A novel calibration approach to structured light 3D vision inspection

Structured light 3D vision inspection is a commonly used method for various 3D surface profiling techniques. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to generate the sufficient calibration points with high accuracy for structured light 3D vision. This approach is based on a flexible calibration target, composed of a photo-electrical aiming device and a 3D translation platform. An improved algorithm of back propagation (BP) neural network is also presented, and is successfully applied to the calibration of structured light 3D vision inspection. Finally, using the calibration points and the improved algorithm of BP neural network, the best network structure is established. The training accuracy for the best BP network structure is 0.083 mm, and its testing accuracy is 0.128 mm.     

Refractive-index profiling of azimuthally asymmetric optical fibers by microinterferometric optical phase tomography

Accurate nondestructive refractive-index profiling is needed in the modeling, design, and manufacturing of optical fibers and fiber devices. Most profile measurement techniques cannot correctly characterize fibers with small or irregular refractive-index variations over their cross sections. Microinterferometric optical phase tomography (MIOPT) is a technique that allows measurement of fiber refractive-index profiles exhibiting such variations. We present the first demonstration, to our knowledge, of MIOPT. The profile of a polarization-maintaining fiber is measured by MIOPT and shown to be in agreement with (destructive) fiber end-face measurements. MIOPT is also applied to the limiting case of a symmetric single-mode fiber.     

基于中红外光声光谱的聚合物包膜控释肥料养分释放曲线预测

以聚丙烯酸酯类系列水基聚合物包膜控释肥料为样品,测定了包膜肥料养分的释放曲线并原位测定了肥料包膜的中红外光声光谱,分析了不同肥料的养分释放曲线以及不同包膜材料的红外光声光谱特征;采用广义回归神经网络模型(GRNN),以肥料包膜红外光声光谱的主成分作为GRNN模型的输入层,并以包膜肥料养分释放曲线为输出层,构建了预测养分释放曲线的GRNN模型。结果表明,GRNN模型能快速有效地预测包膜肥料养分释放曲线,其预测相关系数(R2)达0.93以上;包膜的探测深度明显影响释放曲线的预测误差,最小预测误差为7.14%,平均为10.28%,且基于包膜表层红外光声光谱的预测误差最小。因此,结合GRNN模型,红外光声光谱可为包膜肥料养分释放曲线的快速预测提供新手段。     

Online self-camera orientation based on laser metrology and computer algorithms

An online self-camera orientation for mobile vision is presented. In this technique, the camera orientation is determined during the vision task. This procedure is carried out by Bezier networks of a laser line. Here, the camera orientation is calibrated when the camera is turned during the vision task. Also, the networks perform the three-dimensional vision. The network structure is built based on the behavior of the line shifting, which is provided by the surface depth. From this structure, the initial calibration and the online self-camera orientation are deduced. The proposed technique avoids calibrated references and physical measurements, which are used in the traditional calibration of camera orientation. Thus, calibration limitations caused by camera orientation modifications are overcome to perform the three-dimensional vision. Therefore, the proposed self-camera orientation improves the accuracy and performance of the mobile vision. It is because online data of calibrated references are not passed to the vision system. This procedure represents a contribution in the field of the calibration of camera orientation. To elucidate this contribution, an evaluation is performed based on the reported methods of self-calibration of camera orientation. Also, the time processing is described.     

Calibration for stereo vision system based on phase matching and bundle adjustment algorithm

Calibration for stereo vision system plays an important role in the field of machine vision applications. The existing accurate calibration methods are usually carried out by capturing a high-accuracy calibration target with the same size as the measurement view. In in-situ 3D measurement and in large field of view measurement, the extrinsic parameters of the system usually need to be calibrated in real-time. Furthermore, the large high-accuracy calibration target in the field is a big challenge for manufacturing. Therefore, an accurate and rapid calibration method in the in-situ measurement is needed. In this paper, a novel calibration method for stereo vision system is proposed based on phase-based matching method and the bundle adjustment algorithm. As the camera is usually mechanically locked once adjusted appropriately after calibrated in lab, the intrinsic parameters are usually stable. We emphasize on the extrinsic parameters calibration in the measurement field. Firstly, the matching method based on heterodyne multi-frequency phase-shifting technique is applied to find thousands of pairs of corresponding points between images of two cameras. The large amount of pairs of corresponding points can help improve the accuracy of the calibration. Then the method of bundle adjustment in photogrammetry is used to optimize the extrinsic parameters and the 3D coordinates of the measured objects. Finally, the quantity traceability is carried out to transform the optimized extrinsic parameters from the 3D metric coordinate system into Euclid coordinate system to obtain the ultimate optimal extrinsic parameters. Experiment results show that the procedure of calibration takes less than 3 s. And, based on the stereo vision system calibrated by the proposed method, the measurement RMS (Root Mean Square) error can reach 0.025 mm when measuring the calibrated gauge with nominal length of 999.576 mm.     

