夹心式压电换能器频率方程的矩阵表示

本文从夹心式压电换能器的等效线路出发,得出了整体频率方程的矩阵表示式,为夹心式压电换能器的优化设计提供了一定的理论基础及研究途径。     

穿单孔型宽频带换能器

提出一穿单孔型换能器,即在夹心式压电换能器前盖板上穿一圆台形单孔。先利用一维设计理论推导出在某一参考面换能器的等效质量、等效电阻的表达式,得到换能器的机械品质因数和带宽的表达式。后又利用有限元方法计算了换能器的电压发射响应。与未穿孔换能器相比较,在一定尺寸范围内,频带宽度将得到拓宽。实验结果与理论计算符合比较好。     

高振幅夹心式压电换能器

用一维理论分析了由n个元件组成的压电换能器,用传输矩阵方法编程计算了换能器两端面的位移振幅比为最大时的最佳长度比,并作实验验证。实验和理论计算结果基本符合。     

超声换能器,变幅杆及其组合的一种计算方法

本文提出一种计算超声换能器和变幅杆组合件的数学模型,即将组合件按其形状进行分割成若干段,对单独的变幅杆亦可按其形状函数分为若干段。各段用网络等效,通过矩阵乘积简化成一个总等效四端网络,再由网络二端电学量,机械量的两两之商求得一系列性能参数。以一实例作了验证性计算,与常规的解析方法作了比较,获得了基本一致的结果。     

检测超声换能器的校准与性能测量

检测超声换能器的性能是设计制造者和使用者都十分关心的问题。本文就超声换能器的几个主要整体性能——灵敏度、时间响应(传输函数)、空间响应(指向性和声场分布)以及等效电阻抗的测量与校准技术作了简要的综述。其中以灵敏度和时间响应的测量和校准为重点介绍了各种方法的原理和适用范围,并对其特点和局限性作了分析。     

声表面波指间多次反射效应的复阻抗理论

对于声表面波的指间多次反射效应,从阻抗不连续的假设出发,提出了复阻抗理论,把指条等效为具有复数阻抗和复数传输相位的传输线,从而反映出指间多次反射效应。引入这样两个复变参量之后,指间多次反射效应就可以用很简明的解析式表达出来。这样,不仅对于等间距换能器的频响和均匀栅格的反射系数,而且对于抽指栅格的反射系数和色散换能器的频响,都可以用解析表达式来表述。与通常使用的矩阵连乘的数值计算方法相比,既可以讨论结果与参量之间的关系,又可以节省数值计算的时间。     

检测超声换能器的校准与性能测量

检测超声换能器的性能是设计制造者和使用者都十分关心的问题。本文就超声换能器的几个主要整体性能——灵敏度、时间响应(传输函数)、空间响应(指向性和声场分布)以及等效电阻抗的测量与校准技术做了简要的综述。以灵敏度和时间响应为重点,介绍了各种校准和测量方法的原理及适用范围,并对其特点和局限性做了分析。     

超声换能器的高功率性能测试

大功率超声换能器的性能测试是比较困难的．本文提出了一种测量大功率伏态下夹心式压电换能器性能参数的新方法．利用该方法不仅能够得到换能器的各种转换效率，而且可以测量换能器等效电路中的等效电参数．实验表明，用该方法得到的结果与用高频电功率计法所得的结果基本上符合．这一方法为换能器的大功率状态性能评价提供了途径．     

弯曲振动薄圆盘的共振频率和等效电路参数研究

机电等效电路是分析复合换能器常用的一种解析方法, 但对薄圆盘而言, 由于弯曲振动的复杂性, 其等效集中参数很难获得, 该方法很少被应用. 本文从分布参数系统与集中参数系统等效角度, 根据动能相等原则和势能相等原则, 给出了弯曲振动薄圆盘的集中参数: 等效质量和等效弹性系数, 得到了共振频率方程, 并用ATILA软件模拟了其振动分布情况, 可以看出解析结果与数值结果趋于一致. 最后给出了分析复合振动系统时薄圆盘集中参数模型的等效电路. 本文的结果对弯曲振动复合换能器的设计提供了理论参考.     

