基于改进型弹光调制结构的VOC气体浓度检测系统

由于传统弹光调制系统受调制晶体尺寸的限制,光谱分辨率较低,致使其气体浓度探测精度不高。为了提高系统光谱分辨率,设计了一种改进型弹光调制系统,通过使入射光在晶体内多次反射增大光程差,从而获取更高的光谱分辨率。整个系统由激光器、弹光调制器、起偏器、检偏器及光电探测器构成。弹光晶体上加工一个楔角θ,并在两个面上镀反射膜从实现增大有效光程的效果。计算了楔角对光程、调制相位以及能量的函数关系。最终确定了合适的楔角值,并给出了相应的光程函数表达式。实验分别对三种常见的VOC气体进行浓度分析,样气浓度采用PTM400-VOC型气体分析仪定标,并与传统弹光调制系统进行对比。结果显示,改进型弹光调制系统气体浓度检出限可达0.010 mg·m-3,相比传统弹光调制系统高一个数量级以上,气体浓度检测误差为3.4%,也优于传统型。综上所述,改进型弹光调制系统不但具备静态结构高稳定性的优点,同时还大幅提高了系统的光谱分辨能力及浓度检测精度。     

Brewster angle for anisotropic materials from the extinction theorem

We explore the physical origin of the Brewster angle in the external and internal reflections associated with an anisotropic material. We obtain the expressions of the reflected fields and the existence condition of the Brewster angle by using the extinction theorem. It is found that the Brewster angle will occur if the total contribution of the material’s electric and magnetic dipoles to the reflected field becomes zero. In internal reflection, the requirements on the material parameters ε and μ for the Brewster angle are the same as those in external reflection, and the Brewster angle is just the refraction angle in external reflection at the incidence of the external Brewster angle. The results of the present paper are applicable to dielectric and magnetic materials, including metamaterials. PACS 73.20.Mf; 78.20.Ci; 41.20.Jb; 42.25.Fx     

Two-wavelength dye-laser operation using a reflecting Fizeau interferometer

Newly found reflection properties of the Fizeau wedge interferometer are shown to be of particular advantage in obtaining efficient multi-wavelength operation of dye lasers. Use is made of the fact that the reflecting Fizeau wedge can ensure at once a selective feedback for a given wavelength and quasi-total reflection in an other direction for all other wavelengths. Fully independent tuning of two 0.02 nm lines is obtained with short pulse (2 ns) N₂-laser pumping using a single Fizeau wedge.     

Omnidirectional reflectance gaps and resonant tunneling effect in a one-dimensional photonic crystal consisting of two metamaterials

We investigate the properties of electromagnetic wave propagating in a one-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) consisting of two metamaterials with different dispersive model. The reflection gaps of metamaterials multilayer system are independent of the incident angle. Not only TE wave but also TM wave, the omnidirectional reflection gaps exhibit the same behavior with different incident angle for metamaterials as double negative material. We also observed that the frequency regimes of zero-transmission bands are different for TE and TM wave with the same incident angle, when one of metamaterials is the permittivity negative (ε < 0) and the other is the double negative. Correspondingly, we show that the result can be act as an efficient polarization splitter. At last, we discuss the resonant tunneling effect. If the total reflection condition is satisfied, the resonant tunneling effect is enhanced as the incident angle increases, even though the propagation wave is evanescent wave in the single layer medium.     

楔角参量对角度调谐滤光片反射特性影响的光谱学研究

三端口可调谐滤波器是全光智能交换网络和密集波分复用系统中的核心器件。其反射端口的光谱特性,尤其是反射率和信道隔离度对于滤波器的性能至关重要。角度调谐滤光片因其良好的矩形度和温度稳定性被广泛应用于三端口可调谐滤波器的制备,其反射端口的光谱特性不仅与倾斜入射角度的大小有关,而且与其非平行端面间的楔角参量有关。文章详细分析了楔角参量对非平行角度调谐滤光片的反射率及半宽的影响,仿真计算了楔角参量在不同极性和大小条件下角度调谐滤光片的反射光谱特性,揭示了保持适当的楔角参量和方向性可以改善倾斜入射状态下滤光片的反射光谱特性。设计并制备了楔角为0.8°的楔形角度调谐滤光片,实验证明了当保持楔角方向与倾斜入射方向相同时会严重的劣化透反射光谱的半宽和隔离度,方向相反时则可以改善反射光谱的反射率和半宽指标。通过负楔角参量的引入使得角度调谐滤光片较之高平行度的同类器件具有更高的反射率和信道隔离度。     

