传统笙的物理模型及声音合成方法

为研究传统笙的物理结构与音色之间的关系,提出了传统笙的物理模型及声音合成方法。在簧舌振动模型的基础上,结合指孔和音窗的传输矩阵计算方法,建立了笙管的等效电路,并将二者结合,得到笙的完整物理模型。为了验证模型的有效性,设计了一套笙的实验系统,实现了对笙管发声过程中特征量的多通道同步测量。通过对比实验和模型仿真结果的时频域特点以及与音色相关的特征量,分析了模型的性能.结果表明,该模型可较好地模拟传统笙管的发声过程,合成笙样本能够较准确的反映真实笙样本的音色特征。      

点簧簧片振动特性数值分析*

簧片是笙等中国传统簧管类乐器的核心部件之一。通过点簧工艺可调整簧片振动频率,点簧簧片的差异对整体乐器的声音效果具有重要影响。针对点簧簧片的振动特性问题,对其建立非均匀截面并具有质量负载的振动模型,采用有限元方法计算点簧簧片的固有频率。大量算例分析了点簧质量、位置以及簧片的边界条件对振动频率的影响,研究发现:若点簧质量不变,位置越靠近自由端调整频率越大,但同时应考虑对高阶频率的激发避免影响音色;若位置相同,点簧质量与频率改变近似成正比,由此可方便调整簧片振动频率。该文研究结果初步揭示了点簧簧片振动规律,可为制作、复原传统簧管类乐器中簧片的点簧工艺过程提供物理依据。     

氮化铝双端固支音叉谐振器的结构设计

基于氮化铝双端固支音叉（AlN DETF）的谐振式传感器具有尺寸小、稳定性和可靠性好、时间响应快等特点。为了提高灵敏度和分辨率,需要分析AlN DETF谐振器的振梁结构参数对灵敏度和信号功率的影响。在有限元仿真软件中建立AlN谐振器的多物理场模型,进行预应力特征频率分析,仿真验证单个振梁结构参数对灵敏度的影响。在振梁厚度保持恒定的情况下,对仿真结果的数据进行后处理,得到信号功率与振梁长度、宽度的关系。结果表明,相对灵敏度、信号功率随振梁长度、宽度的变化趋势相反。因此,需要根据工艺水平和结构强度等因素,综合考虑AlN谐振器的信号功率和相对灵敏度,对两者进行权衡。仿真分析了优化后AlN DETF谐振器的性能,10 N范围内的灵敏度为56 Hz/N,信号功率为6.810-4 nW,Q值为958。     

太赫兹波段Smith-Purcell辐射的介质加载光栅高频特性

提出了一种用于Smith-Purcell效应器件的介质加载光栅慢波结构,通过研究该结构的注-波互作用过程,推导出带电子注的色散方程,并数值求解出波的线性增长率.利用色散方程,结合电磁场传播的边界条件,推导出Smith-Purcell效应振荡器工作所需的起振电流.详细研究了高频结构长度、电子注主要参数和介质相对介电常数对起振电流的影响,并与普通金属光栅结构进行了比较.结果表明:保持其他参数不变时,高频结构长度越短,起振电流越大;保持高频结构参数不变时,起振电流随电子注厚度和注-栅距离的增大而增大,随电子注电压的增大而减小;与金属光栅相比,介质的引入提高了注-波互作用的增长率,有效减小了振荡器的起振电流.理论计算结果与软件CHIPIC的模拟结果比较符合.     

螺旋线行波管返波自激振荡的研究

 在2维小信号模型的基础上，分析了均匀和周期永久聚焦磁场对抑制返波自激振荡的影响。研究结果表明：改变聚焦磁场的幅值或周期来增加起振长度是可能的， 而且不会改变基波的互作用条件。与此同时，对起振长度、初始非同步速度参量随皮尔斯增益参量、空间电荷参量、损耗参量等的变化，以及在超宽带行波管中当存在两个或多个角向非对称空间谐波时,起振长度、初始非同步速度参量随周期永久聚焦磁场的变化进行了研究。优化设计聚焦磁场、电子注和螺旋线慢波系统的参量可以对螺旋线行波管的稳定性分析提供必要的依据。     