压电换能器等效模型分析与阻抗匹配设计

声光可调滤光器(Acousto-optic tunable filter,AOTF)的衍射效率不仅与功率信号源的质量、声光晶体氧化碲(TeO_2)的切型有关,而且压电超声换能器的结构以及其阻抗匹配网络也对AOTF的衍射效率有很大影响。本文对X切型铌酸锂(LiNbO_3,LN)四层镀膜压电超声换能器的等效模型进行了分析,确定了声光介质存在时换能器的阻抗特性,利用射频微波仿真软件,设计了电感-电容复合匹配网络。将换能器压合在TeO_2上,用复色光作为光源进行了声光衍射实验,经仿真与实验验证表明,该匹配电路可以有效的改善压电换能器的阻抗特性,提高换能器带宽,提高能量传输效率,AOTF衍射效率最高可达92.67%。     

Acoustic modelling of exhaust devices with nonconforming finite element meshes and transfer matrices

Transfer matrices are commonly considered in the numerical modelling of the acoustic behaviour associated with exhaust devices in the breathing system of internal combustion engines, such as catalytic converters, particulate filters, perforated mufflers and charge air coolers. In a multidimensional finite element approach, a transfer matrix provides a relationship between the acoustic fields of the nodes located at both sides of a particular region. This approach can be useful, for example, when one-dimensional propagation takes place within the region substituted by the transfer matrix. As shown in recent investigations, the sound attenuation of catalytic converters can be properly predicted if the monolith is replaced by a plane wave four-pole matrix. The finite element discretization is retained for the inlet/outlet and tapered ducts, where multidimensional acoustic fields can exist. In this case, only plane waves are present within the capillary ducts, and three-dimensional propagation is possible in the rest of the catalyst subcomponents. Also, in the acoustic modelling of perforated mufflers using the finite element method, the central passage can be replaced by a transfer matrix relating the pressure difference between both sides of the perforated surface with the acoustic velocity through the perforations. The approaches in the literature that accommodate transfer matrices and finite element models consider conforming meshes at connecting interfaces, therefore leading to a straightforward evaluation of the coupling integrals. With a view to gaining flexibility during the mesh generation process, it is worth developing a more general procedure. This has to be valid for the connection of acoustic subdomains by transfer matrices when the discretizations are nonconforming at the connecting interfaces. In this work, an integration algorithm similar to those considered in the mortar finite element method, is implemented for nonmatching grids in combination with acoustic transfer matrices. A number of numerical test problems related to some relevant exhaust devices are then presented to assess the accuracy and convergence performance of the proposed procedure.     

有流消声器四极参数和传递损失的边界元法预测

将子结构法和双倒易边界元法联合应用于预测具有三维复杂流存在时管道和消声器的四极参数与传递损失,阐述其基本原理与数值过程.结果表明,双倒易边界元法可正确预测具有较高马赫数亚音速复杂流时管道及消声器的四极参数和传递损失,子结构法可有效降低数值处理过程的复杂性,并提高运算精度和速度.     

Some properties of horn equation model of ultrasonic system vibration and of transfer matrix and equivalent circuit methods of its solution

Traditional technique of horn equation solved by transfer matrices as a model of vibration of ultrasonic systems consisting of sectional transducer, horn and load is discussed. Expression of vibration modes as a ratio of solutions of two Schrödinger equations gives better insight to the structure of a transfer matrix and properties of amplitudes of displacement and strain, and enables more systematic search for analytic solutions. Incorrectness of impedance matrix method and of equivalent circuit method on one hand and correctness and advantages of transfer matrix method in avoiding numerical artifacts and revealing the real features of the model on the other hand are demonstrated on examples. Discontinuous dependence of the nth resonant value on parameters of ultrasonic system, recently described in Sturm–Liouville theory, and consequently, a jump from half-wave to full-wave mode, is observed in a transducer model.     