Online self-calibration for mobile vision based on laser imaging and computer algorithms

A self-calibration technique for mobile three-dimensional vision is presented. This technique determines the vision parameters during the vision task based on computer algorithms and image processing. The three-dimensional vision is performed by a Bezier network based on laser line projection. This network provides the data to perform the online self-calibration when the vision system is modified. Here, the changes of the extrinsic and intrinsic parameters are determined. The structure of the network is performed by the line shifting provided by the surface depth. From this structure, the data for the initial calibration and online self-calibration are deduced. In this manner, the calibrated references and physical measurements are avoided to perform the online self-calibration. Therefore, calibration limitations caused by online modifications are overcome to perform the mobile vision. Thus, the proposed self-calibration improves the accuracy and performance of the mobile vision. It is because online data of calibrated references are not passed to the vision system. This procedure represents a contribution in the field of the online recalibration, which is performed based on calibrated references. To elucidate this contribution, an evaluation is performed based on the self-calibration methods, which are reported in the recent years. Also, the time processing is described.     

Surface shape estimation from photometric images

One of the most studied techniques for recovering surface shapes using a computer vision system is the photometric. This method is based on the analysis of one or several images of an object illuminated from a known direction . This kind of images can be considered reflectance maps that give us information of the surface gradient. In computer vision, the problem of recovering 3D information from shaded images is considered an inverse problem. To integrate surface gradient information it is proposed a regularization technique that gives a stable solution of the inverse problem and allows the possibility of reducing errors caused by noise. Results applied on synthetic and real experimental images are presented.     

Glow Discharge as a Tool for Surface and Interface Analysis

Abstract

This review article focuses on the analytical capabilities of glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD‐OES) and mass spectrometry (GD‐MS) to perform compositional depth profiling (GD‐CDP). The properties of the Grimm‐type glow discharge as well as basic processes of sputtering are described and their influence on the GD as a surface and interface analytical tool are discussed. A series of examples from recent literature ranging from computer hard disks to molecular monolayers on copper substrates are presented to illustrate the excellent depth resolution that can be achieved with GD surface analytical techniques. The conditions for obtaining nanometer or even atomic‐layer depth resolution are discussed. Following this introduction is the possibilities of the technique a selection of applications principally chosen from our laboratories, demonstrating that GD‐OES and GD‐MS can be successfully employed as an analytical tool assisting the development of new materials and coatings. The applications cover common industrial tasks such as heat treatments, studies of diffusion processes at interfaces, and electrochemical depositions for biocompatible material. However, limitations and known artifacts are also discussed.     

Two-wavelength micro-interferometry for 3-D surface profiling

Three-dimensional non-contact optical techniques for rapid and accurate mapping of micro-machined surfaces are important for the optoelectronic industry. Interferometry is a well-established technique for 3-D surface profiling. The conventional interferometric surface profilers using a single wavelength offer excellent vertical resolution, but a serious limitation to their use is that they can only handle smooth profiles and step heights less than half a wavelength. In this paper we describe a two-wavelength micro-interferometric setup for 3-D surface profile characterization of smooth as well as rough micro-specimens. The method removes ambiguity associated with the single-wavelength data and also extends the phase measurement range compared to the conventional single-wavelength interferometry. Seven-phase step algorithm is used for quantitative fringe analysis. The design of the system along with experimental results on smooth and rough micro-specimens is presented.     

Growth and characterization of organic nonlinear optical crystal: l-Valinium salicylate (LVS)

The new organic NLO crystal l-valinium salicylate (LVS) was grown by slow evaporation method using the mixed solvent of methanol and water in equal ratio. The crystal structure parameters were observed by powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). The various functional groups present in the grown crystal were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technique. ¹H and ¹³C Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR) spectra were recorded to elucidate the molecular structure. The optical absorption study confirmed the good transmission window of the title crystal suitable for optical applications. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of LVS was confirmed by Kurtz Perry technique.     

