重离子治癌装置4 MeV/u IH型漂移管直线注入器的动力学设计

基于KONUS束流动力学理论，完成了一台工作频率为162.5 MHz、占空比为1%的交叉指型漂移管直线注入器（IH-DTL）的动力学设计。该IH-DTL内置两套三组合四极透镜，共有41个加速单元，可为同步加速器提供流强400 eμA、能量4 MeV/u的C4+束流。在动力学设计过程中着重对每个加速间隙的同步能量偏差、注入相位和间隙电压等参数进行优化，使得该IH-DTL的横向归一化RMS接收度达到0.24 πmm·mrad，且横纵向归一化发射度增长小于10%，有利于提高同步环的注入效率。然后根据动力学设计的结构参数进行IH-DTL的高频仿真计算，将得到的三维电磁场分布导入PIC粒子跟踪程序中进行束流动力学模拟。动力学模拟结果显示，束流在IH-DTL出口的横向自然发射度小于13 πmm·mrad，达到了同步环的注入要求，而且在7%的垂直二极场分量下，束流中心的横向偏移在±0.5 mm以内，整体的束流传输效率高于99%。An interdigital H-mode drift tube linac (IH-DTL) with KONUS beam dynamic has been designed, which operation frequency was chosen 162.5 MHz. This IH-DTL consists of 41 accelerating cells and two quadrupole magnets triplets, can provide the C4+ with the current of 400 eμA and energy of 4 MeV/u for the synchrotron. In the beam dynamic design, the synchronous particle energy, inject RF phase and the acceleration voltage of each gap are optimized carefully to make the transverse normalized RMS acceptance of the IH-DTL to be 0.24 πmm·mrad and the beam emittance growth small than 10%. Then the RF structure was designed and the 3D electromagnetic field was imported into the PIC particle tracking code for the beam dynamic simulation. The transverse beam emittance at the exit of the IH-DTL is small than 13πmm·mrad which meets the injection requirement of the synchrotron. What is more, under the 7% vertical dipole fields component, the offset between the beam center and the drift tube's axis is ±0.5 mm at most. The transmission efficiency of the IH-DTL is higher than 99% for the whole beam in the acceptance.     

IH型永磁漂移管加速腔初步设计

设计了一个用于加速低能质子的永磁聚焦IH型漂移管加速腔。通过迭代设计,使得束流通过每个漂移管中心的束流相位与预设值一致。设计的永磁聚焦IH型漂移管加速腔将质子束从0.75 MeV加速到2.5 MeV,长度0.96m,分流阻抗约90 MΩ/m。不考虑束晕和误差因素,50mA流强下该漂移管加速腔中的束流损失可以控制在0.1%量级。     

CSR-LINAC IH-RFQ的高频电磁设计

中国科学院近代物理研究所在CSR-LINAC项目中设计了一台108.48 MHz的IH型RFQ直线加速器。该RFQ可以将质荷比为3~7的离子从4 keV/u加速到300 keV/u。在完成束流动力学设计的基础上，主要针对RFQ腔体的高频电磁设计展开了研究，同时利用了电磁场仿真和束流动力学模拟来研究腔体的四极场不平整度和二极场及其动力学影响。未经调谐的情况下，腔体的谐振频率为108.15 MHz，腔体空载品质因子Q₀为5 910，腔体功耗为123 kW。通过在支撑板两端增加底切的设计，将腔体的四极场不平整度由-21%~ 12%优化至±2.5%，满足了束流动力学要求。腔体的二极场为-3%~ -2.2%，使得束流在垂直方向小幅振荡，RFQ的垂直方向接受度减小5%。为了保证功率馈入时反射较小，将耦合器设置在临界耦合状态，耦合面积为940 mm2。为了补偿腔体的频率偏差和漂移，设计了调谐量分别为707和132 kHz的固定调谐器和可动调谐器。The 108.48 MHz IH type RFQ for CSR-LINAC project is under design at Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This RFQ can accelerate heavy ions with mass to charge ratio of 3~7 from 4 keV/u to 300 keV/u. According to the beam dynamics requirement, the RF structure design has been finished. The quadrupole field unflatness and dipole field of the cavity were studied by electromagnetic simulation and beam dynamics simulation. The frequency of the cavity without tuning is 108.15 MHz, the Q₀ of the cavity is 5910, and the RF power loss is 123 kW. The quadrupole field unflatness of ±2.5%,which was -21%~12% before optimizing, is achieved to meet dynamics requirement through the undercuts in cavity supporters. The dipole field of -3%~ -2.2% causes the oscillation of the beam center and acceptance reduction of 5%. The power coupler must be in critical coupling state with the coupling area of 940 mm2 for minimum reflection coefficient. The tuners, consist of coarse and fine tuners with frequency shift of 707 and 132 kHz respectively, is used for tuning of frequency deviation of the cavity.     