利用自相关函数和双耳自相关函数分析对交通噪声特征参量的提取~

对实地双通道测量获得的道路交通噪声和铁路噪声信号样本进行了自相关函数和双耳自相关函数(Interaural CrossCorrelation Function)的分析。进而通过对噪声样本时间因子和空间因子的相关性分析、主成分分析和主观评价实验,得到了3个铁路噪声源特征参量物理因子和4个道路交通噪声源特征参量物理因子。发现与传统的声压级测量相比,表征声音信号时间特性和空间特性的这7个物理量可以更全面、准确地表征交通噪声的特性。在对道路噪声进行测量或分析时,掌握与声源视觉宽度和音调感相对应的物理因子以及双耳时延和初始能量,就可获悉与人的主观评价相一致的道路交通噪声特征信息;对铁路噪声而言,掌握与声源视觉宽度相对应的物理因子以及双耳时延和声音的重复性特征,就可以得到与入主观评价相一致的铁路噪声特征信息。综合道路噪声特征参量和铁路噪声特征参量可以发现,双耳时延和与声源视觉宽度相对应的物理因子是与人的主观反应最为一致的主成分指标,说明噪声中决定人的评价的最主要的因素是代表空间特征的信号因子。      

一种太阳能热声发动机的研制及其性能研究

设计搭建了一台由双轴跟踪菲涅耳透镜集热器和驻波发动机组成的太阳能热声发动机,并在此基础上研究了不同工质配比、板叠厚度和谐振管长度对起消振温度和压力振幅的影响。实验结果表明,当氦气摩尔比为0.25~0.50时,混合气体有更低的起消振温度和更大的压力振幅。当板叠厚度由0.45 mm减至0.15mm时,起振和消振温度降低,压力振幅上升。随着谐振管长度的增加,起消振温度降低,压力振幅提高,当谐振管管长2.1 m时分别获得297℃和176℃的最低起振和消振温度,以及69.1 kPa的最大压力振幅。     

远红外射频自由电子激光的振荡器起振与腔长失谐

用数值计算方法研究了电子束脉冲宽度与滑移长度相差不多时远红外RFFEL(射频型自由电子激光)振荡器的起振问题。结果表明,在适当的失谐长度下能够抑制激光呆滞效应的发生,振荡器可以起振。采用不同腔长失谐方式,可以进一步提高功率和抽取效率。     

Ambisonics声捡拾与重放音色的双耳听觉模型分析与实验

提出用双耳听觉模型对空间声音色进行分析的普遍方法,并以Ambisonics为例进行了分析。Ambisonics是基于物理声场重构的空间声系统,其最终重构声场误差以及音色改变是由传声器捡拾和重放空间混叠误差共同引起的。采用修正的Moore双耳响度模型计算了Ambisonics重构声场的双耳响度级谱并和目标声场的情况比较,从而定量评价重构声场的音色改变。结果表明,在理想捡拾信号的情况下,无音色改变重放的上限频率和区域大小随Ambisonics的阶数而增加。而对于传声器阵列捡拾的情况,只要阵列的上限频率大于Ambisonics重放的上限频率,在重放的上限频率以下,传声器阵列空间混叠误差对最终重构声场及其感知音色的影响就可以忽略。在此基础上,提出了一种综合考虑捡拾与重放性能的Ambisonics系统优化设计方法。心理声学实验得到了和双耳听觉模型一致的结果,从而也验证了模型分析的有效性。     

