高频聚焦超声声场和温度场的仿真研究

为探究临床常用的7 MHz高频聚焦超声在多层生物组织中的声传播以及毫秒级时间内的生物传热规律问题,基于Westervelt方程和Pennes传热方程,使用有限元方法建立高频聚焦超声辐照多层组织的非线性热黏性声传播及传热模型。首先分析了线性模型和非线性模型之间的差异,然后在非线性模型下探究换能器的参数对声场和温度场的影响。仿真结果显示：在7 MHz频率下,当换能器输出声功率超过5 W时,声波传播的非线性效应不可忽视(p <0.05);当声功率从5 W增大到15 W时,非线性模型与线性模型预测的温度偏差从20%增加到34.703%;高频聚焦超声波的非线性行为比低频更加显著,基频能量向高次谐波转移的程度增大,声功率为10 W和15 W时4次谐波与基波之比分别达到7.33%和12.12%;高频换能器参数的改变对组织中声场和温度场分布的影响较大,换能器焦距从12 mm减小到11.2 mm,焦点处最高温度增加了77%。结果表明,7 MHz聚焦超声的非线性声传播需要考虑到4次谐波的影响。该文提出的多层组织非线性仿真模型可为高频聚焦超声换能器参数优化及制定安全、有效的术前治疗方案提供理论参考。     

剪切波对HIFU经颅聚焦形成温度场影响的数值仿真研究

在高强度聚焦超声经颅治疗时,既有纵波又有剪切波,为了保障该治疗方法的安全有效性,有必要分析剪切波对HIFU治疗温度场的影响。该文基于人体头颅CT数据和曲率半径为150 mm的256阵元的半球相控换能器建立三维高强度聚焦超声经颅声波传播模型,利用时域有限差分法结合Westervelt声波非线性传播方程、动量方程、质量守恒方程和Pennes生物热传导方程数值仿真其形成温度场,研究在相同输入功率、不同聚焦角度条件下对应阵元数进行激励时,剪切波对换能器形成温度场的影响。结果表明,随换能器聚焦角度减小,在几何焦点处形成的焦域面积逐渐增大,考虑剪切波形成的温度场达到65?C所需时间逐渐延长,焦点前移程度越大;在相同聚焦角度条件下,考虑剪切波的温度场达到65?C所需时间更短,旁瓣更少,在颅骨处的温度更高,对焦点前移几乎没有影响;随换能器聚焦角度减小,考虑剪切波的模型形成的焦域面积变化范围更大;幂指数函数形式对不同聚焦角度下焦域面积大小的拟合优度高,可预测不同聚焦角度换能器形成的焦域面积。     

超声治癌与无损测温研究

至今已有很多关于超声治癌的研究。热疗已上升为治疗癌肿的主要方法之一。文中简述了热疗的历史发展，生物物理学基础和超声热疗的技术面貌，报道了对肿瘤或前列腺烧疗的高强度相控聚焦超声技术，它可在１０ｓ以内使肿瘤内升温超过７０℃。     

肿瘤热疗计划中三维温度分布的不确定性研究

本文采用Monte—Carlo方法对肿瘤热疗计划中组织的三维温度场进行了模拟,并研究了肿瘤区域、血液灌注率、 加热功率等参数的不确定性对组织温度造成的影响。本文结果对优化热疗参数及制定临床治疗方案具有重要的参考价值。     

高强度聚焦超声间歇式治疗中焦域温度分布的 仿真研究*

探究不同治疗深度、组织类型和治疗模式对高强度聚焦超声焦域温度场的影响。采用有限元法建立高强度聚焦超声辐照组织的二维轴对称仿真模型,通过Westervelt方程和Pennes生物热传导方程计算高强度聚焦超声焦域的声场和温度场分布。仿真结果表明:随着治疗深度的增加,焦域内温度逐渐降低,有效温升面积减小;不同组织类型在相同条件下的焦域温度不同,但焦域形状差别不大;单次治疗时间长、治疗时间间隔短的模式焦域温升速率快,有效温升面积区域大。焦域温度是高强度聚焦超声肿瘤治疗中判断治疗有效性和安全性的重要因素之一,该文通过数值仿真法,实现了预测高强度聚焦超声间歇式治疗模式下焦域组织温度场分布,有望为制定安全、有效的高强度聚焦超声术前治疗方案提供理论参考。     

