柯衣定表面增强拉曼光谱及其在饮料检测中的应用研究

制备银溶胶作为表面增强活性基底,以此为基础详细研究了柯衣定的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)。选择1000cm-1处的拉曼特征峰作为研究对象。研究了氯化钠作为促凝剂时的增强效果。测得不同浓度下柯衣定水溶液的SERS。结果表明,当柯衣定水溶液浓度低至10-8 g/mL时,依然可以得到明显的拉曼光谱信号。将这种柯衣定的检测方法应用于饮料样品的检测之中,当柯衣定的浓度为10-8g/mL时仍可检测出SERS信号。此种方法操作简便快捷,无需对样品进行预处理,在饮料中柯衣定的快速检测方面具有很大应用潜力。     

应用SERS滤纸基底快速检测朱砂中违禁染料的研究

本文通过将银纳米颗粒组装于滤纸作为SERS信号增强基底,对朱砂中违禁染料808猩红进行了快速检测。利用密度泛函理论计算了808猩红的理论拉曼光谱,并结合实测拉曼光谱,对808猩红的拉曼特征峰进行谱峰归属。通过将银纳米颗粒利用液-液界面自组装技术组装于滤纸上,制备得到SERS滤纸基底,并测试了基底的信号重复性。利用SERS滤纸基底对朱砂中808猩红进行检测,实验结果显示808猩红的最低检测限为0. 05!g/m L,在0. 05～1!g/m L浓度范围内,808猩红的浓度与其SERS强度呈线性关系,线性相关系数为R2=0. 98673。该方法简便、快速,可用于对药材中违禁染料的现场检测。     

基于表面增强拉曼光谱的鸭肉中螺旋霉素残留检测

利用表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)法结合自适应迭代重加权惩罚最小二乘法(air-PLS)快速检测鸭肉中的螺旋霉素残留。首先采用OTR202作为SERS活性基底,确定了螺旋霉素的1 622 cm^-1峰可以作为其在鸭肉提取液中残留检测的拉曼特征峰;然后,通过单因素分析法确定了实验的最佳条件,并在该条件下建立了螺旋霉素浓度范围介于4.0~50.0 mg/L之间的鸭肉提取液加标样本的标准曲线,并获得了良好的线性关系且线性回归方程为y=26.681x+1233.5,决定系数R²=0.980 2,最低检测限为4 mg/L,预测样本的平均回收率为73.38%~105.25%。研究表明,采用SERS技术可以实现鸭肉中螺旋霉素残留的快速检测。     

2-巯基苯并咪唑的表面增强拉曼光谱检测方法研究

以表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)方法对2-巯基苯并咪唑(2-MBI)进行了研究,以自组装在玻璃基片上的银纳米膜作为SERS增强基底,采集了2-MBI的SERS光谱图,并对其拉曼特征峰进行了指认。研究了吸附时间和分子浓度对拉曼光谱的影响,以411cm~(-1)拉曼谱峰为定性和定量分析的特征峰。在10-6~10-3mol·L~(-1)浓度范围内拉曼光谱强度与2-MBI浓度的负对数呈现较好的线性关系,线性方程为I=1 237.8logc+8 326.3,线性相关系数为0.999 8,相对标准偏差在0.025~0.084之间,此方法检测2-MBI的检测限为10-7 mol·L~(-1)。这些研究为发展新的针对2-MBI的检测方法奠定了基础。     

金纳米粒子的制备及其表面增强拉曼散射效应的研究

采用多巴胺化学还原法制备了分散性良好的纳米金溶胶,并检测了其作为表面增强拉曼散射(Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering,SERS)基底的性质。粒度和透射电子显微镜测试结果表明金溶胶为平均粒径30nm左右的球形颗粒,并且紫外-可见特征吸收峰出现在520nm,为典型的金纳米颗粒特征吸收峰。以罗丹明6G(R6G)为探针分子证明了金溶胶良好的SERS增强效果,用金溶胶对除草剂敌草快(DQ)进行检测,最低检测限可达1×10-7 mol/L。结果表明所制备的金溶胶具有良好的表面增强拉曼散射活性。     

