MECO超导磁体支撑和冷屏的热流体计算

μ介子转化为电子实验装置(MECO)是美国能源部目前在建的一个高能物理项目。本文提出了MECO中的PS、TS1、TS2、DS四个超导螺线管磁体支撑和冷屏新的冷却方案,设计了支撑和冷屏的冷却结构。采用三维仿真方法,计算得到新方案下磁体冷质量的热负荷,并计算了50K冷却氦流质量流量、压降的大小以及冷屏上温度分布。从而为冷却结构设计和制定的新方案提供可靠的理论依据。     

CFETR杜瓦冷屏初步设计与热分析

选择304LN 不锈钢作为冷屏的制作材料,将杜瓦冷屏分为16 个扇区,每个扇区由20 个子部分组成,在每一个子部分上布置相应的冷却管。选择液氦作为冷却剂。为检验杜瓦冷屏结构是否符合设计要求,分析了杜瓦冷屏的传热方式以及冷却原理,利用FLUENT 软件对设计的冷屏结构进行了热分析,得到了杜瓦冷屏面板的温度分布情况以及冷却管道进出口压力差。结果表明,杜瓦冷屏面板温度和冷却管道进出口压力差在合理范围内,验证了冷却管道布局的合理性,为后续杜瓦冷屏的设计提供了重要参考。     

热阻对液氮冷屏性能的影响研究

超导元件需用液氦降温至极低工作温度才能实现超导性能,液氦温区仅靠真空多层绝热方式无法达到理想绝热效果,采用液氮冷屏隔断液氦和环境之间的传热,能够有效降低液氦系统蒸发损失和液氦用量。为研究热阻对液氮冷屏传热特性的影响,建立了液氮冷屏热阻模型,通过理论传热计算得到了不同热阻与冷屏板温度及传热量之间的关系,利用数值模拟软件对不同热导率材料和不同板厚下冷屏板的温度分布进行了分析。结果表明,最不利热阻为接触热阻和导热热阻,采用高导热系数材料及适度增加冷屏板厚度有助于提高冷屏板温度分布的均匀性,减小接触热阻和冷屏板表面发射率有助于提高冷屏隔热性能,为改善冷屏热屏蔽效果提供依据。     

混合磁体超导线圈低温传输线冷屏的设计与分析

对于低温传输线,冷屏是其重要的结构。文中在低温传输线冷屏结构初步设计的基础上,对冷屏屏体材料进行比选,计算分析了低温传输线在80K温区的漏热量,并采用Solidworks软件,对不同厚度的低温传输线冷屏的温度分布进行模拟分析,完成冷屏的工程设计。     

CFETR环面低温泵冷屏挡板的热屏蔽性能研究

中国科学院等离子体物理研究所(ASIPP)开展了一项研究活动,来评估CFETR环面真空室低温泵中冷屏挡板的热屏蔽性能。采用数值模拟方法,通过设计对照组的方式对不同排布方式下冷屏挡板的热屏蔽性能进行了对比性分析。结果表明：相比于无冷屏挡板结构,布满45度倾斜角的冷屏挡板能够将吸附板表面的辐射热负载降低53.8%;相比于背向阀头的冷屏挡板结构,采用面向阀头的冷屏挡板结构能够将吸附板表面的辐射热负载降低37.5%;当坐标超过0.45 m,冷屏挡板的最大设计间距为30 mm,当坐标超过0.6 m,冷屏挡板的最大设计间距为60 mm,当坐标超过0.94 m,冷屏挡板的最大设计间距为90 mm。     

CFETR真空室冷屏结构设计与热分析

根据真空室冷屏所处位置和设计条件要求,选择304LN不锈钢作为冷屏的制作材料,在环向上把真空室冷屏分为16个扇区,每个扇区由12个子部分组成,在冷屏面板扇区的子部分上合理布置相应的冷却管回路,并选择高压液氦作为冷却剂。为减少热流密度、降低冷屏辐射发射率,在冷屏表面涂有5μm厚的银层。根据辐射热原理,利用CFX软件对真空室冷屏结构进行热分析,得到其面板的温度分布及冷却管道回路的进出口压力差,分析表明,在允许范围内验证了该冷却管道布局的合理性。     