IH型漂移管直线加速器的束流动力学研究（英文）

为了提高兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环（HIRFL-CSR）的运行效率、改善加速器输出束流品质，并实现几个加速装置分时供束，提高整个重离子加速装置的利用率，特为（HIRFL-CSR）增建一台新的注入器--CSRLINAC。在108.48 MHz的RFQ之后的CSR-LINAC主加速段，主要由一台108.48 MHz和两台216.96 MHz的IH型漂移管直线加速器组成，用于加速荷质比为1/8.5~1/3之间的重离子，其最大的束流流强为3 mA，并将粒子从0.3 MeV/u加速到3.71 MeV/u。运用KONUS动力学原理，在满足设计指标的情况下，首先利用TraceWin程序进行中能束线MEBT设计，后针对高频腔体设计和束流匹配的基本参数的系列讨论，特别是对CSR-LINAC的中能束流匹配线、参数选择和IH型KONUS结构的漂移管直线加速器进行设计模拟优化。最终得出，在保证腔体设计指标和95.3%的传输效率的情况下，该紧凑型直线加速结构经过三个腔体的加速后，束流的纵向归一化均方根发射度增长仅有25%；同时发现，当流强达到3 mA时，存在空间电荷效应，导致其纵向相宽增长约25%，最大横向包络也存在16.5%的涨落。In order to improve the operation efficiency of the Cooling Storage Ring of Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL-CSR), a heavy ion linac (linear accelerator) was proposed and designed as a new injector for HIRFL-CSR. Following the 108.48 MHz Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ), three tanks in total with Interdigital H-mode drift tube linac (IH-DTL) structure are installed to boost the beam energy from 0.3 to 3.71 MeV/u, and the beam current of ions with charge-to-mass ratio from 1/8.5 to 1/3 can reach to 3 mA. The first tank operatesat the same frequency as the RFQ, and the rest two operate at 216.96 MHz. The “Combined Zero-Degree Synchronous Particle Structure” (KONUS) beam dynamics was used in the beam dynamics design. The overview of the physics design on the main accelerating components, including RF design and beam dynamics design are introduced in this paper. The optimized structure design, fabrication status and simulation results are presented in this contribution. It shows that under the condition of assurance of 95.3% transmission efficiency, the normalized rms emittance is about 25%. When the beam current is up to 3 mA, owing to the space charge effect, the increase of longitudinal phase spread and transverse envelope are about 25% and 16.3%, respectively.     

C波段2 MeV驻波加速管物理设计

 为了发展结构紧凑、小束斑加速器，进行了C波段驻波电子直线加速器加速管的物理设计和研究。利用多级聚束和大孔径注入方法，抑制空间电荷效应。加速管由3个聚束腔和4个加速腔组成，长约163 mm，馈入微波功率源1 MW。在最终的数值模拟中，得到脉冲电流约150 mA，俘获效率优于30％，在加速管出口外约14 mm处，对电子的横向分布进行非线性Gauss拟合，得到束斑直径（FWHM）约为0.55 mm。     

直线感应加速器输运磁场遗传算法优化

以直线感应加速器（LIA）匹配磁场设计和束线调谐为背景,提出解决强流相对论电子束长距离、小波动、多元件磁约束的输运优化问题的数值优化办法,建立基于遗传算法的优化程序。结合束质心轨迹及束包络耦合模型,设计描述束传输半径波动大小的评价函数,采用励磁元件馈入电流为优化对象,解决LIA磁场配置组合爆炸优化问题。计算结果表明:优化程序可依据不同的初始束流,有针对性地快速给出一组符合束输运要求的励磁电流配置。研究成果为在建的LIA装置束线调谐提供一种重要的数值分析工具。     

离子源注入型IH加速腔冷测与调谐

离子源注入型IH加速器有望发展成为一种紧凑型低功耗离子加速器，为有效验证该加速结构的束流俘获效率，中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所设计了一套将质子束从0.04 MeV加速到2.0 MeV的IH加速腔。目前已经完成了该腔的腔体加工，开展了高频参数冷测及腔体调谐研究。通过漂移管调谐和电感调谐，减小了腔体的频率误差和加速电压分布误差。模拟计算实测电场下腔体的束流俘获效率，由调谐前的16%提高到调谐后的34%。冷测调谐结果表明，该加速腔的各项参数达到设计值，具备进行功率测试和束流测试的条件。     

