倾斜式测量系统的傅里叶变换轮廓术研究

在传统傅里叶变换轮廓术的研究基础上,本文提出了一种倾斜式测量系统的傅里叶变换轮廓术,该技术放宽了传统傅里叶变换轮廓术测量系统的三个约束条件:CCD成像系统的光轴不需要与参考平面垂直,即有一定的倾斜度;投射系统的出瞳和CCD成像系统的入瞳中心之间的连线不需要与参考平面平行;投射系统的光轴和CCD成像系统的光轴不在同一平面内,且不交于参考平面上一点. 并且通过严格的理论分析,推导出高度与相位之间的关系式,与传统傅里叶变换轮廓术相比较,在保证一定的测量精度的前提下,倾斜式测量系统具有更强的实用性和可操作性. 关键词： 傅里叶变换轮廓术 倾斜式 测量系统 相位     

一种新的基于条纹投影的三维轮廓测量系统模型

提出一种新的光栅条纹投影轮廓测量术系统模型,新模型不要求测量系统满足光心连线平行于参考面、成像系统光轴垂直于参考面以及两光轴相交于参考面上等约束条件,只需投射至参考平面的正弦光栅条纹之间相互平行,简化了系统校准过程,有利于现场测量。得到的高度相位映射关系式中,待标定的系数与像点的坐标无关,不需要对每一个像点进行采样,能够减少系统标定所需的时间。实验表明:所提方法使投影装置和成像系统的位置校准过程简单,提高了系统标定的速度,且具有较高的测量精度,能够测量复杂面形的物体,增强了光栅投影三维测量系统的实用性。     

一种基于参数标定的投影条纹周期简易校正方法

基于三角测量原理的条纹投影轮廓测量系统中,倾斜投影到参考平面上的条纹将产生周期展宽现象,引起相位失真甚至影响测量精度。论文以条纹位置为控制变量推导出条纹周期校正的线性数学模型,通过简便的标定获得模型参数,由此反算出新的待投影条纹,并在参考平面上获得周期分布的投影条纹。实验结果表明校正后的条纹周期变化范围在±0.1像素内,并且该方法能够获得更为精确的三维轮廓测量结果。     

基于傅里叶条纹分析的多摄像机标定方法

提出一种新的摄像机标定方法,该方法基于2D共面参照物摄像机标定方法和傅里叶条纹分析方法.将已知相位分布的平面二维正弦灰度调制条纹图作为平面标定靶,通过傅里叶条纹分析方法计算出两个截断正交相位分布,利用截断正交相位分布并结合二维正弦条纹图特点提取相应的图像特征点,建立像素坐标与2D平面坐标的对应关系.将该二维平面靶在摄像机成像空间中放置不同的位置,并完成相应的特征点提取,根据2D共面参照物摄像机标定方法即可完成摄像机标定.该方法利用平面相位测量的高准确度来提高标定特征点的提取准确度,从而提高标定准确度.实验对双摄像机系统进行了标定,标定后该系统对标定靶进行测量,标准偏差达到0.010 mm.     

基于无约束系统的结构光三维测量方法

针对传统结构光系统进行三维测量时,要求满足双瞳平行于参考平面和摄像机光轴垂、直于参考平面这两个强约束条件,建立了新的系统结构,去除了平行和垂直的约束,摄像机和投影仪位置可自由摆放.基于该无约束系统结构,提出了一种新的系统标定方法,通过重建"投影仪摄像机参考平面"三者的空间关系,可以简便而精确地获取传统"高度相位"公式中参量:双瞳的距离和摄像机到参考平面距离;同时,推导了无约束系统结构下新的物相关系方程和高度计算公式.实物测量结果证明,基于无约束系统的结构光三维测量方法可操作性强,测量精度可达0.1 mm.     