倾斜入射楔形薄膜滤光片的透射光谱研究

角度调谐薄膜滤光片因较大的波长调谐特性和良好的矩形度在密集波分复用系统中得到了广泛的应用。在倾斜入射时薄膜滤光片透射光谱的透射率和半宽不仅受到入射角度的影响,还跟滤光片两端面间的非平行度即楔角的大小有关。详细分析了楔角对对滤光片透射率以及半宽的影响,发现适当的楔角和角度取向能够改善倾斜入射状态下滤光片的透射光谱特性。设计制备了楔角为0.8°的楔形薄膜角度调谐滤光片,实验结果证明保持该楔角的方向与倾斜入射角度相同时会严重的劣化透射光谱的透射率和矩形度,方向相反时则可以提高光谱的透射率以及矩形度,并使器件的波长调谐范围增大约10 nm。     

带楔块二维面阵列超声相控阵声场特性分析

开展了带楔块二维面阵脉冲超声相控阵辐射声场特性的研究。将安装在一定角度斜楔块上二维面阵相控阵换能器声场问题简化为液固界面情况进行讨论。以单阵元在液固平界面条件下的辐射声场为基础,推导了聚焦偏转法则,给出了带楔块二维面阵超声相控阵声场计算方法。以检测材料为钢板,安装在倾斜角为36°有机玻璃楔块上的频率为5 MHz、8×8二维面阵相控阵的辐射声场计算为例,分析了在不同偏转角和不同聚焦深度下检测材料中的辐射声场特性。计算结果表明该方法可有效的分析带楔块二维面阵超声相控阵声场特性并用于指导二维超声面阵角束探头的设计。      

Observation of channeling and volume reflection in bent crystals for high-energy negative particles

Deflection due to planar channeling and volume reflection in short bent silicon crystals was observed for the first time for 150 GeV/c negative particles, π⁻ mesons, at one of the secondary beams of the CERN SPS. The deflection efficiency was about 30% for channeling and higher than 80% for volume reflection. Volume reflection occurs, in spite of the attractive character of the forces acting between the particles and the crystal planes, in a wide angular range of the crystal orientations determined by the crystal bend angle.     

Polarization stokes polarimetry of the amplitude and phase characteristics of surface plasmon polariton resonance

The amplitude and phase characteristics of internal reflection of gold nanofilms have been investigated using polarization modulation of electromagnetic radiation in the Kretschmann geometry. The component Q (the difference between the reflection coefficients R _s ² and R _p ² for the s and p polarizations, respectively) and the component V of the Stokes vector (the difference between the phases of the orthogonal components of linearly polarized radiation) of light reflected from a half-cylinder of the total internal reflection with gold films of different thicknesses on its flat surface have been measured as a function of the angle of incidence of light in the wavelength range 500–1000 nm. It has been demonstrated that, in the range of parameters corresponding to the manifestation of the plasmon polariton resonance (the angle of incidence of light, the wavelength, the metal film thickness), the dispersions of the amplitude and phase characteristics are in quantitative and qualitative agreement with the model concepts of a classical oscillator.     

Optical properties of synthetic-opal films with a copper-filled pore sublattice

The opal-copper composite structures in which the surface of the a-SiO₂ spheres forming pores of an opal matrix is coated by a copper film have been prepared by the autocatalytic method. The reflection spectra of these structures in the optical and near-IR ranges have been investigated as a function of the pore filling by copper and the angle of light incidence. At low fillings, the spectrum exhibits a Bragg reflection line shifted toward the long-wavelength range with respect to the original opal. At high fillings, the spectrum exhibits several features whose position does not depend on the angle of light incidence. These features have been assigned to excitation of hybridized Mie plasma modes of a periodic ensemble of nanoshells. Calculation of the reflection spectra performed by the finite-difference method in the time domain provides a qualitatively good fit to the spectral features observed at high fillings.     

Reflection and transmission of the unequal mirrors interference wedge

Some interesting features of the interference wedge of thickness 5–200 m are found which characterize its reflection and transmission when it is constructed of unequal-reflectivity mirrors. The analysis of the wedge's behaviour is made using equations derived by us for restricted laser beam illumination on the assumption of truncated Gaussian amplitude distribution and uniform phase distribution. It is shown that at resonant wavelengths the unequal-reflectivity mirrors interference wedge has a property of optical asymmetry in reflection for both contraincidences and that the earlier-reported phenomenon of spectrally controlled resurgence of light outside the nonresonantly reflected beam increases drastically to reach at resonance 60–70% of the reflected power. We ascertained that the wedge spectral selectivity is a function of the product of the reflectivities of its mirrors. Keeping one of them fixed and increasing the other, a higher wedge transmission may be obtained, but for a constant value of their product a maximum in transmission is achieved at equal reflectivities. Some of the dependences obtained have been checked experimentally.     