Acoustic emission transducers--development of a facility for traceable out-of-plane displacement calibration

Acoustic emission (AE) is a widely used technique that has been employed for the integrity testing of a range of vessels and structures for many years. The last decade has seen advances in signal processing, such that the reliability of AE technology is now being recognised by a wider range of industries. Furthermore, the need for quality control at the manufacturing stage, and requirements of in-service testing, is encouraging the issue of traceable measurements to be addressed. Currently, no independent calibration service for acoustic emission transducers is available within Europe. The UKs National Physical Laboratory (NPL) is undertaking work to develop a measurement facility for the traceable calibration of AE sensors. Such calibrations can contribute to greater acceptance of AE techniques in general, by meeting quality system and other traceability requirements. In this paper the key issues surrounding the development of such a facility are reviewed, including the need to establish repeatable AE sources, select suitable test blocks and to understand the limitations imposed by AE sensors themselves. To provide an absolute measurement of the displacement on the surface of a test block, laser interferometry is employed. In this way the output voltage of an AE sensor can be directly related to the displacement detected at the block surface. A possible calibration methodology is discussed and preliminary calibration results are presented for a commercially available AE sensor, showing its response to longitudinal wave modes.     

基于光学测棒的立体视觉坐标测量系统的研究

提出了一种基丁测量与校准功能合一的光学测棒的立体视觉坐标测最系统.采用光学测棒作为成像目标,通过任意放置的两台摄像机获取测棒上的发光特征点的图像实现被测物体三维坐标的测量,同时利用测量数据定期对两台摄像机外部方位参数进行校准.深入研究了两台摄像机内部参数和外部方位参数校准过程中的校准件和校准算法的设计,以及系统测量建模等关键技术,提出了相应的解决方案,减小了摄像机内外参数校准及测量模型对测量结果的影响,提高系统的测量精度.实验结果表明.该系统的最大测量误差为0.11 mm.     

Surface detection and 3D profilometry for microstructure using optical metrology

A surface detection or 3D profilometry for microstructure (millimeter size) based on the project grating method and phase measurement techniques is presented in this paper. The advantages of this technique are simple measuring apparatus, full field and almost real-time testing. The principle and theoretical analysis of the measuring sensitivity are described and four application examples including a calibration example are also presented in this paper. Further improvement and probable applications in electronic industry are also discussed.     

Sputter depth profiling by secondary ion mass spectrometry coupled with sample current measurements

Ion-induced secondary electron emission determined via sample current measurements (SCM) was employed as a useful adjunct to conventional secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). This paper reports on the results of 3-6 keV O₂⁺ SIMS-SCM sputter depth profiling through CrN/AlN multilayer coatings on nickel alloy, titanium dioxide films deposited on stainless steel, and corrosion layers formed onto surface of magnesium alloy after long-term interaction with an ionic liquid. For Au/AlNO/Ta films on silicon, in addition to SIMS-SCM profiles, the signal of mass-energy separated backscattered Ne⁺ ions was monitored as a function of the depth sputtered as well. The results presented here indicate that secondary electron yields are less affected by “matrix effect” than secondary ion yields, and at the same time, more sensitive to work function variations and surface charging effects. SCM depth profiling, with suppression of “the crater effect” by electronic gating of the registration system is capable of monitoring interfaces in the multilayer structure, particularly, metal-dielectric boundaries. In contrast to SIMS, SCM data are not influenced by the angle and energy windows of an analyser. However, the sample current measurements provide lower dynamic range of the signal registration than SIMS, and SCM is applicable only to the structures with different secondary electron emission properties and/or different conductivity of the layers. To increase the efficiency, SCM should be accompanied by SIMS measurements or predetermined by proper calibration using other elemental-sensitive techniques.     

A novel 1D target-based calibration method with unknown orientation for structured light vision sensor

The problem associated with calibrating a structured light vision sensor is that it is difficult to obtain the coordinates of the world calibration points falling on the light stripe plane. In this paper, we present a novel method to address this problem by randomly moving a 1D (one-dimension) target within the sensor's view field. At each position where the target is set, the world coordinates with one calibration point on the light stripe plane that can be obtained based on at least three preset known points on the 1D target by a proposed two-stage technique. Thus, as long as the 1D target is at least set at three different positions, not less than three such calibration points can be obtained to perform the structured light vision sensor calibration. The simulation and real experiments conducted reveal that the proposed approach has an accuracy of up to 0.065 mm. The advantages of the proposed method are: (1) 1D target is easily machined with high accuracy, which reduces the cost of the calibration equipment; (2) the method simplifies the calibration operation and can be convenient in on-site calibration; (3) the method is suitable for use in confined spaces.     