基于平行面多靶标标定的单目大视场平面测量

针对单目大视场平面测量时,测量平面内不便布置靶标和大尺寸靶标难以制作的问题,提出一种利用布设在平行面上的小尺寸平面靶标进行标定的方法。选定一个平行面为标定平面,将单个小尺寸平面靶标合理放置在标定平面的多个位置拍摄,整合构造出一个大尺寸平面靶标,采用非线性优化的方法进行摄像机内、外参的优化求解。结合平行约束和距离参数得到测量平面与图像平面的单应矩阵,实现大视场平面测量。建立平面测量的精度模型,对测量区域各处精度的分布以及影响测量精度的摄像机内参、安装角度和高度等因素进行理论分析和实验验证。实验结果表明:该方法可有效保证整体测量精度;在上底920mm、下底1360mm、高920mm的梯形视场内标定,距标定平面200mm的测量平面内的测量误差低于0.6%;测量区域内各处误差的分布趋势与精度模型一致。此方法完全适用于大视场平面测量。     

一种基于双参考平面的等相位坐标标定方法

栅线投影三维测量中通过标定技术把二维的相位信息转化为高度信息,提出了一种基于双参考平面的等相位坐标标定方法。该方法利用被测物体上相位和两个参考平面上相位相同的位置坐标,通过线性插值得到物体表面的高度,而不是传统方法中将物体上的相位直接减去参考平面上同一坐标下的相位得到绝对相位,再建立高度和绝对相位之间的函数关系(将此类方法称为等坐标相位法)。所提方法能够同时解决相位-高度转换以及由于栅线投影系统的非线性响应导致的非正弦性误差的问题。理论和实验证实了该方法的有效性。结果显示,等相位坐标法得到的主要由条纹的非正弦性引起的均方根(RMS)误差不到等坐标相位法的一半。     

调制度测量轮廓术中高度映射与相机同时标定的方法

传统的调制度测量轮廓术在进行系统的标定时,需要将标准平面多次精密移动,以建立调制度与实际物理高度的映射关系,同时还要对摄像机进行单独的标定。提出一种新的用于调制度测量轮廓术系统的高度映射与相机同时标定的方法。该方法用一个含有多个台阶的标定模块代替传统的调制度测量轮廓术标定方法中使用的标准平面及复杂的平移定位系统,多个高度相同但空间离散分布的台阶构成多个虚拟校准平面,虚拟平面上的调制度分布是通过一个拟合过程实现的,同时多个台阶的中心点还可以作为立体靶标用于相机标定。这种标定方法的特点是:只需要一次扫描测量过程就可以完成系统的标定,包括建立调制度与高度的映射关系和对相机的标定。阐述了该标定方法的原理,并给出实验结果说明了该标定方法的有效性。     

傅里叶变换轮廓术物体三维形貌测量的系统分析及其坐标校准方法

对非共面以及非平行度下的傅里叶变换轮廓术(FTP)物体三维形貌的测最系统进行了分析,采用两个参考平面辅助分析系统光路结构,引入了一个能使双光轴共面的等效虚拟投影出瞳中心.基于光线跟踪原理给出了相位与高度的映射关系,给出了满足平等度的系统参数特性并借助于摄像机坐标系同时获取校准平面的高度以及相应的相位数据,实现了高度和横向坐标的简易校准.实验结果表明了该方法的有效性与可行性.     

基于相位映射的双目视觉缺失点云插补方法

利用单相机中已获得的可靠相位数据,提出一种双目视觉相位匹配中的视差孔洞数据插补方法。该方法在测量系统的标定阶段只需增加一个平面相位和高度数据作为参考,利用数据缺失区域周围有效像素点的三维点云,及相对于参考平面的相位和高度差建立隐式相位-高度映射关系,然后由单相机可靠相位数据实现孔洞区域的点云重建插补。对标准件进行缺失点云插补实验,重建精度为0.07 mm。对人脸面具和葫芦模型进行双目测量和孔洞插补实验,结果证明该方法可以很好地补全遮挡区域缺失的点云。     

相位测量轮廓术中三维坐标校准新方法

提出了一种新的用于相位测量轮廓术中的三维坐标校准方法。该方法用一个含有三个虚拟校准平面的标准块代替传统相位测量轮廓术校准方法中使用的标准平面，每个虚拟校准平面由多个高度相同但空间离散分布的子区域组成，相应的连续相位恢复是通过一个迭代过程实现的，同时各个子区域还被用于横向坐标的校准。由于各个虚拟校准平面间高度是垂直变化的，传统的相位展开不能得到正确的相对位置关系，基于等效波长概念，提出了一种准确的虚拟校准平面连续相位间相对位置恢复的办法。此校准方法的特点是：在校准过程中不需要标准平面的多次精确平移；仅需要一次测量就可以完成高度和横向坐标的同时校准。文中给出的实验结果说明了该校准方法的有效性和可行性。     

