时域反卷积算法用于提高超声反射CT成像分辨率

超声反射ＣＴ成像通常采用反射回波的包络作为投影，按一定算法进行重建，以实现对物体内某一截面的成像。由于超声换能器的发射脉冲具有一定宽度，这样，被检测物体内相距较近的缺陷回波信号将产生混叠，使得重建像中难以区分各相距较近的缺陷。针对这一问题，本文应用时域反卷积（ＴＤＤ）算法对缺陷回波信号进行预处理，再进行图像重建，理论和实验结果表明，成像分辨率得到提高，图像质量明显改善。     

吸收峰混叠的太赫兹光谱区间组合特征提取算法

太赫兹光谱是物质识别的前沿方法之一。由于不同物质的分子组成或结构各异,许多物质的太赫兹吸收谱会在特定频率上出现吸收峰,可以作为混合物成分检测的重要特征。有效准确地提取这些吸收峰的参数,是提高识别率的关键。多峰拟合算法将光谱曲线拟合成若干个标准峰函数之和,能够同时提取到吸收峰的频率、峰高、峰宽等信息。但是该算法以寻峰算法结果为基础确定吸收峰的大致位置和数量,寻峰结果不一定是最优的拟合结果,而且很难准确识别定位混叠状态的吸收峰。为了提高混叠光谱中吸收峰的识别定位精度,提出以大幅度平滑后的曲线波谷为分界点,将预处理后的光谱分成若干个子区间。然后将子区间组合起来进行多峰拟合,通过遗传算法得到最优的拟合子区间组合和吸收峰频率近似值,拟合时每个子区间中通过峰数递增最优化方法确定拟合的吸收峰数,最后微调优化得到最优的吸收峰频率、峰高值。为了实现物质的识别,通过密度聚类算法得到同一类纯净物在多次测量中的共同吸收峰,以此作为标准数据,通过提出的基于吸收峰特征的光谱匹配算法实现了纯净物和不同含量混合物的快速识别。对10类纯净物的实际光谱数据进行拟合聚类,得到其吸收峰参数,结果与太赫兹光谱数据库一致。通过识别算法对纯净物测试集进行识别的识别率为100%,证明了特征提取和物质识别算法的有效性。对于含有混叠峰的混合物光谱,二阶导数法对葡萄糖-乳糖混合物光谱中被掩盖吸收峰(1.280 THz)的识别率仅为70%,提取到的频率平均值为1.316 THz;而该算法提高识别率至95%,频率平均值为1.281 THz,该算法提高了对混叠峰的分辨能力,能够精确定位混叠峰。对10类纯净物构成的6类不同程度混叠的二元混合物前二、三识别率分别达到90.8%和98.3%,提取到的特征能够有效应用于混合物的成分检测。该算法能够以纯净物数据为标准数据实现成分各异的混合物成分检测,对于太赫兹光谱混合物成分检测有重要意义。     

太赫兹无损检测的多特征参数神经网络分析技术

提出一种基于太赫兹无损检测的多特征参数神经网络分析技术,用于分析耐高温复合材料的粘贴质量无损检测.采用抽片式方法设计了一种耐高温复合材料的脱粘缺陷样品,抽片厚度为0.1mm.采用太赫兹时域光谱无损检测技术对耐高温复合材料的多层脱粘缺陷进行了检测试验研究,对比了上下脱粘缺陷所对应的太赫兹时域波形及频谱信息的异同,针对性地建立了耐高温复合材料粘贴质量的上层脱粘参数、下层脱粘参数、频域吸收质心参数等多特征参数,将特征参数进行优化作为反向传播神经网络的输入并对其进行上下脱粘分类识别.通过对反向传播神经网络的训练测试,实现了耐高温复合材料上层脱粘0.1mm、下层脱粘0.1mm的脱粘缺陷的识别.     

光学复用大视场成像研究

为了简化光学复用成像系统复杂度和降低对编码方式的要求,基于反射镜旋转完成通道编码,构建了结合分束镜和光学成像系统实现双通道混叠成像的实验装置.为实现混叠图像的有效解混叠,提出了利用特征点检测与匹配方法实现多幅混叠图像之间平移量的自动识别,进而构建出具有亚像素精度的双通道光学复用成像系统的系统复用矩阵,并采用梯度投影稀疏重建算法完成基于多幅图像的双通道图像重建,最终实验实现了光学成像系统视场角的2倍放大.此外,对所提方法在其他场景的适应性也进行了实验验证,表明了其可在不改变焦平面探测器的情况下实现光学成像系统视场角的有效放大,大大节约了大视场光学成像系统的研制成本.     

