金属催化剂对褐煤热解气体产物析出影响的实验研究

利用固定床反应器研究了褐煤和添加碱金属K、碱土金属ca、和过渡金属Ni和Fe后的煤样热解时气体产物随温度的变化.实验结果表明,在热解的起始阶段,CO2最先析出,随着温度的升高,CO2的浓度逐渐下降.H2的浓度随温度的升高逐渐增大,到1173 K时,H2的体积分数达80%.CH4的浓度随温度的升高先增大后降低,在某一温度值达到最大值,峰值对应的温度与催化剂种类有关.CO的浓度的变化曲线与催化剂的种类密切相关.碱金属、碱土金属和过渡金属催化剂的添加,改变了煤热解时气体产物的析出过程.原煤及其热解后的焦,以及添加不同金属催化剂的煤和其煤焦均具有不规则的粗糙表面和直的管壁状结构两种表面形态,这两种表面形态与煤中含有的惰性组和镜质组两种显微组织有关.     

金属盐对生物质热解特性影响试验研究

基于深入了解生物质热解行为的目的,在自行研制的热解机理试验台上系统研究了金属盐对生物质热解的影响规律。试验结果表明,钾离子对生物油中的一些大分子量组分发生重聚反应生成焦炭和小分子气体产物具有强烈的催化作用,从而降低了热解生物油产量而得到更多的焦炭和气体产物。相比钾离子而言,钙离子对焦炭生成的促进作用更为强烈;镁离子对白松热解的影响远没有钾离子和钙离子明显。     

玉米芯流化床快速热解制取生物油试验研究

本文在流化床上对玉米芯进行了快速热解制取生物油的试验研究.首先在非催化条件下考察了温度、气体流量、床高和物料粒径对热解产物产率的影响,得到了制取生物油的最优工况.在此工况下进行了催化热解试验,研究了FCC催化剂对热解产物产率和生物油品质的影响.结果表明,最优工况下生物油产率为56.8%.同未加催化剂相比,FCC催化剂的存在使得生物油中油组分和焦炭的产率降低,不凝结气体、水分和焦的产率增加.分级冷凝系统的应用较好的实现了重油、轻油和水的分离.对催化条件下第二级冷凝器收集的生物油分析表明,其油组分的氧含量和高位热值分别为13.64%和36.7 MJ/kg,具有很好的应用前景.     

流化床生物质快速热解制取生物油试验研究

本文在小型流化床试验装置中对颗粒状的樟子松进行制取生物油的试验研究.考察了反应温度对热解生物油物理性质和产率的影响,并重点研究了各个参数对热解生物油组分的影响规律.结果表明,在550℃下生物油产率最高,为50.4%(w/w).随着热裂解温度升高,生物油的密度略有增加,生物油的粘度随着含水率的增加而减小.反应温度对生物油的主要化学成分和含量影响不明显,生物油主要含有有机酸类、酚类和糖类等化合物.     

基于Fe2O3载氧体的煤化学链燃烧试验

采用流化床反应器并以水蒸气作为汽化一流化介质,研究了800～950°C内以Fe2O3为载氧体的煤化学链燃烧循环反应特性.实验表明,气态产物CO2的体积浓度(干基)随温度单调递增;CO、CH4的浓度在反应时间内呈单峰特性且随温度单调递减,CH4浓度值高于CO;H2被载氧体完全氧化.载氧体与水煤气化产物在温度高于850°C体现了高的反应活性,CO2干基浓度接近95%.反应器温度900°C时,气态产物CO2体积浓度随循环数而逐渐降低,CO、CH4浓度增加.     