A composite-structured-light 3D measurement method based on fringe parameter calibration

This paper proposes a novel method for reducing measurement error caused by spectrum overlapping in composite-structured-light 3D measurement systems. For a composite-structured-light 3D measurement system, spectrum overlapping causes parameters of each deformed phase-shifting fringe to change, and therefore leads to phase measurement errors. The proposed fringe parameter calibration method is based on the fact that variations in each deformed fringe's parameters are independent of height and reflectivity of the measured object. Three frames of composite grating are projected on the reference plane, and each carrier channel includes the information of three phase-shifting sinusoidal gratings used in Phase Measuring Profilometry (PMP). With the parameter calculation formulas of PMP, the parameters of fringes demodulated from the same carrier channel can be calculated, and therefore parameter relation coefficients between fringes demodulated from different carrier channels may be obtained. When an object is measured, these relation coefficients can be used to calibrate the parameters of the deformed phase-shifting fringes. A new 3D measurement mathematical model is established to reconstruct the shape of the object. Experimental data proved that the proposed method can effectively restrain the effect of spectrum overlapping and improve measurement accuracy by more than three times.     

On-line phase measuring profilometry based on a single frame of deformed pattern

Three frames of deformed patterns are needed at least in conventional Phase Measuring Profilometry (PMP). It is generally applied to the profile measurement of a static object. For on-line measurement, because of the moving object, it is difficult to capture three or more frames of deformed patterns that satisfy the requirement of PMP. A new method of on-line 3-D shape measurement through only one frame deformed pattern in PMP is presented. A static sinusoidal fringe is projected and any one frame of real-time deformed patterns is captured by CCD. N frames of sub-images are extracted from the captured deformed pattern. Improved Stoilov algorithm is proposed to get phase. Computer simulation and experimental results show its feasibility and affectivity to reconstruct a 3-D shape and the accuracy is higher than Fourier Transform Profilemetry (FTP) which is also a method that only needs one frame of deformed pattern.     

位相测量轮廓术中的相位修正及系统标定的新方法

介绍了在位相测量轮廓术中的一种相位修正及系统参数标定的新方法。对参考面(标定面)上点的位置_相位关系进行全场拟合,并根据该相互关系对参考面相位进行修正,能够非常有效地去除相位误差;提出的参数标定方法能精确得到投影系统参数的组合。实验证明了此方法具有良好的实用性和测量精度。     

Shifted-phase calibration for a 3-D shape measurement system based on orthogonal composite grating projection

This paper proposes a novel method for reducing measurement error caused by spectrum overlapping in orthogonal-composite-grating-based 3-D measurement method. For 3-D measurement systems based on orthogonal composite grating projection, spectrum overlapping causes phase of each deformed phase-shifting fringe changed differently, which violates the principle that the shifted phases between adjacent deformed fringes must be equivalent to 2π/3, and therefore results in phase measurement error. The proposed shifted-phase calibration method is based on that phase variation of each deformed fringe is independent of height and reflectivity of the measured object. Three composite gratings are projected on the reference plane, and each carrier channel includes three phase-shifting gratings needed in phase measuring profilometry (PMP). Because the adjacent phase-shifting fringes demodulated from the same carrier channel have the phase difference of 2π/3, we can respectively calculate the reference plane's phases of three carrier channels by the phase algorithm of PMP method, and the shifted phases between them are obtained. When an object is measured, the shifted phases between deformed phase-shifting fringes can be calibrated. A new 3-D measurement mathematical model is set to reconstruct object. Our experiments prove that the proposed method can effectively restrain the effect of spectrum overlapping and improve measurement accuracy almost one times.     

