基于三光谱带的大气散射效应校正方法

大气散射效应作为CO₂反演的主要误差源,严重影响了全球大气CO₂卫星产品的应用研究。气溶胶作用以及气溶胶与地表综合作用是大气散射的重要来源。基于O₂-A,CO₂ 1.6和2.06 μm三个光谱带中的强、弱吸收峰和连续谱,从大气气溶胶光学厚度和地表反照率的角度,分析三光谱带具有的相关信息,提出改进的全物理反演方法,对相关性很强的气溶胶光学厚度和地表反照率这两个散射相关参数进行同步反演,实现大气CO₂反演中的散射效应校正。模拟计算气溶胶影响、气溶胶和地表反照率两者综合影响导致的CO₂反演误差,并进行校正,极端情况下导致的8% CO₂反演误差可校正到1% 内,气溶胶类型差异导致最高达10%的散射影响可校正到2%内,显示了方法的有效性,同时通过对校正效果的评估,表明该方法应用于卫星数据高精度反演的潜力,也指出了实际应用时需要关注的问题。     

Factors Analysis for CO2 Retrieval from the Ground-Based Hyperspectral Measurements in the Short Wave InfraredSCIEI北大核心CSCD

Ground-based CO2 inversion accuracy determines the understanding of CO2 source and sink. However the study about factors affecting ground-based CO2 inversion. In order to improve CO2 inversion accuracy, the effects from aerosol, spectral shift, spectral band selection, spectrometer response function type, half width and truncation error have been analyzed by using radiative transfer model. The results show that: (1) the multiple scattering of aerosol can be ignored when instrument field of view is less than 1.5 degrees and aerosol optical depth is less than 0.5. (2) The inversion results are smaller when there are spectral offsets. The inversion errors increase nonlinear with spectral offsets. And the higher the spectral resolution, the larger the effect of spectral shift. (3) Different spectral bands have various average signal-to-noise ratio, selecting channels with appropriate signal-to-noise ratio and enhancing instrument signal-to-noise ratio can reduce the effect of instrument noise. (4) The higher the instrument resolution, the more important the degree of accuracy of instrument line function for simulated spectrum. Therefore, for hyper-spectral observation, the constancy of environmental temperature is key of acquiring high precision inversion results. (5) For over-high spectral resolution, simulated spectrum is anamorphic due to crosstalk effect. Therefore the crosstalk effect must be considered when the spectrometer resolution is advanced.     

多轴差分吸收光谱技术反演气溶胶消光系数垂直廓线

研究了多轴差分吸收光谱技术(MAX-DOAS)的气溶胶消光系数垂直廓线反演算法. 该算法应用非线性最优估算法, 通过MAX-DOAS测量的氧的二聚体(O₄), 反演气溶胶消光系数垂直廓线和光学厚度(AOD). 首先研究了非线性最优估算法中权重函数、先验廓线协方差矩阵、测量不确定度协方差矩阵的计算方法, 针对中国气溶胶浓度较高且变化剧烈的特征, 设计了非线性迭代方案. 然后在低气溶胶、高气溶胶和抬高型气溶胶三种状态下, 通过计算机仿真模拟验证了MAX-DOAS气溶胶消光系数垂直分布反演算法, 讨论了误差来源. 之后在合肥地区开展了连续观测实验, 并将反演的AOD与CE318太阳光度计对比, 两者的相关性系数达到了0.94. AOD反演的相对误差约为20%. 又将反演的最低层(0–0.3 km)气溶胶消光系数与能见度仪对比, 两者的相关性系数为0.65. 近地面气溶胶消光系数反演的总相对误差约为10%. 模拟验证和对比实验均说明本文研究的气溶胶消光系数垂直廓线反演算法可以较好地获取对流层的气溶胶状态. 关键词： 多轴差分吸收光谱 气溶胶消光系数垂直廓线 气溶胶光学厚度 最优估算法     

植物叶绿素荧光对CO2反演精度的影响

大气散射效应作为CO₂反演的主要误差源,严重影响了大气CO₂卫星测量的反演精度。氧气在大气中含量稳定,大气CO₂反演方法中常利用氧气的这一特性进行散射校正,其中典型的有光子概率密度函数(PPDF)方法。然而,O₂ A吸收带的光辐射中存在的植物叶绿素荧光会在不同程度上影响PPDF因子的反演,进而限制了CO₂反演精度。由于植被荧光信号较弱,在以往CO₂反演中没有引起足够重视。在调研全球植被荧光分布的基础上,模拟分析了荧光对大气CO₂柱含量(XCO₂)的影响。模拟计算无气溶胶条件下,以及气溶胶和地表反照率两者综合条件下荧光的影响,结果显示,当不考虑气溶胶的影响,荧光强度从0.1增加到1.8(mW·m-2·sr-1·nm-1),会给CO₂的反演结果造成0.1~2 (10-6)的偏差;考虑气溶胶与地表反射率的影响时,会给CO₂的反演结果造成(0.1~3)×10-6的偏差。此研究表明,对于具有高精度需求的CO₂反演,植物叶绿素荧光是一个不可忽略的影响因素。     