多分类SVDD混叠域识别的模拟电路故障诊断

针对多分类支持向量域数据描述(SVDD)方法中混叠样本诊断精度差的问题,提出了一种带异类样本的多分类SVDD算法。该方法在普通SVDD超球模型基础上,对于存在混叠区域的类别,以该类所有样本为目标类,其他类与之混叠的样本为异类,利用带异类样本的SVDD算法重新训练,直至所有超球优化完毕。仿真实验验证了本文算法消除混叠和提高精度的能力,并将该算法应用于模拟电路故障诊断中。相较与SVDD多分类算法、一对一和一对多SVM算法,本文方法在模拟电路故障诊断中具有更高的诊断精度。     

基于动态阈值匹配追踪的主动声呐直达波抑制方法

双基地声呐中的直达波干扰可以通过重构抵消的方式进行抑制。这种方法需要对直达波信道进行估计，传统的正交匹配追踪算法的收敛速度慢，分步正交匹配追踪等算法在提高收敛速度时牺牲了信道估计精度，导致回波检测能力下降。本文提出一种动态阈值匹配追踪算法估计直达波的信道响应，在提高收敛速度的同时兼顾了信道估计精度。在仿真环境中，达到同样的直达波抑制效果，所提算法与传统正交匹配追踪算法相比，收敛速度显著提升，检测输出的回波强度比分步正交匹配追踪算法高4dB；海试数据处理结果中，所提方法迭代收敛速度较正交匹配追踪算法提升4倍；输出的回波强度比分步正交匹配追踪算法高2dB。     

基于改进模板匹配及图像差分法的PCB板缺陷多级检测方法

针对目前应用于PCB缺陷检测系统的模板匹配方法及缺陷检测方法存在准确性不足的问题，提出一种基于改进模板匹配及图像差分法的PCB缺陷多级检测方法。提出基于多方向Sobel算子的改进模板匹配方法实现待测图像与模板图像的匹配，针对PCB板漏件缺陷，提出基于图像差分法的多级二值化检测法实现PCB图像的缺陷检测。结合实验平台测试发现，该方法能够准确地提取出缺陷区域。与现有方法相比，该方法的误检率仅5%，具有更好的稳定性以及更高的准确性。     

利用目标信道特性约束的信道匹配检测算法

浅海有源声呐的探测性能主要受到多途扩展以及混响干扰的影响。为了提高声呐系统的检测性能,根据双扩展信道匹配原理,结合混响信道与声呐目标信道特点,提出了一种基于回波特性约束的信道匹配检测算法。该算法通过最小二乘匹配追踪算法估计信道稀疏响应,并根据混响和目标信道的扩展差异,通过约束目标信道扩展对稀疏信道响应去冗余,得到更精确的目标回波信道响应。利用该信道响应进行信道匹配检测,可以进一步提高信混比处理增益。数值仿真结果表明所提算法可以有效汇集多途信号能量并抑制混响干扰,提高声呐系统的检测性能;海试数据处理结果显示,在试验信道条件下,所提算法处理结果的峰值信混比,与匹配滤波相比提升约7~12 dB,与传统自适应相关器相比提升约6~7 dB。      

临界频带子波变换用于混叠语音分离的研究

以反映听觉特性的临界频带子波变换为工具,对混叠语音进行了分析,提出了一种基于临界频带子波变换的混叠语音源信号基音分离和检测方法,在此基础上利用数字多谐振荡器的选频特性,有效地获取构成混叠语音的每个语音信号的各谐波分量,以此实现从混叠语音中分离出各源信号。实验结果表明混叠语音分离方法是可行有效的。     