变厚度聚焦换能器对声焦域轴向长度影响的研究*

针对不同厚度的病变组织,改变声焦域轴向长度能提高高强度聚焦超声在临床治疗过程中的安全性和有效性。基于多频超声波叠加原理,该文提出了变厚度(多频)聚焦换能器,并设计了两种类型变厚度聚焦换能器。根据瑞利积分法推导了变厚度聚焦换能器声场,计算和分析了变厚度聚焦换能器的声焦域轴向长度,并与等厚度(单频)聚焦换能器声焦域轴向长度进行对比。结果显示,变厚度聚焦换能器中心到边缘的厚度变化趋势与声焦域轴向长度变化相关,中间薄两边厚换能器声焦域轴向长度缩短,中间厚两边薄换能器声焦域轴向长度变长,且实验验证了理论的正确性。研究结果可为变厚度聚焦换能器声场研究和高强度聚焦超声的临床治疗提供参考。     

球形腔聚焦换能器的非线性声场建模

球形腔聚焦换能器是一种特殊形式的聚焦换能器。为理论证实球形腔聚焦换能器能突破传统超声聚焦在聚焦精度和聚焦增益上的限制,采用Westervelt非线性方程并结合时域有限差分法,建立了球形腔聚焦换能器的非线性声场的数值模型。数值计算了直径为120 mm的0.6 MHz球形腔聚焦换能器的非线性声场,并与传统球壳形聚焦换能器进行了对比。当激励声压为100 kPa时,球形腔聚焦换能器与同尺寸壳形聚焦换能器相比,焦点正声压增益提高约8.5倍,且焦域精度更高,-6 dB聚焦区域在z方向减小约20倍,达到次波长尺度。研究表明球形腔聚焦换能器在高强度聚焦超声精细治疗上具有潜在的应用前景。      

磁热耦合下血管对温度场分布的影响

结合血液流动的Navier-Stokes方程与人体组织的Pennes生物传热方程建立了球形肿瘤组织的多物理场耦合模型,研究了血管分布位置、血管半径和血液流速等因素对肿瘤组织温度场和治疗效果的影响。结果表明：在热疗过程中,血管会对肿瘤组织产生冷却效果;同时血管的半径和血流速度的变化也会影响肿瘤区域的温度场分布,随着血管半径和血流速度的增加,血管附近的温度值越低。此外,相比外部血管,肿瘤内部血管对肿瘤区域具有更明显的降温效果,对热疗效果的不利影响也更强。     

肿瘤射频热疗SAR场与瞬时温度分布模拟

本文针对非侵入性射频热疗的SAR场及瞬态温度分布进行建模和数值模拟计算。采用了能正确反映电磁波在生物组织中衰减的电磁场模型。在温度场模拟中考虑了血液灌流项随组织温度变化和肿瘤区低血液灌流的特点,这些措施使模拟计算结果更加符合临床实际。还对射频热疗电磁能量分布和温度分布的特点及其影响因素等作了细致的分析和讨论。     

圆环形聚焦声场的构建与调控

提出了一种由径向振动模式的圆环形压电换能器晶片组成的圆柱形阵列换能器结构, 依据阵元激励信号的相位调控机理, 推导了圆环形聚焦声场的调控公式, 在三维空间中构建了圆环形聚焦声场, 实现了对其聚焦区域大小、聚焦圆环半径以及轴向位置移动的调控. 理论分析和仿真研究表明, 所提出的圆柱形阵列换能器实现了对圆环形聚焦声场的调控. 为检测超声、功率超声、医学超声等应用领域提供了一种可实现的新型圆环形可调控聚焦声场.     