Raman激光雷达探测气溶胶消光系数求解新方法

利用Raman激光雷达测量的回波数据求解气溶胶消光系数,选用美国标准大气模式时,反演结果有可能会产生较大的误差。提出一种采用温度模式求解Raman激光雷达回波方程探测对流层大气气溶胶消光系数的新方法,并对这种新方法进行了详细的理论推导。通过与利用无线电探空仪测量数据计算的结果进行对比,发现二者具有较好的一致性。理论和实验均表明：通常情况下,采用温度模式方法求解Raman激光雷达方程探测对流层大气气溶胶消光系数是可行的。温度模式方法包含了探测地点的季节和地理海拔因素,较直接采用美国标准大气模式更加符合实际,可以减少反演结果的误差。     

高光谱分辨率激光雷达鉴频器的设计与分析

提出了利用Fabry-Perot干涉仪的反射场实现高光谱分辨率激光雷达精细探测大气光学参量的新方法和思路.设计了高光谱分辨率的分光系统,并分析了干涉仪反射场的光谱透过特征曲线.结合高光谱激光雷达探测信号特征,讨论分析了谱分离比和瑞利信号透过率随反射率和腔长的变化曲线,同时结合误差传递公式,建立了仿真分析模型,讨论了回波光束发散角和入射角变化对激光雷达探测结果的影响.结果表明,所提出的Fabry-Perot干涉仪反射场可以实现高光谱分辨率激光雷达探测系统的精细分光,同时探测结果误差随回波光束发散角变化不敏感,控制发散角在10 mrad以内,入射角在1.5 mrad以内时,可以实现气溶胶光学参数廓线的高精度探测.     

Simultaneous Measurement of Wind and Aerosol Backscattering in the Troposphere by High Spectral Resolution Lidar with Iodine Filter

We propose a high spectral resolution lidar system which is capable of measuring aerosol backscattering and line-of-sight wind velocity in the troposphere. An iodine vapor filter is used to separate the aerosol and Rayleigh scattering components as well as to discriminate the Doppler shift frequency. The performance of the lidar system is estimated with reasonable parameters. The error of horizontal wind velocity below an altitude of 6 km is less than 0.5 m/s, and accuracy of the aerosol backscattering coefficient is better than 40% below 10 km. This system is particularly suitable for the study of aerosol transportation in the troposphere.     

Influence of the vertical profile of Saharan dust on the visible direct radiative forcing

The vertical profile of Saharan dust in the atmosphere is generally characterized by a large aerosol concentration in the mid troposphere, differently from the climatological distribution of other types of particles, that show a peak at the surface and a rapid decrease with height. Saharan dust is also characterized by particles of relatively large size of irregular shape, and variable values of the single scattering albedo (the ratio between radiation scattering and extinction). The dust's peculiar vertical distribution is expected to produce an effect on the calculation of the direct aerosol radiative forcing at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere. This effect is investigated by comparing estimates of aerosol direct visible radiative forcing at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere for dust vertical profiles measured in the Mediterranean, and for the climatological profile. The radiative forcing is estimated by means of an accurate radiative transfer model, and for the ocean surface. The sensitivity of the results on the solar zenith angle, aerosol optical depth, and aerosol absorption is also investigated. The aerosol radiative forcing at the surface shows a very small dependency on the aerosol vertical profile. At the top of the atmosphere, the radiative forcing is weakly dependent on the vertical profile (up to 10% variation on the daily average forcing) for low absorbing particles; conversely, it shows a strong dependency (the daily radiative forcing may vary up to 100%) for absorbing particles. The top of the atmosphere visible radiative forcing efficiency produced by dust having single scattering albedo <0.7 is higher by 4 W m⁻² when the observed vertical profile instead of the standard profile is used in the calculations (i.e. it produces a lower cooling). For values of the single scattering albedo around 0.67, the sign of the forcing depends on the vertical profile. The influence of the vertical distribution on the radiative forcing is largest at small values of the solar zenith angle, and at short wavelengths.     

气溶胶对大气CO_2短波红外遥感探测影响的模拟分析

气溶胶引起的光学路径长度改变是影响高分辨率近红外光谱反演大气CO_2浓度的重要误差源.本文利用高精度大气辐射传输模式模拟中国碳卫星观测,结合CALIPSO(Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations)卫星的气溶胶廓线产品研究了不同特性的气溶胶对卫星观测光谱的影响.模拟结果显示:气溶胶散射引起的光学路径长度改变与气溶胶类型、模态以及垂直分布密切相关;城市型和海洋型气溶胶对观测光谱影响很大;多层分布的积聚模态大陆型和海洋型气溶胶在光学厚度小于0.3时,会引起5%以内的负辐射变化,随光学厚度不断增加会引起正的辐射变化;主要以粗粒子模态存在的气溶胶在不同的垂直分布情况下均会引起辐射的负变化,从而造成CO_2浓度的高估;另外,随气溶胶分布高度变高,负的辐射变化程度会逐渐减小.     

被动多轴差分吸收光谱大气气溶胶光学厚度监测方法研究

介绍了基于太阳散射光的被动多轴差分吸收光谱（MAX-DOAS）技术在大气气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical density,AOD）监测中的应用. MAX-DOAS根据氧的二聚物（O₄）在紫外、可见波段的特征吸收来确定气溶胶参数,实验中利用测量得到的O₄在360 nm处斜柱浓度,并结合O₄垂直柱浓度基本稳定等信息,在选取合适的气溶胶单次散射反照率、非对称因子及其廓线形状等条件下,基于大气辐射传输模型采用迭代算法解析出大气气溶胶光学厚度. 经过与太阳光度计(CE318)测量结果的对比,两者相关性达到87%.