基于铜网置换反应的微纳结构SERS基底制备和应用

电力能源发展与国家经济发展关系密切,因此电网稳定、安全地运行是人民稳定生活的保障。而与稳定可靠的电网的运行有关的是变压器的绝缘水平,因此始终注意电气设备的状况和运行非常重要。而仅由纸绝缘产生的糠醛是目前用于评估电力变压器老化状况最常用的指标之一,所以准确测量变压器油中糠醛含量具有重大意义。拉曼光谱法可以实现对待测物的快速、无损检测,但受限于拉曼散射信号弱,对油中老化特征物这种微量物质检测难度大。表面增强拉曼光谱可以解决痕量物质检测的灵敏性问题,使溶解在变压器油中的老化特征物得到快速、无损地检测。故将SERS应用到变压器油中糠醛的检测对于变压器运行状况的评估具有重要的意义。围绕着变压器油中糠醛作为痕量物质检测灵敏度低的问题,基于置换反应在TEM铜网上制备了微纳米结构的SERS基底,以检测变压器油中的糠醛,为高效,准确地检测变压器油的老化水平提供一种快速、有效的新技术。选择了特定的实验材料,在控制特定的实验条件下基于置换反应制备出微纳结构SERS基底,经过电镜扫描对其表面形貌进行表征;在不同位置进行拉曼检测得到特征拉曼峰峰强的变异系数仅为3.55％,表明该基底的“热点”分布均匀和检测可重复性高;定性分析了一定浓度梯度的变压器油中糠醛和背景噪声的拉曼光谱。选择了1 702 cm-1的拉曼峰作为油中糠醛的特征拉曼峰。定量分析中,建立内标峰和1 702 cm-1处峰强比与变压器油中糠醛浓度的线性函数,得到良好的线性关系。使用3δ准则计算变压器油中糠醛在微纳结构SERS基底上的检测下限约为0.51 mg·L-1。研究说明基于铜网置换反应的微纳结构SERS基底对于变压器油中糠醛具有更灵敏的检测。这对于诊断电力变压器绝缘状况和维护电网稳定非常重要。     

应用表面增强拉曼光谱法检测鸭肉中萘夫西林残留的研究

采用金胶颗粒作为活性基底,氯化钠溶液作为活性剂,并采用表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术建立一种检测鸭肉中萘夫西林残留的检测方法。首先分析了奈夫西林水溶液的SERS特征峰及其归属。然后分析了奈夫西林在鸭肉提取液中的SERS特征峰,确定了鉴定鸭肉中奈夫西林残留的拉曼特征峰,并选取521与1 449 cm-1处的拉曼峰强度进行条件的优化。最后应用内标法对鸭肉提取液中萘夫西林的残留量进行定量分析。结果表明,鸭肉提取液中萘夫西林的质量浓度范围在0.2~10 mg·L-1 时,应用拉曼峰强度比值所建立的四种标定曲线均具有良好的线性关系,决定系数均大于0.95。其中三种标定曲线具有较高的准确度,其回收率介于88%~144%。由此可见,应用SERS检测鸭肉中萘夫西林的残留是可行的,该方法简便、快速,为检测禽肉类食品中萘夫西林的残留提供了技术支持。     

