基于红外光谱研究沥青燃烧机理和有害气体成分分析

利用Rosemount气体分析仪和定碳炉搭建起固定床燃烧反应试验平台,通过红外光谱分析技术定量分析沥青及其胶浆在高升温速率条件下燃烧反应的有毒气态产物成分、及其释放规律。研究表明,在高升温速率、近等温条件下,沥青及胶浆的燃烧过程可近似分为活泼挥发组分析出燃烧、二次挥发析出结合残炭燃烧两个阶段,其主要气态产物为CO₂,CO,NO,NO₂及SO₂。沥青材料中活泼挥发组分含量是影响燃烧气态产物释放规律的关键因素之一,减少沥青材料中活泼挥发组分的含量可有效降低燃烧气态产物的生成、尤其是CO的产生。     

生物质超临界水制氢的数值模拟

本文对生物质在超临界水环境下气化制氢过程提出简化的两相流物理化学模型,并利用该模型进行数值模拟.着重讨论了温度、颗粒半径对生成气体摩尔百分比、气化率的影响.数值结果表明,颗粒的半径主要影响生物质颗粒气化分解的速率,而温度主要影响颗粒气化产物进一步生成氢气的过程.颗粒越小,气化分解的速率越快.温度的影响主要集中在气相反应上,使得CO进一步转化为H2.本文的理论和数值结果对实际的制氢过程中的参数控制具有实用价值.     

超临界CO2钝化金属铀的理论研究

考察超临界CO2 对金属铀表面的钝化作用.首先计算UC、C、UO2 和超临界CO2 的结构和热力学性质,基于这些性质,应用化学平衡原理计算,计算结果指出,反应U(α) +CO2 (g) UO2 (s) +C(Graphite)的△G°为-149. 8~-632. 0kJ,反应2U(α) +CO2 (g) UO2 (s) +UC(s)的△G°为-725. 1~-730. 2kJ,两者均远小于零,即△G<0,且平衡很接近产物一端UC、C、UO2.同时,已经熟知超临界流体的动力学性质极活泼,所以,产物UC、C和UO2 是很稳定的主要成分.根据所计算的产物分子比可以得到元素计量比为UC0. 65±0. 01O1. 30±0. 01,这显然不代表某种分子,但是,这对XPS分析很有用.     

超临界水流化床内煤气化过程建模与仿真(2):气化反应动力学模型及气化规律

本文成功建立了煤超临界水气化动力学模型,其中包括煤在超临界水中热解、液化、固相残碳及液化产物的蒸汽重整等均相和非相反应。该动力学模型能准确反应煤在超临界水中气化特征。在前述第一部分工作的基础上,耦合该气化动力学模型,对煤在超临界水流化床中气化过程进行了建模。通过该模型研究了宽温度参数范围下反应器内典型反应速率、反应组分分布演变规律,揭示了反应器内部化学反应特征与气化规律。研究加深了对超临界水流化床内煤气化过程的认识,对超临界水流化床反应器的优化、放大以及实际运行具有指导意义。     

煤直接制甲烷实验研究

在高压反应釜中进行了神木烟煤与CO₂吸收剂CaO混合物的蒸汽气化反应,实现了在一个反应器内直接制甲烷的工艺。典型工况下气态产物中甲烷含量（体积分数）占62.28%,氢气占25.05%,一氧化碳和二氧化碳含量均低于0.1%,验证了煤直接制甲烷反应的可行性。实验研究了温度,压力,钙碳摩尔比[Ca]/[C],以及水碳摩尔比[H₂O]/[C]的变化对反应产物及碳转化率的影响。结果表明降低反应温度和提高反应压力有利于甲烷的产生,[Ca]/[C]=0.5和[H₂O]/[C]=1时具有良好的制甲烷效果。     

基于Fe2O3载氧体的煤化学链燃烧试验

采用流化床反应器并以水蒸气作为汽化一流化介质,研究了800～950°C内以Fe2O3为载氧体的煤化学链燃烧循环反应特性.实验表明,气态产物CO2的体积浓度(干基)随温度单调递增;CO、CH4的浓度在反应时间内呈单峰特性且随温度单调递减,CH4浓度值高于CO;H2被载氧体完全氧化.载氧体与水煤气化产物在温度高于850°C体现了高的反应活性,CO2干基浓度接近95%.反应器温度900°C时,气态产物CO2体积浓度随循环数而逐渐降低,CO、CH4浓度增加.     

Cl对气态亚硝酸（HONO）直接提氢反应机理的研究

采用密度泛函理论研究了Cl对气态亚硝酸（HONO）直接提取氢的反应机理。在B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)水平上,优化得到了反应途径上的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的几何构型;通过频率分析对各分子构型进行了确认;并利用QCISD(T)方法计算了各分子单点能量。计算结果表明,HONO分子具有顺式和反式两种构型;常温条件下,Cl对顺式构型直接提取氢的反应竞争性具有明显优势,其主要反应途径为：cis-HONO+Cl→cis-M1→cis-TS→cis-M2→HCl+NO2。     

Cl对气态亚硝酸(HONO)直接提氢反应机理的研究

采用密度泛函理论研究了Cl对气态亚硝酸(HONO)直接提取氢的反应机理.在B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)水平上,优化得到了反应途径上的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的几何构型;通过频率分析对各分子构型进行了确认;并利用QCISD(T)方法计算了各分子单点能量.计算结果表明,HONO分子具有顺式和反式两种构型;常温条件下,Cl对顺式构型直接提取氢的反应竞争性具有明显优势,其主要反应途径为:cis-HONO+Cl→cis-M1→cis-TS→cis-M2→HCl+NO_2.     

R1233zd(E)热稳定性及热解机理的实验和理论研究

有机朗肯循环(ORC)是一种前景广泛的热电联产技术,R1233zd(E)是一种在ORC中表现良好的环保型有机工质,有机工质的热稳定性对于工质在ORC中的应用至关重要。本文采用实验和理论方法对其热稳定性及热解机理进行了研究。采用高温高压反应釜研究了热解气态产物、热解固态产物、热解温度区间和压力对热解的影响等。通过ReaxFF模拟方法研究了工质的主要热解路径、压力和分子结构对热解的影响。结果表明,R1233zd(E)热解的主要气态产物是HF和HCl,热解中有黑色固体生成,R1233zd(E)的热解温度区间为250～270?C,压力对R1233zd(E)热解速率无明显影响, R1233zd(E)的热解路径主要有均裂反应和抽提反应两大类。     

CH3CH2+N(4S)反应机理的理论研究

利用abinitio方法对CH3CH2+N(4S)反应进行了理论研究,在MP2/6-311+G(d,p)水平上优化得到了反应途径上的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的几何构型和谐振频率,并在QCISD(T)/6-311+G(d,p)水平上进行单点能计算.计算结果表明,CH2CH2+3NH和H2CN+CH3是此反应主要产物,CH3CHN+H是此反应次要产物.产物CH2CH2+3NH主要来自直接氢抽提反应通道,H2CN+CH3来自加成-解离反应通道,CH3CHN+H来自加成-解离反应通道.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.