NSCL从ECR离子源向CCF注入的离子束流动力学研究

The Coupled Cyclotron Facility (CCF) has been operating at the NSCL since 2001,providing up to 160MeV/u heavy ion beams for nuclear physics experiments.Recent steps,particularly the improvement of the ECR-to-K500 injection line,were taken to improve the CCF performance.For that purpose an off-line ECR source,ARTEMIS-B,was built and used to investigate the impact on beam brightness under various source operating conditions,different initial focusing systems and current analysis dipole.Beam dynamics simulations including space-charge and 3D electrostatic field effects were performed and beam diagnostics including emittance scanner were used,leading to a better understanding of the CCF beam injection process. New initial electrostatic focusing elements such as a large-bore quadrupole triplet and a quadrupole double- doublet with compensating octupole were tested,and a new beam tuning procedure was established to improve the beam brightness for the CCF.Following these efforts,a significant increase of primary beam power out of the CCF has been achieved.     

DTL cavity design and beam dynamics for a TAC linear proton accelerator

A 30 mA drift tube linac (DTL) accelerator has been designed using SUPERFISH code in the energy range of 3-55 MeV in the framework of the Turkish Accelerator Center (TAC) project. Optimization criteria in cavity design are effective shunt impedance (ZTT), transit-time factor and electrical breakdown limit. In geometrical optimization we have aimed to increase the energy gain in each RF gap of the DTL cells by maximizing the effective shunt impedance (ZTT) and the transit-time factor. Beam dynamics studies of the DTL accelerator have been performed using beam dynamics simulation codes of PATH and PARMILA. The results of both codes have been compared. In the beam dynamical studies, the rms values of beam emittance have been taken into account and a low emittance growth in both x and y directions has been attempted.     

Beam Dynamics Design of a 50 mA D~+ RFQ

A new 973 project was proposed by Peking University and Institute of Modern Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences recently.The project requires a 50 mA,162.5 MHz,cw mode radio frequency quadrupole(RFQ)to accelerate the D~+ to 1 MeV.In a high-current linear accelerator,the strong space charge effect causes the growth of envelope and emittance along with heavy beam losses.In the beam dynamics design of this RFQ,beam envelope mismatching is discussed and a matching dynamics method is proposed to minimize the envelope and emittance growth.The influence of limiting current on the beam transmission is discussed and used in the optimization of transverse and longitudinal parameters.After the optimization,the beam transmission efficiency reaches higher than 98%.     

A particle-in-cell mode beam dynamics simulation of medium energy beam transport for the SSC-Linac

A new linear accelerator system, called the SSC-Linac injector, is being designed at HIRFL (the heavy ion research facility of Lanzhou). As part of the SSC-Linac, the medium energy beam transport (MEBT) consists of seven magnetic quadrupoles, a re-buncher and a diagnose box. The total length of this segment is about 1.75 m. The beam dynamics simulation in MEBT has been studied using the TRACK 3D particle-in-cell code, and the simulation result shows that the beam accelerated from the radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) matches well with the acceptance of the following drift tube linac (DTL) in both the transverse and longitudinal phase spaces, and that most of the particles can be captured by the final sector focusing cyclotron for further acceleration. The longitudinal emittance of the RFQ and the longitudinal acceptance of the DTL was calculated in detail, and a multi-particle beam dynamics simulation from the ion source to the end of the DTL was done to verify the original design.     

Power test of the separated function RFQ accelerator

The progress of the Separated Function RFQ (SFRFQ) accelerator, which can raise the field gradient of acceleration while maintaining the transverse focusing power sufficient for high current beam, is presented. In order to demonstrate the feasibilities of the novel accelerator, a prototype cavity was designed and constructed. Correspondingly, a code SFRFQCODEV1.0 was developed specially for cavity design and beam dynamics simulation. The prototype cavity will be verified as a post-accelerator for ISR RFQ-1000 (Integral Split Ring RFQ) and accelerate O+ from 1 MeV to 1.6 MeV. To inject a higher current oxygen beam for the prototype cavity, the beam current of ISR RFQ-1000 was upgraded to 2 mA. The status of high power and beam test preparation for the prototype cavity are presented in this paper.     

The spectrometer for the GunLab experiment

The spectrometer for the GunLab experiment is described. This spectrometer incorporates a dipole magnet, a fluorescent screen, and a CCD camera and is designed to measure the momentum of electron beams in the range of 1–10 MeV/c with a resolution of 0.1%. If a transversely deflecting RF cavity is installed in front of the dipole magnet, one may investigate the longitudinal phase portrait of a beam. The spectrometer is distinctive in that a Hall sensor is placed in the magnetic field of the dipole magnet. This sensor allows one to accurately measure the magnetic field and, consequently, the momentum of an electron beam.     