页岩气中CH4-C2H6吸附-扩散分子动力学研究

本文采用巨正则蒙特卡洛(GCMC)和分子动力学(MD)模拟方法,对比分析了不同温度、压力和孔径对二元气体(CH4-C2H6)在K-伊利石中的吸附-扩散的影响。结果表明,在低压条件下,K-伊利石对C2H6的吸附能力大于CH4,C2H6优先吸附在K-伊利石孔隙表面。热力学因子随着孔径的增加而减小,C2H6的热力学因子大于CH4.气体的自扩散和MS扩散系数、传递扩散系数随着温度的增加而增加。在较高的压力条件下,C2H6传递扩散系数随温度增加而降低。随着压力的增加,CH4和C2H6的自扩散能力均降低,CH4的MS扩散系数和传递扩散系数整体上趋于降低。CH4的自扩散过程更容易发生,但C2H6互扩散能力更强。     

基于TG-FTIR的落叶松木材热失重与热解气相演变规律研究

采用热重红外光谱联用分析法考察了落叶松木材在不同升温速率下的热失重特性及气相演变规律,并与其组分模混物的热解特性进行了对比分析。结果表明,落叶松的主要失重区域相对于模混物较宽,落叶松残炭率(18.97%)相对于模混物(29.83%)较低;在低温段,模混物的活化能高于落叶松木材,而在高温段二者差别不大;落叶松木材热解过程经历了水分析出、主成分热分解、后期炭化等阶段,气体析出主要集中在375℃左右;落叶松在热解反应过程中,主要气体产物生成量顺序为CO2>H2O>CH4>CO,随着升温速率的增加,上述气体产物的生成量明显增多;模混物与落叶松木材热解生成气体规律基本相似,但模混物中各气体析出强度均相对较高。     

太湖藻及模型化合物的分级热解 (cited: 1)

以太湖藻为原料,通过分级热解来制备生物油,分别以棕榈酸、琼脂糖和蛋清粉模拟藻中的脂质、糖类和蛋白质,研究了藻分级热解生物油中主要组分的来源及热解过程中三大组分之间的相互作 用．结果表明,藻生物油中的烃类、十六酸及酯类均源自藻中脂质的热解,藻中蛋白质热解主要生成酚类、吲哚类、吡咯类和小分子酸;生物油中大部分的酰胺和腈类是脂质和蛋白质热解中间物相互作用的产物．藻组分中脂质和糖类的热解主要发生在473～573 K,而蛋白质的热解主要发生在523 K以上．藻生物油中仅有少量的糖类直接热解产物,可能是糖类热解产物在蛋白质热解产生的氨气等的作用下发生了聚合,使473和523 K所得生物油中有相当量的寡聚物;脂质与蛋白质的热解中间物相互作用生成了酰胺,酰胺再脱水又生成了腈类;而脂质与糖类之间相互作用不明显．     

不同CHF_3/CH_4流量比下沉积a-C∶F∶H薄膜键结构的红外分析

通过微波电子回旋共振等离子体化学气相沉积方法使用CH4 CHF3源气体制备a C∶F∶H薄膜 .红外结果表明 ,a C∶F∶H薄膜随着流量比R =[CHF3] [CHF3] [CH4])的变化存在结构上的演变 ,R <6 4%时 ,薄膜主要是以类金刚石 (DLC)特征的结构为主 ;当R >6 4%时 ,薄膜表现为一个类聚四氟乙烯 (PTFE)的结构 ,结构单体主要为 CF2 .同时这种结构上的变化影响着薄膜的光学带隙 .在类DLC特征结构区 ,Eg 随着流量比的增加而下降 ,而在类PTFE区 ,Eg 则随着流量比的上升而上升 .a C∶F∶H薄膜在R >92 %时透射率接近 10 0 %     

大气微波等离子体射流处理H2S废气

利用大气微波等离子体射流(MPJ)技术对H2S气体进行了处理研究。考察了温度、微波功率、载气(Ar)流量及气源总流量对H2S分解效率的影响。实验结果表明，为了有利于H2S的处理，必须将温度控制在一定范围之内；随着微波功率和载气流量的增加，H2S分解率均是先增加后减小；随着气源总流量的增加，H2S分解率逐渐降低。当H2S与Ar气体流量比达到10∶90，总流量为1000 mL/min，微波功率为1000 W时，H2S的分解率达到最佳值91.32%。对处理后得到的固体物质进行拉曼（Raman）光谱和X射线衍射分析（XRD）分析，结果表明回收得到的固体物质为纯度极高的硫。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.