等光程干涉仪中参考镜楔角最优补偿方式研究北大核心CSCD

在测量多表面平行样品时,多面干涉会影响测量结果。为了能改善多面干涉问题,介绍了等光程干涉仪,并研究了参考镜楔角的最佳补偿方式。在等光程干涉仪中,由于参考镜和分光镜的楔角和倾角的存在,测量结果中会带有回程误差。根据参考镜楔角的不同情况采用了不同的补偿,理论分析并确定了各种补偿的放置方式和补偿量,同时研究了倾角和楔角的大小对于要被遮拦光束高度和像方数值孔径NA的影响。再利用Zemax进行不同补偿方式下的干涉仪仿真,并根据仿真得到的干涉图PV值分析回程误差的大小。分析表明:选用最佳补偿方式,参考镜楔角为1′,回程误差优于0.003个波长。     

Optical testing of large windows for laser applications

This report records the results of two tests to sort out large plates for use as windows. The first test is an interferometric one and the second is a Fourier transform evaluation. Both tests were conducted on the plates over their full area. The plates are characterized by their distortions and wedge angle. The wedge angle evaluation can be quantitative as to the angle and wedge orientation.     

Numerical simulation of the optical reflection and transmission coefficients of a periodic surface of metallic nanowire grating

The optical reflection and transmission coefficients of a metallic nanograting have been studied with the use of numerical simulation in a wide range of the size of structural units of the grating. The grating is composed of silver nanowires arranged periodically on a quartz substrate. The cases of s- and p-polarized incident waves have been considered. In particular, it has been found that the spectral dependence of the reflection and transmission coefficients of the nanograting becomes oscillatory and exhibits several deep minima when all structural parameters of the grating (the nanowire’s width and height, and the grating period) approach tens of nanometers. The physical reason of the appearance of these oscillations has been analyzed. It has been shown how the depth and position of the discovered minima depend on the light angle of the incident wave and the rotation angle of the grating around its normal surface.     

Classification of shock wave reflections from a wedge. Part 2: Experimental and numerical simulations of different types of Mach reflections

Classification of various types of the reflections of a shock wave over straight wedge is supposed. The idea about entire reflection phenomenon as a result of interaction of two processes—the shock wave refection process and the flow deflection process—serves as a basis for the classification. To recognize the types of reflection, changes in the shapes of the reflected wave, Mach stem and contact surface are taken into account. The boundaries and domains of existence for various types of reflection are reported. New names for some types of reflection are proposed.     

Ni原子倾斜轰击Pt(111)表面低能溅射现象的分子动力学模拟

采用嵌入原子方法的原子间相互作用势,通过分子动力学模拟详细研究了以不同角度入射的低能Ni原子与Pt (111)基体表面相互作用过程中的低能溅射行为.结果表明:随着入射角度从0°增加到80°,溅射产额Y_s和入射原子钉扎系数S的变化均可以根据入射角θ近似地分为以下三个区域:当θ ≤ 20°时,Y_s和S几乎保持不变,其值与垂直入射时接近,溅射原子的发射角分布和能量分布也与垂直入射时的情 关键词： 分子动力学模拟 入射角 低能溅射     

氢-空气绕流无限长斜劈斜爆震波数值模拟

采用二维多组分有化学反应的Euler方程,考虑单步化学反应,采用有限反应速率模型,对斜爆震波进行计算,通过将数值模拟结果与实验结果对比,验证了数值模拟方法的有效性。在此基础上,对氢空气绕流无限长斜劈的斜爆震过程进行了数值模拟,分析了斜劈角度对斜爆震波特性的影响。结果表明:当斜劈角度增大时,爆震波中的化学反应速率随之增大,相应的斜爆震波的角度也增加,波后的温度更高,同时波后法向马赫数减小。     

Method and Experiments of Linearly Splitting He-Ne Laser Modes

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光电相位检测技术测量楔角

介绍用莫尔偏折术及电子外差读数技术测量楔角的方法,并给出楔角计算公式。该方法引入的测量误差约为1％,且它适于小角度测量。