Soot-visualization strategies using laser techniques

Strategies for spatially resolved soot volume-fraction measurements have been investigated in sooting laboratory flames with known soot characteristics. Two techniques were compared: Laser-Induced Fluorescence in C₂ from Laser-Vaporized Soot (LIF(C₂)LVS), and Laser-Induced Incandescence of soot (LII). The LII signal is the increased temperature radiation from soot particles which have been heated to temperatures of several thousand degrees as a consequence of absorption of laser radiation. The LIF(C₂)LVS technique is based on the production of C₂ radicals from laser-vaporized soot which occurs for laser intensities ≥10⁷ W/cm². A laser wavelength is chosen such that besides vaporizizng the soot, it also excites the C₂ radicals, and the subsequent C₂ fluorescence signal is detected. The signals from both techniques showed good correlation with soot volume fractions in the studied flame. The dependence of the signals on experimental parameters was studied, and the influence of interfering radiation, such as background flame luminosity and fluorescence from polyaromatic hydrocarbons, on studied signals was established. The potential of the two techniques for imaging of soot volume fractions in laboratory flames was demonstrated. Advantages and disadvantages of the studied techniques are discussed.     

NOMENCLATURE

Radiant burners are used in drying, preheating, curing, and baking processes in the manufacturing industry. High radiation efficiency is one of the most important performance criteria for these burners. A wide range of radiation efficiencies (varying by more than 200% ) has been reported in the past for similar burners under similar operating conditions. The wide variation in reported radiation efficiencies appears to be due partly to the differences in the measurement techniques. If appropriate calibration source and procedures are used, the differences in data result from (1) nondiffuse emission from the burner and (2) nonuniform burner surface. The present article reports a technique for radiation efficiency measurements of diffuse and directional radiant burner surfaces. The technique is not sensitive to surface nonuniformities, which are common in commercial radiant burners. A calorimetric approach is used as a consistency check on the efficiency data obtained using the present technique. Companion measurements highlight the high degree of variability in the radiation efficiency results deduced from single-point radiation efficiency data, since they are based on the location of the sight tube with respect to the burner surface.     

Non-destructive characterization of compositional and textural properties of Etruscan bronzes: a multi-method approach

A combination of conventional analytical techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy-electron probe microanalysis (SEM-EPMA), with novel applications of neutron scattering were employed for a non-destructive study of 6th century BC Etruscan bronze plates discovered almost two centuries ago in a princely chamber tomb in Umbria, Italy. The pieces were used to richly decorate a ceremonial carriage, two war chariots and some furniture. Analytical investigations have been carried out to provide the essential information to correctly assign several fragments in order to recompose the original plates. Analytical responses from XRF and SEM-EPMA, although indicative, were strongly affected by surface alteration and contamination. Rietveld analysis of neutron diffraction profiles emerged for its powerful capability to provide extensive non-destructive, high sensitivity information on bulk alloy composition and phase quantification allowing meaningful comparison among the pieces for the reconstruction of the original plates. In addition, strain and texture analyses demonstrated the capability of the technique to achieve a non-invasive characterization of manufacturing procedures. PACS 61.12.Ld; 81.40.Ef; 81.05.Bx     

Novel calibration method for non-overlapping multiple vision sensors based on 1D target

The global calibration of multiple vision sensors (MVS) with non-overlapping views has been widely studied. In this paper, a novel calibration method for MVS with non-overlapping fields of view based on 1D target is presented. First, two neighboring vision sensors are selected. The rotation matrix between the two vision sensors is computed using the co-linearity property of the feature points on 1D target. Then the translation vector is computed according to the known distances between feature points on 1D target. The global calibration of all vision sensors is realized by repeating the above pair-wise calibration on different pairs of vision sensors. Due to the small volume and mobility of 1D target, the proposed global calibration method can be applied to vision sensors distributed in a large area or narrow space. Experiment results show that the RMS error of global calibration is within 0.060 mm.