Ambisonics声捡拾与重放音色的双耳听觉模型分析与实验

提出用双耳听觉模型对空间声音色进行分析的普遍方法,并以Ambisonics为例进行了分析。Ambisonics是基于物理声场重构的空间声系统,其最终重构声场误差以及音色改变是由传声器捡拾和重放空间混叠误差共同引起的。采用修正的Moore双耳响度模型计算了Ambisonics重构声场的双耳响度级谱并和目标声场的情况比较,从而定量评价重构声场的音色改变。结果表明,在理想捡拾信号的情况下,无音色改变重放的上限频率和区域大小随Ambisonics的阶数而增加。而对于传声器阵列捡拾的情况,只要阵列的上限频率大于Ambisonics重放的上限频率,在重放的上限频率以下,传声器阵列空间混叠误差对最终重构声场及其感知音色的影响就可以忽略。在此基础上,提出了一种综合考虑捡拾与重放性能的Ambisonics系统优化设计方法。心理声学实验得到了和双耳听觉模型一致的结果,从而也验证了模型分析的有效性。      

Acoustic correlates of timbre space dimensions: a confirmatory study using synthetic tones

Timbre spaces represent the organization of perceptual distances, as measured with dissimilarity ratings, among tones equated for pitch, loudness, and perceived duration. A number of potential acoustic correlates of timbre-space dimensions have been proposed in the psychoacoustic literature, including attack time, spectral centroid, spectral flux, and spectrum fine structure. The experiments reported here were designed as direct tests of the perceptual relevance of these acoustical parameters for timbre dissimilarity judgments. Listeners presented with carefully controlled synthetic tones use attack time, spectral centroid, and spectrum fine structure in dissimilarity rating experiments. These parameters thus appear as major determinants of timbre. However, spectral flux appears as a less salient timbre parameter, its salience depending on the number of other dimensions varying concurrently in the stimulus set. Dissimilarity ratings were analyzed with two different multidimensional scaling models (CLASCAL and CONSCAL), the latter providing psychophysical functions constrained by the physical parameters. Their complementarity is discussed.     

Influence of spectral locus and F0 changes on the pitch and timbre of complex tones.

Harmonic complex tones comprising components in different spectral regions may differ considerably in timbre. While the pitch of "residue" tones of this type has been studied extensively, their timbral properties have received little attention. Discrimination of F0 for such tones is typically poorer than for complex tones with "corresponding" harmonics [A. Faulkner, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 78, 1993-2004 (1985)]. The F0 DLs may be higher because timbre differences impair pitch discrimination. The present experiment explores effects of changes in spectral locus and F0 of harmonic complex tones on both pitch and timbre. Six normally hearing listeners indicated if the second tone of a two-tone sequence was: (1) same, (2) higher in pitch, (3) lower in pitch, (4) same in pitch but different in "something else," (5) higher in pitch and different in "something else," or (6) lower in pitch and different in "something else" than the first. ("Something else" is assumed to represent timbre.) The tones varied in spectral loci of four equal-amplitude harmonics m, m + 1, m + 2, and m + 3 (m = 1,2,3,4,5,6) and ranged in F0 from 200 to 200 +/- 2n Hz (n = 0,1,2,4,8,16,32). Results show that changes in F0 primarily affect pitch, and changes in spectral locus primarily affect timbre. However, a change in spectral locus can also influence pitch. The direction of locus change was reported as the direction of pitch change, despite no change in F0 or changes in F0 in the opposite direction for delta F0 < or = 0-2%. This implies that listeners may be attending to the "spectral pitch" of components, or to changes in a timbral attribute like "sharpness," which are construed as changes in overall pitch in the absence of strong F0 cues. For delta F0 > or = 2%, the direction of reported pitch change accord with the direction of F0 change, but the locus change continued to be reported as a timbre change. Rather than spectral-pitch matching of corresponding components, a context-dependent spectral evaluation process is thus implied in discernment of changes in pitch and timbre. Relative magnitudes of change in derived features of the spectrum such as harmonic number and F0, and absolute features such as spectral frequencies are compared. What is called "spectral pitch," contributes to the overall pitch, but also appears to be an important dimension of the multidimensional percept, timbre.     