A Particle-in-cell scheme of the RFQ in the SSC-Linac

A 52 MHz Radio Frequency Quadrupole(RFQ)linear accelerator(linac)is designed to serve as an initial structure for the SSC-Linac system(injector into Separated Sector Cyclotron).The designed injection and output energy are 3.5 keV/u and 143 keV/u,respectively.The beam dynamics in this RFQ have been studied using a three-dimensional Particle-In-Cell(PIC)code BEAMPATH.Simulation results show that this RFQ structure is characterized by stable values of beam transmission efficiency(at least 95%)for both zerocurrent mode and the space charge dominated regime.The beam accelerated in the RFQ has good quality in both transverse and longitudinal directions,and could easily be accepted by Drift Tube Linac(DTL).The effect of the vane error and that of the space charge on the beam parameters have been studied as well to define the engineering tolerance for RFQ vane machining and alignment.     

CIAE重离子加速器物理研究平台

中国原子能科学研究院正在规划中的重离子加速器物理研究平台的基本方案是在 现有的HI-13串列加速器的后端新建一台能量增益为18MeV/q的重离子超导直线加速器.超导直线加速器包括: 36个铜铌溅射型四分之一波长(QWR)谐振腔; 9个恒温柜, 及一系列等时性消色散束流传输系统. 同时配套建设一条与现有的HI-13串列加速器相并列的重离子四杆型射频四极加速器——RFQ和交叉手指型漂移管直线加速器IH-DTL接受来自ISOL的正离子束,然后直接注入到超导直线加速器.     

RF and field measurements of the SSC-LINAC RFQ

The 53.667 MHz continuous-wave heavy ion RFQ has been designed and manufactured for the SSC-LINAC project.This four-rod RFQ accelerates ions with maximum mass to charge ratio of 7 from 3.728 keV/u to 143 keV/u.Measurements have been carried out to check the RF performance of the cavity and the quality of the electric field.The S11 of the power coupler is adjusted to better than-44 dB,and the Q0 of the cavity is 6440.The quality of the electric field is evaluated by the perturbation method.The measurement procedure and data analysis will be discussed in detail.The error due to gravity of the perturbation bead has been corrected by averaging the fields in different quadrants.As a result,the unflatness of the electric field is±2.5%,and the dipole field component distributes from 0%to 20%in different longitudinal positions,which indicates the asymmetry of the quadrupole field.The unflatness of the quadrupole field distribution represents a good agreement with the simulation results.High power RF test and beam commissioning of the RFQ are on schedule in early 2014.     

Design and simulation of a new type of 500 MHz single-cell superconducting RF cavity

This paper illustrates the design and simulation of a unique 500 MHz single-cell superconducting radio frequency cavity with a fluted beam pipe and a coaxial-type fundamental power coupler. The simulation results show that the cavity has a high r/Q value, a low peak surface field and a large beam aperture, so it can be a candidate cavity for high current accelerators. With the help of a fluted beam tube, almost all the higher order modes can propagate out of the cavity, especially the first two dipole modes, TE₁₁₁ and TM₁₁₀, and the first higher monopole mode, TM₀₁₁. The external quality factor of the coaxial fundamental power coupler is optimized to 1.2×10⁵, which will be useful when it is applied in the light source storage ring.     

Beam steering correction of the quarter wave resonator in the HISCL

The Intensity Heavy Ion Superconducting Linear Accelerator as the injector of the High Intensity Heavy-Ion Accelerator Facility, which is a new project proposed in China has been designed. One of the design options in the low energy part is based on Quarter Wave Resonators (QWRs). However, because of the unsymmetrical geometry of the cavity, there are dipole fields near the beam hole, which may steer the beam vertically, thus leading to emittance growth and beam loss. The effect of the dipole mode field is analyzed, and a method to overcome the beam steering effect by placing QWRs with opposite orientation is proposed in this paper. The simulation results show that the beam steering effect is reduced effectively by this method, and the deviation of the beam centroid is decreased from 2.87 mm to 0.1 mm. The emittance growth is also smaller.     

350MHz强流质子RFQ加速器工艺腔的研制与测量

为研究强流质子RFQ加速腔的设计与加工工艺,研制了一台全尺寸无氧铜工艺腔.本文介绍了其物理设计与机械设计、机械加工与钎焊工艺研究及其高频性能的测量和调节.经调节,RFQ工艺腔可以达到较为理想的电场分布,其4个象限电场分布的一致性和平整度均能满足要求,二极场分量也足够小     

X波段耦合腔行波管周期永磁聚焦系统

通过对不同耦合腔结构中电子注传输特性的研究,设计了长周期永磁聚焦系统,解决了影响电子注传输的横向磁场,开口磁环和磁场过渡区等问题,运用3维程序对X波段耦合腔行波管电子光学系统进行模拟计算,电子注通过率达到100%,波动9%,与耦合腔行波管实验要求一致。