基于ANSYS的传导冷却超导磁体系统的热分析

在传导冷却超导磁体系统中,超导磁体与系统其它部分的温度平衡过程是依靠固体间的热传导来实现热量传递的。由于超导磁体和冷屏等低温部件冷却条件的差异,将导致磁体内部各处和冷屏不同部位的温度分布不均匀。分析研究超导磁体系统的低温温度分布状况,对于低温系统的热设计和磁体的温度裕度设计具有重要意义。文中借助于ANSYS有限元分析软件,建立了一个大口径传导冷却超导磁体低温系统的稳态三维热分析模型,仿真了超导磁体和冷屏的空间温度场,得到了传导冷却超导磁体低温系统的热分布规律。该分析结果对于大口径传导冷却超导磁体的低温系统设计具有重要的参考价值。     

热障涂层对气膜冷却影响的数值研究

涡轮叶片常采用气膜冷却和热障涂层协同配合的方式以进一步提升其耐温性能。由于热障涂层的低导热特性,不仅阻隔了主流燃气的加热,同时还削弱了气膜冷却,引发了二者间的矛盾。本文围绕着该矛盾问题,基于气膜绝对覆盖面积的概念,提出了对热障涂层涂敷区域进行优化设计的思想,通过涂层对气膜覆盖的避让来进一步强化冷却。构建了五种采用不同冷却措施组合的研究模型,并推导了考虑涂层后的对流换热系数简便等效折算方法。通过数值仿真获得了不同吹风比工况下各模型的壁面(T_W2)温度分布和综合冷却效果(η)变化曲线。评估了采用涂敷区域优化带来的收益：在吹风比为0.8的工况下,可使综合冷效相对优化前最大提升2.13%。     

高温平板气膜冷却流热耦合数值模拟

本文采用流热耦合的数值计算方法,对某高温平板气膜冷却实验台试验段进行了数值模拟,主要研究内容包括:数值预测热障涂层对超级合金平板的热保护作用、主流加入水蒸气后对气膜冷却效果的影响以及平板内部温度沿板厚方向分布的特点.通过对数值模拟结果的分析发现,热障涂层能够有效地保护超级合金平板表面;主流加入水蒸气后气膜冷却效率会降低.此外,在射流孔附近区域,平板内部温度沿板厚方向的分布是非线性的,越远离射流孔,该温度分布越接近线性.     

制冷机冷却型超导磁体杜瓦的研制

介绍了带制冷机冷却的超导磁体系统杜瓦的设计、制作及实验结果分析。杜瓦采用 4 0 K、10 K双制冷屏结构 ,其室温磁场孔径为 75 mm,长 4 15 m m。试验结果为 :液氦蒸发率为 0 .6 9升 /天 (在 2 0天连续试验期内 ) ,优于合同规定的指标 (2 .4升 /天 )。双制冷屏由一台双级 G- M制冷机冷却 ,工作时一级冷屏温度为 35 K,二级冷屏温度为 7.0 K。磁体系统的磁场强度为 3T,满足了用户的使用要求     

基于参数化模型的内冷屏设计优化流程的开发

在中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)集成设计平台(CIDP)的设计框架中,基于参数化模型开发了能够高效开展内冷屏设计优化的工作流程。通过OPTIMUS 软件驱动CATIA、ANSYS 等CAD/CAE 软件进行自动建模及有限元分析,利用响应面模型、敏感度分析等方法确定与优化目标关系密切的参数,该流程根据内冷屏的参数化模型的几何参数驱动优化流程得到满足设计判据的优化设计参数。在应用示例中,考虑到等离子体破裂工况下冷屏的安全运行要求,在电磁-结构分析得到的应力满足设计判据的前提下,通过优化几何参数使内冷屏的质量最小,从而降低建造成本、提高经济性。     

���ڲ�����ģ�͵�����������Ż����̵Ŀ���

In the integrated design framework provided in the CFETR integration design platform (CIDP), a workflow that can efficiently optimize the design of the vacuum vessel thermal shield (VVTS) was developed based on the parametric model. In the workflow, according to the geometry parameters of the parametric model of the VVTS, automatic modeling and finite element analysis in CAD/CAE software like CATIA and ANSYS can be driven by OPTIMUS software. The response surface model and sensitivity analysis are then used to determine the parameters which are closely related to the objective optimization. The optimized design parameters of the VVTS, which satisfy the design criterion, can be obtained by further optimization workflow. The application of the workflow is demonstrated by an example, where the safety requirement during plasma disruption events is considered. While the stress obtained by electromagnetic- structural analysis can meet the design criteria, the mass of the VVTS is minimized to reduce the construction cost and improve economics.     

CFETR ������������������ȷ���

Cryostat thermal shield (CTS) of China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is designed with 304LN stainless steel being selected as the CTS material. The CTS is divided into 16 sectors with each sector encompassing 20 sub-sectors, the corresponding cooling tubes are arranged on each sub-sector of the CTS panel sector, and liquid helium is selected as the coolant. The thermal analysis of the designed CTS structure is performed based on FLUENT, and the temperature distribution of the CTS panel and the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the cooling pipeline are obtained. The results show that the temperature of the CTS panel and the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the cooling tubes are within a reasonable range, which verifies the rationality of the layout of the cooling pipeline, and it provides reference for optimal design of the CTS.     