The performance and design of ultrasonic vibration system for flexural mode

The matrix method for analyzing flexural vibration system is outlined. The displacement, stress and velocity gain of ultrasonic flexural vibration systems are investigated by transfer matrix method. A design method is given for flexural transducer and vibration system.     

抽指加权宽带扇形叉指声表面波滤波器的等效电路分析

扇形换能器可以看成若干个沿孔径方向划分的均匀孔径换能器电端并联而成，根据梅森(Mason)等效电路模型以及由其延伸的混合场等效电路模型，推导出整个扇形换能器的导纳矩阵和频率响应，其中采用复阻抗模型考虑了叉指电极与自由表面的阻抗不连续的因素。本方法能够模拟指间反射、三次行程、指条寄生阻抗以及外围电路等对器件性能的影响；理论模拟与实验结果吻合。     

Five port lattice model for simulation of piezoelectric structures possessing twin, compressional modes of vibration

A method is presented for predicting the performance of multilayered piezoelectric structures which demonstrate two, loosely coupled compressional modes of vibration. A linear systems, lattice approach is developed using a matrix formulation for implementation of the transducer transfer functions in the frequency domain. The technique is computationally efficient, providing good results over a key range of transducer dimensions and is especially useful for the practical evaluation of multilayered, linear or diced array structures.     

A new analytic expression for fast calculation of the transient near and far field of a rectangular baffled piston

Essential to (cardiac) 3D ultrasound are 2D matrix array transducer technology and the associated (two-stage) beam forming. Given the large number of degrees of freedom and the complexity of this problem, simulation tools play an important role. Hereto, the impulse response (IR) method is commonly used. Unfortunately, given the large element count of 2D array transducers, simulation times become significant jeopardizing the efficacy of the design process. The aim of this study was therefore to derive a new analytical expression to more efficiently calculate the IR in order to speed up the calculation process. To compare accuracy and computation time, the reference and the proposed method were implemented in MATLAB and contrasted. For all points of observation tested, the IR with both methods was identical. The mean calculation time however reduced in average by a factor of 3.93 ± 0.03 times. The proposed IR method therefore speeds up the calculation time of the IR of an individual transducer element while remaining perfectly accurate. This new expression will be particularly relevant for 2D matrix transducer design where computation times remain currently a bottle neck in the design process.     

A generalized scheme for analysis of multifarious commercially used mufflers

Commercial automotive mufflers are often too complex to be broken into a cascade of one-dimensional elements with predetermined transfer matrices. The one-dimensional (1-D) scheme presented in this paper is based on an algorithm that uses user-friendly visual volume elements along with the theory of transfer matrix based muffler analysis. This work attempts to exploit the speed of the one-dimensional analysis with the flexibility, generality and user-friendliness of three-dimensional analysis using geometric modeling. A code based on the developed algorithm has been employed to demonstrate the generality of the proposed method in analyzing commercial mufflers by considering three very diverse classes of mufflers with different kinds of combinations of reactive, perforated and absorptive elements. Though the examples used in the paper are not very complex for they are meant to be just representative cases of certain classes of mufflers, yet the algorithm can handle a large domain of commercial mufflers of high degree of complexity. Results from the present algorithm have been validated through comparisons with both the analytical (plane wave based) and the more general, three-dimensional FEM based results. The forte of the proposed method is its power to construct the system matrix consistent with the boundary conditions from the geometrical model to evaluate the four-pole parameters of the entire muffler and thence its transmission loss, etc. Thus, the algorithm can be used in conjunction with the transfer matrix based muffler programs to analyze the entire exhaust system of an automobile.     

维数正规化和有限温度下的解析延拓

讨论了维数正规化与有限温度下红外发散积分解析延拓之间的关系,并给出了一种红外发散积分和红外发散求和正规化的方法.