Electromechanical and pyroelectric properties in CoZn ferrite transducer

The system Co_0.6Zn_0.4Fe₂O₄ ferrite was prepared by the usual ceramic method. The resonant frequency and antiresonance of vibrating disc have been studied as a function of temperature. The decrease of resonant frequency with rising temperature was attributed to increase the interaction of domains with the applied AC field. The decrease of the ultrasonic wave velocity with the increase of temperature was ascribed to thermal lattice vibration, which facilitate the domains to interact at lower frequency of the applied AC field. The electromechanical coupling factor of the radial mode was fairly constant with rising temperature. The pyroelectric voltage measured at the transducer electric terminals increases with the increase of temperature. Ferrite transducer is useful for ultrasonic generation to be used in technology.     

Temperature rise induced by an annular focused transducer with a wide aperture angle in multi-layer tissue

In order to improve the operability and accuracy of high-intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU), an annular focused transducer, whereby a B-ultrasound probe is placed in its center, is used to realize the real time monitoring and control of the treatment. In this paper, the spheroidal beam equation(SBE) was used to calculate the sound field by an annular focused transducer with a wide aperture angle to first derive the heat deposition and the Pennes equation was used to calculate the temperature field in multi-layer tissue. We studied the effect of different parameters on the temperature of the tissues. The result shows that the focal length has a significant influence on both maximum liver temperature rise and skin temperature rise, and both increase with the increase in the focal length. When the frequency increases, the temperature rise first undergoes a rapid increase before gradually reaching a maximum, and then finally decreasing. The temperature rise increases while the inner radius decreases or the sound pressure increases. By choosing suitable parameters, the proper temperature rise both on the target tissue and skin via an annular focused transducer with a wide aperture angle can be obtained.     

霍尔传感器温度漂移补偿电路设计

霍尔传感器作为一种半导体器件,其灵敏度随着温度变化而产生漂移的特性,限制了其在高精度磁场测量场合的应用。传统的温度补偿方法虽然对温度变化的一次项进行了完全补偿,但是却引入了温度变化二次项的误差。因此,对于温度变化显著的高精度测量场合,传统温度补偿法将不再适用。设计了一种闭环反馈电路,通过温度传感器采集温度信号,与信号处理电路的最终输出信号进行运算后送回信号处理电路的输入端进行补偿,而并不是简单地将温度信号与霍尔信号的输入信号进行相加后送入信号处理电路。仿真分析结果表明,通过调节补偿电路的反馈比例系数与霍尔芯片温度漂移系数,可以完全补偿霍尔芯片的灵敏度漂移。因此,这种闭环补偿方法可以不引入与温度变化二次项有关的误差,消除因温度变化产生的漂移,不仅适用于霍尔传感器,也适用于其他会随着温度漂移的传感器。     

Study of the temperature rise induced by a focusing transducer with a wide aperture angle on biological tissue containing ribs

We used the spheroidal beam equation to calculate the sound field created by focusing a transducer with a wide aperture angle to obtain the heat deposition, and then we used the Pennes bioheat equation to calculate the temperature field in biological tissue with ribs and to ascertain the effects of rib parameters on the temperature field. The results show that the location and the gap width between the ribs have a great influence on the axial and radial temperature rise of multilayer biological tissue. With a decreasing gap width, the location of the maximum temperature rise moves forward; as the ribs are closer to the transducer surface, the sound energy that passes through the gap between the ribs at the focus decreases,the maximum temperature rise decreases, and the location of the maximum temperature rise moves forward with the ribs.     