A simulation of the thermal behaviour of the UK-NL millimeter wave telescope

To keep the thermally induced average telescope deformations within 15 m, a thermal design goal has been set which limits the temperature difference between all locations in the panels, backing structure and subframe to 1°C. Temperature gradients are caused by non-homogeneous exposure and by difference in response to a changing exposure for elements with different time constants.Thermal model simulations are used to identify the critical elements in the thermal design of telescope and enclosure. It is shown that an enclosure with a highly reflective paint with high infrared emissivity on the outside surface and an inside zinc coating with low infrared emissivity works as a highly effective radiation shield. A sprayed aluminium coating on the telescope makes free convection the dominant heat transfer mechanism. An enclosure with louvres works as a chimney forcing the inside air temperature to follow the ambient temperature to within a few degrees. The resulting temperature stratification in the area where the telescope reflector is located does not exceed 1.5°C. Structural analysis shows that temperature gradients in the subframe cause reflector surface deformations with a regular pattern, like gravitational deformations, which means that an error budget summation based on independent rms values is not necessarily valid. Knowing the structural analysis coefficients for differential thermal expansion one can decide which time constants in backing structure and subframe have to be matched to achieve optimal performance.     

CFTER包层第一壁热工水力分析

简要描述了CFETR氦冷固态增殖包层的结构设计,介绍了包层第一壁的冷却结构。用ANSYS CFX程序对CFETR包层第一壁进行了热工水力分析。研究了如何获得第一壁的最佳出口温度,并保证第一壁结构材料的热负荷承受能力。讨论了通过改变冷却管道粗糙度和优化冷却管道布置两种方法对第一壁结构进行优化。结果表明,优化的冷却回路既满足了材料的许用温度要求,又满足了氦气的出口温度要求。     

CFTER�����һ���ȹ�ˮ������

简要描述了CFETR氦冷固态增殖包层的结构设计,介绍了包层第一壁的冷却结构。用ANSYS CFX程序对 CFETR 包层第一壁进行了热工水力分析。研究了如何获得第一壁的最佳出口温度,并保证第一壁结构材料的热负荷承受能力。讨论了通过改变冷却管道粗糙度和优化冷却管道布置两种方法对第一壁结构进行优化。结果表明,优化的冷却回路既满足了材料的许用温度要求,又满足了氦气的出口温度要求。     

Total emissivity measurements without use of an absolute reference

Total emissivity measurement by ordinary steady state radiometric methods are difficult at low temperature; besides, those methods require an emissivity reference. In this paper, several new periodic methods suitable for total emissivity measurements are presented. First it is shown that the thermal modulation of a sample allows direct emissivity measurements, even at low temperature, with an ordinary equipment involving no cooled vessel. Very accurate measurements have been performed within a few minutes at room temperature, on reflective materials. Second, it is shown that indirect total emissivity measurements are also feasible, provided source and sample temperatures are equal. This condition can be fulfilled with a modulated temperature hemispherical gray surface as IR source, or in a simpler way, with a mobile part of a hemisphere. Third, it is shown that if both sample and source temperatures are modulated, simultaneous direct and indirect measurements can be carried out. This results in an absolute emissivity measurement without reference. As an experimental validation, simultaneous direct and indirect measurements of the total directional emissivity are carried out on three samples at room temperature. Periodic radiometry methods are found to be reliable and accurate, emission and reflection measurements giving the same result.     

Determination of true temperature of opaque materials via spectral distribution of thermal radiation intensity: application of Wien’s displacement law

The equation for the derivative connecting surface spectral emissivity, wavelength, and thermodynamic (true) temperature of an opaque heated body at the point of spectral maximum of thermal radiation was obtained. It is suggested to solve the problem of determining the true temperature of an opaque surface in two stages. At the first stage, the spectral range, most comfortable for approximation of body emissivity, is distinguished using a special function (relative emissivity), and the true temperature is determined. At the second stage, the true temperature is determined again using the resulting equation for the derivative. The dimensionless parameter that connects the radiative properties of material with the peak wavelength and characterizes deviation from Wien’s displacement law was found. If the absolute value of this parameter is low, the value of true temperature obtained at the first step can be specified at the second stage. This approach is illustrated by experimental data obtained at comparison of spectral radiance of the temperature lamps.