表面增强拉曼光谱对鱼肉中组胺的快速定量分析

基于表面增强拉曼光谱（SERS）拟建立一种适用于水产鱼制品中组胺含量的快速检测方法。采用银纳米颗粒（Ag NPs）作为活性基底和氯化钠溶液作为聚集剂获取组胺的SERS特征峰,并结合线性回归算法对鱼肉中的组胺含量进行测定分析。首先对固体组胺、组胺水溶液以及鱼肉提取液中组胺的SERS特征峰及归属进行表征分析,然后对以Ag NPs的浓缩倍数与氯化钠溶液的浓度作为SERS基底的反应条件进行优化,最后在该优化条件下对鱼肉中组胺进行定量分析。结果表明,Ag NPs在400 nm处有最大吸光度,通过透射电子显微镜观察颗粒的形状主要为球形,均匀尺寸为30 nm左右。利用4-巯基苯甲酸作为探针分子对其进行拉曼测试,所得拉曼峰具有良好的重复性,且拉曼强度很高。因此该活性基底的合成方法不仅用时少、易操作,且合成的Ag NPs可作为可靠的增强基底应用于SERS试验中。此外通过紫外-可见分光光度计检测得出氯化钠溶液使Ag NPs在溶液中发生团聚,形成热点,可实现SERS信号增强。固体组胺的拉曼光谱图反映出1 167 cm-1处出现的特征峰主要是由N-H面内弯曲引起的;1 236 cm-1处的特征峰主要是咪唑中C-H平面内弯曲和环呼吸引起的;1 291 cm-1处主要与环伸展有关;1 474 cm-1处的特征峰主要是由咪唑N-H面内弯曲振动和环伸展引起的。优化反应条件在Ag NPs的浓缩倍数为15倍、氯化钠溶液浓度为1 mol·L-1时表现出最高的增强效应,并在该优化条件下检测了浓度为5～250 mg·L-1的组胺水溶液,得出在该优化条件下检测到组胺水溶液的最低浓度为5 mg·L-1。同时在该优化条件下采集了10～100 mg·L-1范围的鱼肉提取液中组胺的SERS光谱,并建立组胺溶液的特征拉曼位移峰强度与浓度之间的线性回归模型。得出在1 180,1 258和1 425 cm-1处的特征峰与对应的拉曼峰强度值所建立的标准曲线有良好的线性关系(R2=0.918 1～0.947 3),通过比较得出在1 258 cm-1处特征拉曼位移峰强度的R2值最大,且在鱼肉中组胺的最低检测浓度为10 mg·L-1, 远低于国标中水产品中组胺最大限量检测限50 mg·L-1。因此选择1 258 cm-1处的标准曲线进行进一步的组胺检测。最后通过对鱼肉提取液中添加组胺对该标准曲线进行检测验证,得到回收率在100%～111%之间。且通过高效液相色谱法验证该方法具有适用性。由此表明选取银纳米颗粒作为活性基底、氯化钠溶液作为聚集剂的表面增强拉曼光谱技术结合线性回归法建立标准曲线用于快速检测鱼肉中的组胺是可行且准确,这为在鱼肉中的组胺含量的快速定量分析提供了参考依据。     

石墨烯-银纳米颗粒复合结构制备工艺优化及表面增强拉曼光谱特性

在石墨烯-Ag纳米颗粒复合结构表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）基底常规制备工艺的基础上,提出了采用偶联剂吸附的方法来改善Ag纳米颗粒在目标基底上分布的均匀性;采用双层聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）来转移石墨烯,以减少石墨烯表面的缺陷;采用退火处理的方法来降低SERS基底的拉曼背景噪声,从而提高拉曼光谱的对比度。实验结果表明,采用优化制备工艺得到的复合结构SERS基底均匀性有较大提高,石墨烯G峰和2D峰的增强拉曼光谱对比度分别提高了54.9%和64.3%,罗丹明6G（R6G）分子在774和1 363 cm-1处的拉曼光谱强度随浓度变化关系的拟合优度（R2）分别达到了0.997 5和0.986 7。     

银修饰的氨基改性粉末多孔材料作为表面增强拉曼光谱基底用于检测有机磷农药的研究

本文提出了一种新型的基于银修饰的氨基改性粉末多孔材料的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)检测方法,以乐果为探针分子,分析了银溶胶的量和反应时间对基底SERS活性的影响。乐果和水胺硫磷在以银溶胶为基底时,分别只能检测到100mg/L和7mg/L,而以银修饰的氨基改性粉末多孔材料为基底时,乐果和水胺硫磷的最低检测浓度分别达到0.5mg/L和0.14mg/L,说明该基底具有很好的增强效果。此外,检测低浓度下乐果和水胺硫磷的混合农药溶液,各农药的特征峰在谱图中仍然能清晰可辨。根据实验结果可以推测,银修饰的氨基改性粉末多孔材料作为SERS基底,可以有效地应用于有机磷农药残留的检测。     

Distinguishable behavior of multiple and individual rhodamine‐6G molecules on spherical Ag nanoparticles examined via time dependence of the SERS spectra

We report a surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) investigation to probe the adsorption and dynamic behavior of rhodamine 6 G (Rh6G) molecules on spherical Ag nanoparticles which were produced via laser ablation in liquid. Assembly of the colloidal Ag nanoparticles on a cover glass was used to work as SERS substrates on which high‐quality SERS spectra of Rh6G were obtained with interesting time dependence when using low and ultralow concentrations, respectively. The variation of SERS spectra over time was identified with the adsorption behavior of multiple and individual molecules on the Ag nanoparticles. Analysis indicates that the adsorbed Rh6G molecules can desorb away from the initial locations on the substrate under continuous laser excitation; simultaneously, some individual molecules can move and become trapped in the gap between the aggregated Ag nanoparticles. These investigations help to clarify the origins of forming ‘hot‐spots’ which host probe molecules and hence improve the understanding of mechanisms for single‐molecule SERS spectroscopy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to the analysis of natural resins in artworks

Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is rapidly growing as an analytical technique for the detection of extremely low concentrations of analytes. The analysis of natural resins from artworks is often restricted by sample size constraints in general, and Raman spectroscopy in particular is hampered by fluorescence when using visible irradiation wavelengths. This work demonstrates that SERS is able to overcome interference from fluorescence in such samples using the incident wavelength 514.5 nm, to allow collection of SERS spectra from extremely small samples. Characterisation of the natural resin surface coating from a painting by Tiepolo is discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sensitive Raman spectroscopy of lipids based on drop deposition using DCDR and SERS

Raman spectroscopy is widely used for study of lipids and membrane models. A severe limitation of this technique lies in the low Raman cross section requiring high sample concentrations. We report sensitive detection of synthetic 1,2‐dimyristoyl‐3‐trimethylammonium‐propane (DMTAP) lipid employing two Raman techniques with improved sensitivity: drop coating deposition Raman (DCDR) and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopies. DCDR provided well‐reproducible DMTAP spectra without considerable loss of its solution properties if measured from the ‘coffee ring’ pattern of a drop dried on a SpectRIM^TM plate. DMTAP was detected at ~10 μM initial solution concentration, which is about three orders of magnitude lower than that for conventional Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, SERS spectra from dried ring of Ag hydrosol/DMTAP system were obtained down to ~0.3 μM DMTAP concentration, which means that sensitivity of SERS is about five orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional Raman spectroscopy. In contrast to the DCDR technique, good SERS spectra of DMTAP were obtained only from some spots of the ring containing big nanoparticle aggregates, and the structural properties of DMTAP were significantly perturbed by adsorption on the Ag nanoparticles. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nanoprobes for intracellular and single cell surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)

Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a promising and powerful label free technique for high resolution analysis of single cells. For intracellular analysis, there is a need for SERS‐active nanoprobes that are minimally invasive to cells, do not affect cell viability, and provide reproducible signals. This work reviews the state‐of‐the‐art tools currently available for intracellular SERS. Various types of SERS probes are considered, including colloidal gold and silver nanoparticles, metallized optical fibers, and tip‐enhanced Raman probes. We also discuss recently developed SERS‐active nanopipettes implemented on the basis of pulled glass microcapillaries. Finally, the critical aspects of selecting an optimal SERS nanoprobe for single‐cell analysis depending on a particular application are summarized. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) on silver colloids for the identification of ancient textile dyes. Part II: pomegranate and sumac

The effectiveness of surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) spectrocsopy on Ag colloids has been successfully demonstrated for the identification of a yellow dye in two ancient wool threads found in the Royal Tumulus of In Aghelachem, Libyan Sahara, belonging to the Garamantian period (2nd–3rd century A.D.). High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) highlighted the presence of ellagic acid in the extracts from the threads, excluding other chromophores. This result, together with the abundance of malic acid detected by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), suggested the possible use of pomegranate rind or sumac berries as source of the yellow dye, both plants being documented in the Fezzan area during the Garamantian period. HPLC analyses and SERS spectra acquired on the extracts of the ancient threads were therefore compared with those obtained from pomegranate and sumac extracts of the corresponding fruits and reference dyed wool samples, allowing us to identify the yellow dye as deriving from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). SERS spectra of ellagic acid and dyes extracted from pomegranate rind and sumac berries are reported here for the first time. A methodological improvement is also presented, based on the use of NaClO₄ as aggregating agent, that leads to a significant increase of the signal‐to‐noise ratio in the SERS spectra. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SERS signal response and SERS/SERDS spectra of fluoranthene in water on naturally grown Ag nanoparticle ensembles

We present experimental results of the time‐dependent Raman signal response of fluoranthene adsorbed on a naturally grown Ag nanoparticle ensemble, which serves as surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. In addition, SERS characteristics such as the concentration‐dependent calibration curves and the limit of detection (LOD) for fluoranthene in distilled water will be shown. The SERS substrate was prepared by Volmer–Weber growth under ultrahigh vacuum condition and exhibits a plasmon resonance wavelength at 491 nm. For the measurement of SERS signal response and SERS/shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy spectra of fluoranthene in water, experimental Raman setup containing a microsystem light source with two emission wavelengths (487.61 nm and 487.91 nm) was used. We experimentally demonstrate that the maximum SERS intensity is achieved 9 min after changing the analyte concentration from 0 nmol/l to 600 nmol/l. This response time is explained by a time‐dependent adsorption of the probe molecules onto the nanoparticles. The LOD for fluoranthene in water was evaluated applying shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS) at different molecule concentrations. For SERDS, two emission wavelengths of a prototype microsystem light source have been used for Raman excitation. The experimental results reveal that the LOD for the probe molecules is very low. Experimentally, we have detected a fluoranthene concentration of only 4 nmol/l, which is very close to our estimated LOD of 2 nmol/l. Thus, the presented Raman setup, with a SERS substrate, whose plasmon resonance coincides with the excitation wavelength for SERS measurements, is well suited for in‐situ trace detection of pollutant chemicals in water. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ultrasensitive RDX detection with commercial SERS substrates

Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) measurements on 1,3,5‐trinitroperhydro‐1,3,5‐triazine were performed with a table‐top micro‐Raman system exciting the analyte with a diode laser emitting at 785 nm. The main Raman features of 1,3,5‐trinitroperhydro‐1,3,5‐triazine were clearly identified, and a careful optimization of acquisition parameters was performed in order to increase the overall sensitivity of the apparatus. The amount of the sampled substance was determined through the analysis of high‐resolution scanning electron microscope images of the substrate covered with the residual explosive and resulted to be of the order of few tens of picograms. This value demonstrates the applicability of commercial substrates to the ultrasensitive surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy detection of explosives, allowing for their identification in real time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stilbazolium merocyanine dye determination in different solutions,concentrations and colloids using SERS

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements were carried out on stilbazolium merocyanine dye in methanol and pyridine solvents. Both solutions were measured in a series of concentrations covering a range of 5 × 10⁻⁵ M to 5 × 10⁻⁸ M . In these measurements, Ag and Au colloids were used, and the results have shown that Ag colloids yield better enhancement in the Raman spectra of this dye. Moreover, the effect of adding NaCl solution to the SERS samples was also studied. All measurements were carried out using the state‐of‐the‐art ChiralRaman instrument, which utilizes a 532 nm laser source. We report here on the success of using SERS to obtain Raman spectra of merocyanine dye at very low concentrations in an attempt to find a new approach that can be used for further investigations of the dye. The SERS spectra are reported here, and the results from different solutions, colloids, concentrations and pH values are compared. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

TLC‐SERS study of Syrian rue (Peganum harmala) and its main alkaloid constituents

Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has found increasing acceptance in art conservation and forensic science for its great potential in detecting trace amounts of material. However, SERS is not a separation technique, and, therefore, it is not always suitable for distinguishing different components in a mixture. Coupling of thin layer chromatography (TLC) and SERS has been investigated in this article as a tool for the separation and identification of four alkaloids, namely harmalol, harmaline, harmane and harmine, from the seed extract of Syrian rue (Peganum harmala). The alkaloids contained in this plant were historically used as a dye and for medicinal purposes and have recently drawn attention due to their antitumor activity. The use of TLC over high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a convenient way to reduce the amount of material, equipment and time needed for the analysis, and coupling of TLC with SERS provides vibrational information on each compound in the mixture. HPLC analyses with diode array detection were also carried out as a test of our technique, to ascertain the composition of Syrian rue extract and validate the results obtained from TLC‐SERS investigations. In addition, Syrian rue extract and its commercial alkaloid components were characterized by SERS and normal Raman spectroscopy here for the first time, in order to provide valuable reference data to be used for identification purposes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preparation and characterisation of a stable silver colloid for SER(R)S spectroscopy

A method for the reproducible preparation of a silver colloid with strong surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) properties, good stability with a zeta potential of −55 mV and a shelf life exceeding 1 year is reported. The mean particle size is 20 nm with a narrow size distribution of 10–30 nm. The colloid is produced by the reduction of silver nitrate with hydroxylamine phosphate to give a negatively charged phosphate surface on the silver particles. This is an ultrafast room temperature reaction and with controlled rapid addition and dispersion of reagents, very reproducible batches of colloid can be prepared making it suitable for commercial applications of Surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering(SER(R)S) spectroscopy. The stability of the colloid is attributed to the extremely low solubility product (K_sp) of silver phosphate. Characterisation and stability study data for this colloid have been obtained by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, particle size analysis and SERS analyses using a 514 nm laser on a Raman spectrometer. A SERS method to detect and to identify riboflavin in a vitamin B complex tablet is reported to illustrate a SERS application based upon the use of this silver colloid. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.