车辆噪声烦恼度的音色表达

烦恼度作为评价噪声对人影响的重要指标,受到广泛重视并获得应用。通过主观评价实验和数据统计分析,从音色角度对城市典型车辆噪声烦恼度进行建模并给予物理解释。研究发现:(1)车辆噪声烦恼度音色空间由四个维度构成;(2)利用多元线性回归方法给出的车辆噪声烦恼度模型与声样本烦恼度拟合较好;(3)烦恼度空间维度与特定频谱特性具有较高的相关性。研究结果为车辆噪声烦恼度建模及降噪设计提供了新的思路。      

基于听觉中枢模型的水下噪声音色表达与特性分析

为建立水下噪声音色特征的定量表达以用于目标识别, 本文将主观评价实验获得的 4个本质音色维度得分与声音的听觉中枢响应建立联系, 得到音色的偏最小二乘回归模型, 并基于回归系数对每个维度进行物理分析. 为验证该方法的有效性, 本文提取大量音色描述符作为自变量进行对比, 结果表明听觉中枢模型预测能力有一定优势. 同时发现, 前 3个本质音色维度可分别由高频能量比例、谱平坦程度和时域连续性描述, 而第4 维度则无法与任何声学特征建立联系. 关键词： 本质音色 听觉中枢模型 偏最小二乘回归 音色描述符     

杨氏双缝干涉实验中的光谱奇异现象

基于部分相干光的传输理论,研究了杨氏双缝干涉实验中的光谱奇异现象。发现在杨氏双缝干涉实验干涉场区中的某个点的光谱奇异现象,它会随着某些参量(如源光谱宽度Γ′,缝宽参量ε,相对空间相干度Δ0)的变化而改变,指出该现象可应用于信息的编码及自由空间的信息传输。     

The effect of fundamental frequency on the brightness dimension of timbre

The dependency of the brightness dimension of timbre on fundamental frequency (FO) was examined experimentally. Subjects compared the timbres of 24 synthetic stimuli, produced by the combination of six values of spectral centroid to obtain different values of expected brightness, and four FO's, ranging over 18 semitones. Subjects were instructed to ignore pitch differences. Dissimilarity scores were analyzed by both ANOVA and multidimensional scaling (MDS). Results show that timbres can be compared between stimuli with different FO's over the range tested, and that differences in FO affect timbre dissimilarity in two ways. First, dissimilarity scores reveal a term proportional to FO difference that shows up in the MDS solution as a dimension correlated with FO and orthogonal to other timbre dimensions. Second, FO affects systematically the timbre dimension (brightness) correlated with spectral centroid. Interestingly, both terms covaried with differences in FO rather than chroma or consonance. The first term probably corresponds to pitch. The second can be eliminated if the formula for spectral centroid is modified by introducing a corrective factor dependent on FO.     

Spatiotemporal shaping of terahertz pulses

We report temporal shaping of few-cycle terahertz pulses, using a slit in a conductive screen as a high-pass filter. The filter's cutoff frequency was tuned by changing the width of the slit; the slope of the cutoff transition was altered by changing the thickness of the screen. We measured the transmission function of the filters, using large-aperture photoconducting antennas to create and detect the incident and transmitted electric field. Our experimental results were in excellent agreement with the performed finite-difference time-domain simulations of the propagation of the pulse through the slit. When the screen thickness was greater than the slit width, the filter was well modeled by a short, planar waveguide. Using a simple transfer function, we accurately describe the sharp cutoff and dispersion of such a filter.     

现代高分辨拉曼光谱仪的配置及应用研究

拉曼光谱分辨率是关系到从光谱中提取出样品结构信息的关键参数,高分辨拉曼光谱能够提供更多、更精细的样品有关信息。在此全面分析了现代高分辨拉曼光谱仪中决定光谱分辨率的各参数,辨析了易于混淆的分辨率和色散度概念。用理论分析和实验结果说明光栅密度与光谱分辨率的关系以及采用高密度光栅增进光谱分辨率所受到的限制、如何利用长焦长光栅增进光谱分辨率而不损害仪器通光效率、入射狭缝宽度对光谱分辨率及灵敏度的影响,在此基础上如何求得一个合理的平衡选择;并且用不同配置的现代新型拉曼光谱仪实验研究了多层硅结构中的应力分布和单壁碳纳米管管径分布,实验结果清晰地佐证了以上分析,并充分说明了拉曼光谱测量中选择分辨率的重要性。