Improved 3D displacement measurements method and calibration of a combined fringe projection and 2D-DIC system

An improved measurement method and an automatic calibration procedure are proposed for a combined 2D Digital Image Correlation and Fringe Projection system that allows measuring in- and out-of-plane displacement maps with only one image at each deformation stage of a specimen. The proposed method increases the accuracy and range of the out-of-plane displacements by taking into account the divergences of both the projected fringes (uncollimated) and the camera (with non-zero FOV). The calibration is performed automatically by acquiring a sequence of images of a reference plane by displacing perpendicular to it the camera and fringe projector with a motorized translation stage. The acquired images are then used to obtain a fringe function for each pixel and the necessary parameters required for the correction of the in-plane displacements. Furthermore, a closed form expression is obtained that relates the out-of-plane displacements with the shifted phase at each pixel for a given experimental set-up. This expression is in good agreement with the fringe function obtained by fitting a simple 2nd order polynomial to the experimental obtained calibration data. Finally, the polynomial approach is proposed as a fringe function because it avoids the errors in the determination of the required parameters of the theoretical expression as well as some small misalignment or aberration effects.     

基于圆结构光视觉传感器的标定特征点获取方法

 管道作为工业生产重要的传输手段其内表面腐蚀程度和瑕疵的精确检测对于保证安全生产具有重要意义。针对管道内表面圆结构光视觉检测,提出了一种基于共面参照物获取圆结构光视觉传感器标定特征点的新方法。该方法设计了圆结构光平面靶标,基于交比不变原理,以摄像机三维坐标系为中介,将多个局部世界坐标系下的标定特征点统一到全局世界坐标系中,得到位于圆结构光曲面上的非共线标定特征点的三维世界坐标。该方法降低了标定设备的成本,简化了结构光视觉传感器的标定过程。标定实验精度达到0.340 mm,标定结果表明,该方法切实可行。     

Large depth-of-view portable three-dimensional laser scanner and its segmental calibration for robot vision

A portable 3D laser scanning system has been designed and built for robot vision. By tilting the charge coupled device (CCD) plane of portable 3D scanning system according to the Scheimpflug condition, the depth-of-view is successfully extended from less than 40 to 100 mm. Based on the tilted camera model, the traditional two-step camera calibration method is modified by introducing the angle factor. Meanwhile, a novel segmental calibration approach, i.e., dividing the whole work range into two parts and calibrating, respectively, with corresponding system parameters, is proposed to effectively improve the measurement accuracy of the large depth-of-view 3D laser scanner. In the process of 3D reconstruction, different calibration parameters are used to transform the 2D coordinates into 3D coordinates according to the different positions of the image in the CCD plane, and the measurement accuracy of is obtained experimentally. Finally, the experiment of scanning a lamina by the large depth-of-view portable 3D laser scanner used by an industrial robot IRB 4400 is also employed to demonstrate the effectiveness and high measurement accuracy of our scanning system.     

Integrated calibration of multiview phase-measuring profilometry

Phase-measuring profilometry (PMP) measures per-pixel height information of a surface with high accuracy. Height information captured by a camera in PMP relies on its screen coordinates. Therefore, a PMP measurement from a view cannot be integrated directly to other measurements from different views due to the intrinsic difference of the screen coordinates. In order to integrate multiple PMP scans, an auxiliary calibration of each camera’s intrinsic and extrinsic properties is required, in addition to principal PMP calibration. This is cumbersome and often requires physical constraints in the system setup, and multiview PMP is consequently rarely practiced. In this work, we present a novel multiview PMP method that yields three-dimensional global coordinates directly so that three-dimensional measurements can be integrated easily. Our PMP calibration parameterizes intrinsic and extrinsic properties of the configuration of both a camera and a projector simultaneously. It also does not require any geometric constraints on the setup. In addition, we propose a novel calibration target that can remain static without requiring any mechanical operation while conducting multiview calibrations, whereas existing calibration methods require manually changing the target’s position and orientation. Our results validate the accuracy of measurements and demonstrate the advantages on our multiview PMP.     

具有在线形貌矫正能力的组织体光学参数测量系统

针对具有复杂形貌的大面积组织体,基于空间频率域方法,提出并搭建了一种具有在线形貌矫正能力的绝对光学参数测量系统.首先利用相位轮廓术获取组织体三维表面轮廓,用余弦辐射公式法矫正由组织体表面复杂形貌引起的光照度的差异.然后,采用漫反射板代替传统方法中的参考仿体,基于空间频率域测量模式进行绝对光学参数测量,并利用提出的光学参数反演方法实现组织体吸收系数的重建.组织仿体实验结果表明,对于表面高度小于29mm的仿体,经矫正后,吸收系数的测量相对误差从60%下降到13%.