and the corresponding point LII setup at detection wavelengths of 400 and 780 nm in a laminar coflow ethylene/air flame. The radiative properties of aggregated soot particles were calculated using the Rayleigh–Debye–Gans polydisperse fractal aggregate theory. The radiative transfer equation in emitting, absorbing, and scattering media was solved using the discrete-ordinates method. The radiation intensity along an arbitrary direction was obtained using the infinitely small weight technique. The contribution of scattering to signal trapping was found to be negligible in atmospheric laminar diffusion flames. When uncorrected LII intensities are used to determine soot particle temperature and the soot volume fraction, the errors are smaller in 2D LII setup where soot particles are excited by a laser sheet. The simple Beer–Lambert exponential attenuation relationship holds in LII applications to axisymmetric flames as long as the effective extinction coefficient is adequately defined.     

热红外对地遥感中的大气散射效应

从辐射传输方程出发,严格地分析了以往工作中被忽略的大气层中悬浮微粒散射对热红外辐射能量传输的影响,特别研究了对能量平衡的贡献和对传感器信噪比的影响,对以遥感器高度和能见度作为参量的仿真计算结果说明,与传统的不考虑大气中悬浮微粒的散射情况相比差1~2个数量级。这说明,悬浮微粒的散射不仅对红外辐射有消光作用,而且是研究热红外遥感系统中新的辐射通量出现的重要因素。     

用于反演半导体激光云高仪垂直能见度的算法

根据云高仪工作原理,从米散射激光雷达方程出发,推导出一种低层大气中气溶胶消光系数边界值的获取方法,并在此基础上利用Fernald方法反演得到了大气消光系数的垂直分布;通过垂直路径上的消光系数反演得到垂直路径的平均能见度,结果表明,该平均能见度更接近垂直方向真实的能见度。用该算法处理了半导体激光云高仪实际测量的数据,并与Vaisala云高仪测量的垂直能见度进行了对比,结果表明:该算法在反演大气垂直能见度时具有较高的准确性和可靠性。     

Application of the lattice Boltzmann method to transient conduction and radiation heat transfer in cylindrical media

In this paper, the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is applied to solve the energy equation of a transient conduction-radiation heat transfer problem in a two-dimensional cylindrical enclosure filled with an emitting, absorbing and scattering media. The control volume finite element method (CVFEM) is used to obtain the radiative information. To demonstrate the workability of the LBM in conjunction with the CVFEM to conduction-radiation problems in cylindrical media, the energy equation of the same problem is also solved using the finite difference method (FDM). The effects of different parameters, such as the grid size, the scattering albedo, the extinction coefficient and the conduction-radiation parameter on temperature distribution within the medium are studied. Results of the present work are compared with those available in the literature. LBM-CVFEM results are also compared with those given by the FDM-CVFEM. In all cases, good agreement has been obtained.     

The opacity coefficient method—nongray determination of inhomogeneous atmospheric extinction

The computation of radiation transmittance in nongray, inhomogeneous atmospheric models is frequently complicated by complex bands of line spectra which range in value over many orders of magnitudes and depend strongly on either or both of pressure and temperature. We present here a new opacity sampling technique which is shown to determine correctly the wavelength-averaged extinction due to path-dependent realizations of banded line spectra. The technique is easy to implement computationally and is applicable to a wide variety of atmospheric problems in which frequent iteration of the radiative transfer model is required. We consider two such instances: modeling of solar flux attenuation for use in a time-dependent planetary ionosphere model and retrieval from nadir measurements of backscattered solar irradiance. The power of the new method lies in its straightforward analytical treatment of both atmospheric inhomogeneity and spectral complexity. It is thus relevant for both retrieval and radiative transfer modeling purposes.     

Radiative transfer theory with time delay for the effect of pulse entrapping in a resonant random medium: General transfer equation and point-like scatterer model

Abstract

A pulse propagation of a vector electromagnetic wave field in a discrete random medium under the condition of Mie resonant scattering is considered on the basis of the Bethe–Salpeter equation in the two-frequency domain in the form of an exact kinetic equation which takes into account the energy accumulation inside scatterers. The kinetic equation is simplified using the transverse field and far wave zone approximations which give a new general tensor radiative transfer equation with strong time delay by resonant scattering. This new general radiative transfer equation, being specified in terms of the low-density limit and the resonant point-like scatterer model, takes the form of a new tensor radiative transfer equation with three Lorentzian time-delay kernels by resonant scattering. In contrast to the known phenomenological scalar Sobolev equation with one Lorentzian time-delay kernel, the derived radiative transfer equation does take into account effects of (i) the radiation polarization, (ii) the energy accumulation inside scatterers, (iii) the time delay in three terms, namely in terms with the Rayleigh phase tensor, the extinction coefficient and a coefficient of the energy accumulation inside scatterers, respectively (i.e. not only in a term with the Rayleigh phase tensor). It is worth noting that the derived radiative transfer equation is coordinated with Poynting's theorem for non-stationary radiation, unlike the Sobolev equation. The derived radiative transfer equation is applied to study the Compton–Milne effect of a pulse entrapping by its diffuse reflection from the semi-infinite random medium when the pulse, while propagating in the medium, spends most of its time inside scatterers. This specific albedo problem for the derived radiative transfer equation is resolved in scalar approximation using a version of the time-dependent invariance principle. In fact, the scattering function of the diffusely reflected pulse is expressed in terms of a generalized time-dependent Chandrasekhar H-function which satisfies a governing nonlinear integral equation. Simple analytic asymptotics are obtained for the scattering function of the front and the back parts of the diffusely reflected Dirac delta function incident pulse, depending on time, the angle of reflection, the mean free time, the microscopic time delay and a parameter of the energy accumulation inside scatterers. These asymptotics show quantitatively how the rate of increase of the front part and the rate of decrease of the rear part of the diffusely reflected pulse become slower with transition from the regime of conventional radiative transfer to that of pulse entrapping in the resonant random medium.     

辐射传输中的一个伪极限问题及其数学物理原理

当太阳入射角度和观测角都趋向于水平时，由平面平行大气辐射传输方程计算得到的大气顶的反射辐射值不唯一，其值依赖于太阳和观测角的趋近于水平方向的路径曲线，即从数学角度称为出现极限的不唯一或极限不连续.事实上这违背了辐射场物理原理，这种不连续是由于常规算法中忽略了大气辐射传输中一个隐含的物理原理而导出的.在极限条件下必须引入满足Snell光学定律的界面边界条件，否则会导致错误的结论. 关键词： 辐射传输 局地热力学平衡 大气光学 Snell定律