Numerical simulations of partial elements excitation for hemispherical high-intensity focused ultrasound phased transducer

The hemispherical phased transducer maximizes the coverage of the skull and the ultrasonic energy per unit area of the skull is minimized, thereby reducing the risk of skull burns, but the transducer has a small focal area adjustment range, increasing the focal length of treatment is an urgent question for this type of transducer. In this paper, a three-dimensional high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) transcranial propagation model is established based on the human head structure. The finite difference time domain (FDTD) is combined with the Westervelt acoustic wave nonlinear propagation equation and Penne's biological heat conduction equation for numerical simulation of the sound pressure field and temperature field. Forming a treatable focal area in a small-opening hemispherical transducer with a small amount of numerical simulation calculation focusing at a set position to determine the minimum partial excitation area ratio of focusing. And then, applying these preliminary results to a large-opening diameter hemispherical transducer and the temperature field formed by it or full excitation is studied. The results show that the focus area with the excitation area ratio of less than 22% moves forward to the transducer side when the excitation sound is formed. When the excitation area ratio is greater than or equal to 23%, it focuses at the set position. In the case of partial incentives, using 23% of the partial array, the adjustable range of the treatable focal area formed in the three-dimensional space is larger than that of the full excitation.     

Quantitative Schlieren measurements of a high energy electromagnetic transducer acoustic shock field

Schlieren photography has been used to analyse quantitatively the acoustic field of an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT). By measuring the angle through which the rays are refracted it is possible to compute the refractive index gradient and thus determine both the absolute and complex pressure related structures of the images. Using this method, planar and focused shock transients generated by the EMAT have been evaluated and compared with transducer derived pressure measurements. The peak pressure in the unfocused shock was found to be 3.2 MPa and 4.6 MPa for the Schlieren and piezoelectric transducer measurements respectively. Corresponding values for the focused shock-wave agreed to within experimental error at about 19 MPa.     

不锈钢波纹管检测换能器的设计与应用研究

研制了一种用于不锈钢波纹管检测的磁致伸缩换能器。首先选用多物理场耦合分析软件对圆管的磁场分布规律进行有限元仿真,证实增加铁磁性条带后,磁场强度显著提高。而后通过均匀包裹一层镍合金薄带的方式,改进了磁致伸缩换能器的结构,并成功识别出环向裂纹缺陷。同时分析了试验过程中不确定度的来源,推导出了仅含有直接测量值的标准不确定度合成公式。研究结果为采用磁致伸缩换能器进行不锈钢波纹管缺陷无损评价提供了理论依据。      

Shear Wave Field Radiated by an Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer

The horizontally polarized ultrasonic shear wave field emitted by an electromagnetic acoustic transducer （EMAT） is studied by the surface force distribution on the EMAT approximately described as an inhomogeneous horizontal shear force. The shear wave directivity pattern is plotted by numerical calculations based on our strictly analytic solutions of the wave field we presented previously. An experimental system of EMAT generation and piezoelectric transducer reception is set up to check the predictions of the theoretical wave field by measuring the ultrasonic signals through aluminium block. The directivity pattern of the wave field obtained from the experimental results conforms the theoretical prediction, which lays a foundation for engineering applications of EMATs.     

铁镓Janus-Helmholtz换能器非线性驱动

利用磁路法理论分析了磁阻对铁镓驱动磁场的影响,结果表明磁路中无永磁体时铁镓驱动磁场是有永磁体时的5倍以上,结合铁镓材料近似线性区小的特点,提出了一种无偏场非线性驱动方式。首先利用帕德逼近方法近似铁镓材料的磁化过程,得到磁场强度与磁致伸缩应变的关系,进而得到驱动电信号表达式,在此基础上提出了铁镓换能器的非线性驱动模型。设计研制了无偏场铁镓Janus-Helmholtz换能器样机,通过振动特性实验分析验证非线性驱动模型的可行性,最后在水中测试了换能器的发射性能。测试结果表明,采用无偏场非线性驱动的换能器在驱动电流为9.4 A时,声源级可达到198.2 dB,相对于永磁偏置磁场的换能器,声源级高了4 dB,发射性能得到了明显的提升。