特殊几何构件超声衍射时差法技术有限元模拟

衍射时差法(Time of flight diffraction,TOFD)技术是一种能够探测和精确测量缺陷尺寸的新型超声无损检测方法,针对该检测方法具有缺陷检出率高、缺陷定位定量精度高等优点。本文采用商业有限元软件ABAQUS,对汽包筒体与球形封头不等厚对接和超高压水晶釜两种特殊几何构件进行了超声TOFD技术的二维数值模拟研究,分析了超声波在这两种构件中的传播特性和规律。经分析从构件表面不同位置接收到的波型,当构件中存在损伤时,通过接收损伤所引起的衍射波,可判断构件中是否存在缺陷。模拟结果表明能够将超声TOFD技术应用于这两种特殊结构的压力容器构件,可扩大超声TOFD技术的应用范围。     

Ultrahigh-spatial-resolution field-emission projection microscopy of insulating samples

The method of ultrahigh-spatial-resolution field-emission projection imaging of nonconducting tips is implemented experimentally. An image of a glass microcapillary tip was obtained for the first time by the nonscanning method with spatial resolution no worse than 20 nm.     

Lateral manipulation of small clusters on the Cu and Ag(1 1 1) surfaces with the single-atom and trimer-apex tips: Reliability study

We study the reliability of the lateral manipulation of small Cu clusters (dimer and trimer) on the flat Cu(1 1 1) surface with both the single-atom and trimer-apex tips and that for the Ag/Ag(1 1 1) system, and compare the results between the two systems as well as with the single-atom manipulation on these surfaces. Manipulations are simulated using molecular statics method with semi-empirical potentials. The dependence of the manipulation reliability on the tip height and tip orientation are investigated. Overall, the manipulation reliability increases with decreasing tip height although it depends obviously on the tip orientation. For the Cu/Cu(1 1 1) system, the manipulation of the dimmer and trimer can be successful with both tips. The manipulation reliability can be improved by the trimer-apex tip, and the tip-height range for the successful manipulation is also broader, as compared to the single-atom apex tip. Differently from the single-atom manipulation, the tip orientation has a noticeable influence on the manipulation reliability even for the single-atom tip due to the stronger tip-cluster and surface-adatom interactions in cluster manipulation. For the Ag/Ag(1 1 1) system, successful manipulations only be achieved with the trimer-apex tip, and the manipulation reliability is worse than that of the Cu/Cu(1 1 1) system, indicating the difference in mechanic properties between the two surfaces at the atomic level.     

Reliable lateral manipulation of a single Ag adatom on a Ag(1 1 1) surface with a trimer-apex tip

We study the reliability of the lateral manipulation of a single Ag adatom on a Ag(1 1 1) surface with the single-atom and trimer-apex tips based on molecular statics simulations using surface embedded-atom-method potential. The dependence of the manipulation reliability on tip height and orientation is investigated. For the single-atom tip the manipulation reliability increases monotonically with decreasing tip height, which is owing to the strengthened lateral tip-adatom interaction as the tip height lowers. For the trimer-apex tip, the manipulation reliability is sensitive to the tip orientation in the lower tip-height range, while in the higher tip-height range the manipulation reliability is independent of the tip orientation and moreover can be greatly improved due to the strong vertical attraction of the tip on the adatom as compared to the single-atom tip. We also compare these results to those for manipulating single Cu adatoms on the Cu(1 1 1) surface, reveal the underlying physics, and propose the method to improve the manipulation reliability for different systems.     

Lateral and vertical manipulations of single atoms on the Ag(1 1 1) surface with the copper single-atom and trimer-apex tips

We study the lateral and vertical manipulations of single Ag and Cu atoms on the Ag(1 1 1) surface with the Cu single-atom and trimer-apex tips using molecular statics simulations. The reliability of the lateral manipulation with the Cu single-atom tip is investigated, and compared with that for the Ag tips. We find that overall the manipulation reliability (MR) increases with the decreasing tip height, and in a wide tip-height range the MR is better than those for both the Ag single-atom and trimer-apex tips. This is due to the stronger attractive force of the Cu tip and its better stability against the interactions with the Ag surface. With the Cu trimer-apex tip, the single Ag and Cu adatoms can be picked up from the flat Ag(1 1 1) surface, and moreover a reversible vertical manipulation of single Ag atoms on the stepped Ag(1 1 1) surface is possible, suggesting a method to modify two-dimensional Ag nanostructures on the Ag(1 1 1) surface with the Cu trimer-apex tip.     

Electrochemical fabrication of silver tips for tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy assisted by a machine vision system

Both tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy require the use of sharp tips. Electrochemical etching appears to be the most widely used method for preparing tips. To address the over‐etching problem associated with the silver tips by either using voltage or current as a feedback, we developed here an optical method‐based machine vision to achieve a quick cutoff of the circuit once the tip forms. It is a fully automated method with a response time of about 40 ms and is tolerated with any existing electrochemical etching method. We can significantly decrease the time of over‐etching of the silver tip when short rectangular pulses with a duty cycle of 28.6% were used. The mean radius of curvature was ca. 58 nm, as measured from over 50 tips. The capacities of silver tips for high‐resolution scanning tunneling microscopy imaging and high‐sensitivity tip‐enhanced Raman studies have been demonstrated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Increased efficiency using the encapsulation-dehydration cryopreservation technique for Arabidopsis thaliana

Arabidopsis thaliana shoot tips were successfully cryopreserved using encapsulation-dehydration cryopreservation methods. Between one and seven shoot tips were encapsulated within 4 mm calcium-alginate beads. Beads were formed in the presence of 2 M glycerol + 0.4 M sucrose. The time required to make 10 beads, each containing five shoot tips (4 min), was less than the time required to make 50 beads containing one shoot tip (12 min). Shoot tip regrowth after cryoexposure was between 60 and 68%, with one to seven shoot tips per bead. Using five Arabidopsis shoot tips per bead, alginate beads were formed either in the presence of 2 M glycerol + 0.4 M sucrose or 0.5 M sucrose. Beads formed in the presence of glycerol were immediately air-dried to moisture contents between 0.21 to 0.26 g H2O/g FW (0.27 to 0.38 g H2O/g DW). Alginate beads formed in 0.5 M sucrose were incubated in solutions of 0.5, 0.75, and 1 M sucrose for one day each prior to air-dehydration, achieving moisture contents of 0.19 to 0.21 g H2O/g FW (0.23 to 0.27 g H2O/g DW). Shoot tip regrowth after cryoexposure was between 42 and 65%, with no significant differences among treatments. We successfully reduced the amount of time needed for shoot tip processing for Arabidopsis by encapsulating five shoot tips per alginate bead and by using a glycerol-encapsulation method, without lowering shoot tip regrowth levels after cryopreservation.     

High-frequency ultrasonic wire bonding systems

The vibration characteristics of longitudinal-complex transverse vibration systems with multiple resonance frequencies of 350-980 kHz for ultrasonic wire bonding of IC, LSI or electronic devices were studied. The complex vibration systems can be applied for direct welding of semiconductor tips (face-down bonding, flip-chip bonding) and packaging of electronic devices. A longitudinal-complex transverse vibration bonding system consists of a complex transverse vibration rod, two driving longitudinal transducers 7.0 mm in diameter and a transverse vibration welding tip. The vibration distributions along ceramic and stainless-steel welding tips were measured at up to 980 kHz. A high-frequency vibration system with a height of 20.7 mm and a weight of less than 15 g was obtained.     

Mechanism for negative differential resistance in molecular electronic devices: local orbital symmetry matching

A new mechanism for negative differential resistance (NDR) originating from local orbital symmetry matching between an electrode and a molecule in a single molecular electronic device is proposed and demonstrated by a joint experimental and theoretical scanning tunneling microscope study of a cobalt phthalocyanines (CoPc) molecule on a gold substrate. For two different metal tips used, Ni and W, NDR occurs only with Ni tips and shows no dependence on the geometrical shape of the tip. Calculations reveal that such a behavior is a result of local orbital symmetry matching between the Ni tip and Co atom.     

Field emission properties of nano-structured phosphorus-doped diamond

Nano-structured phosphorus-doped diamonds were fabricated for field emitters and their field emission properties were characterized. Two kinds of nano-structures were prepared; tip array structures and whiskers on tip structures. The tips, which have 100 nm radius and 10 μm height, are used in tip array structures; whiskers have tip radii of 5 nm and height of 500 nm. Following nano-structure formation, a reduction of threshold fields is observed compared to non-patterned flat surfaces. This is ascribed to field concentration at the tips. However, at higher electric fields, a saturation of the emission current is observed due to non-negligible bulk resistances in tips and whiskers.