光学医学应用

R318.512007010992热凝固致人肝组织光衰减和光穿透深度的变化=Comparison of light attenuation characteristics and optical penetration depths between native and coagulated human liver tissues[刊,中]/魏华江(华南师范大学激光生命科学研究所.广东,广州(510631)),郭周     

近红外光谱范围人肝癌变和热凝固导致组织吸收和散射特性的变化

研究了人肝的癌变及热凝固导致其对710,730,750,770,790,810,830,850,870和890 nm的钛宝石激光的吸收和散射特性的变化,实验采用双积分球测量系统以及反向倍增法获取肝组织的吸收和散射特性参数.结果表明:人肝的癌变导致其吸收系数发生了显著的减小,其变化的最大值在850 nm,其值为86.12%,而变化的最小值在750 nm,其值为82.65%.正常人肝组织热凝固导致其吸收系数明显变化,其吸收系数的变化的最大值在710 nm,其值为79.55%,而变化的最小值在790 nm,其值为0.72%.人肝癌组织热凝固导致其吸收系数显著地增大,其变化的最大值在810 nm,其值为78.69%,而变化的最小值在710nm,其值为38.16%.人肝的癌变导致了肝组织的散射系数发生了显著的增大,其变化的最大值在710 nm,其值为158.37%,而变化的最小值在890 nm,其值为136.03%.正常人肝组织热凝固导致其散射系数显著地增大,其变化的最大值在890 nm,其值为632.92%,而变化的最小值在710 nm,其值为587.40%.人肝癌组织热凝固导致其散射系数显著地增大,其变化的最大值在810 nm,其值为384.25%,而变化的最小值在710 nm,其值为330.86%.肝组织的吸收和散射特性的变化也随着激光波长的变化而变化.     

4O6.7～415.4nm和632.8nm辐射在人肺组织中的穿透深度

在对作者原有工作改进的基础上，应用自行研制的“光纤探针深度计”首次精确测定了Kr+紫激光406．7～415．4um和He-Ne激光632．8nm波长处新鲜离休人肺组织中光能流率分布，获得这两种重要波长处人肺正常组织和人肺腺鳞癌组织中光能流率的分布规律及光穿透深度的数值：（1）δnormal=0.08mm,δtumour=0.32mm(λ=406.7～415.4nm);(2)δnormal=1.19mm,δturmour=1.70mm(λ=632.8nm),并对现有人肺组织的光穿透深度数据作了总结和讨论．     

热作用致良性前列腺增生组织的光学特性变化

研究了热作用下的良性前列腺增生(BPH)组织对808和980 nm的半导体激光的光学特性的变化及其差异。实验采用双积分球测量系统以及反向倍增法获取良性前列腺增生组织的光学特性。结果表明,热作用下的良性前列腺增生组织对808 nm和980 nm的吸收系数、约化散射系数和光学穿透深度都是随着加热温度的变化而变化的,在20~80℃的温度范围内,良性前列腺增生组织对808 nm的吸收系数和约化散射系数都分别明显地较其对980 nm的吸收系数和约化散射系数要大,而其对808 nm的光学穿透深度却明显地较其对980 nm的光学穿透深度要小,吸收系数的最大值都在20℃,分别为0.528 mm-1和0.448 mm-1;最小值分别在50℃和70℃,分别为0.436 mm-1和0.326 mm-1,吸收系数的最大差异在70℃,其值为34.1%;约化散射系数的最大值都在80℃,其值分别为1.45 mm-1和1.43 mm-1,最小值分别在20℃和70℃,分别为1.15 mm-1和0.973 mm-1,最大差异在70℃,其值为24.4%;光学穿透深度的最大值分别在50℃和70℃,其值分别为0.684 mm和0.887 mm,最小值都在80℃,其值分别为0.608 mm和0.696 mm,最大差异在70℃,其值为30.4%。在70℃的热作用下良性前列腺增生组织达到完全热凝固,吸收系数、散射系数和光学穿透深度的差异达到最大值。     

5个不同波长的激光及其线偏振激光辐照人正常膀胱组织光学特性

采用双积分球系统和光辐射测量技术的基本原理以及运用生物组织的光学模型 ,研究了 4 76 5 ,4 88,4 96 5 ,5 14 5和 5 32nm激光及其线偏振激光辐照人正常膀胱组织的光学特性。结果表明 :组织对激光及线偏振激光的总衰减系数和散射系数均随着波长的增大而减小 ,而且线偏振激光与非线偏振激光入射是有明显的差异。吸收系数是随着波长的增大而缓慢地减小 ,但有一些起伏 ,而与是否线偏振光入射无明显差异。平均散射余弦也是随着波长的增大而减小 ,而且线偏振激光与非线偏振激光入射是有明显的差异。光学穿透深度则是随着波长的增大而增大 ,而有一些起伏。折射率在这 5个波长范围内的值在 (1 37～ 1 4 4 )之间。Kubelka Munk二流模型下组织对同一波长的激光及其线偏振激光的吸收系数、散射系数、总衰减系数和有效衰减系数没有显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。组织对不同波长的激光或其线偏振激光的吸收系数、散射系数、总衰减系数和有效衰减系数则有些是有明显的差异     

Ar+激光和532 nm激光及其线偏振激光辐照光学模型下人正常小肠组织光学特性

采用双积分球系统和光辐射测量技术的基本原理以及运用生物组织的光学模型 ,研究了 4 76 5 ,4 88,4 96 5 ,5 14 5 ,5 32nm激光及其线偏振激光辐照人正常小肠组织的光学特性。结果表明 :组织对激光及线偏振激光的衰减系数和散射系数随着波长的减小而增大 ,而 5 14 5～ 5 32nm波长之间 ,线偏振光与非线偏振光入射则开始有明显差异。吸收系数是随着波长的减小而缓慢地增大 ,而 5 14 5～ 5 32nm波长之间吸收系数的改变则明显变小 ,与是否线偏振光入射无明显差异。平均散射余弦也是随着波长的减小而增大 ,光学穿透深度则是随着波长的增大而增大 ,折射率在这五个波长范围内的值在 (1 38～ 1 4 8)之间。Kubel ka Munk二流模型下组织对同一波长的激光及其线偏振激光的吸收系数、散射系数、总衰减系数、有效衰减系数没有显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。组织对不同波长的激光或其线偏振激光的吸收系数、散射系数、总衰减系数、有效衰减系数是有差异的。而在 5 14 5～ 5 32nm波长之间其光学特性参数有较为明显的差异。     

人膀胱癌组织对不同波长的激光及其线偏振激光的衰减特性比较研究

采用双积分球系统和光辐射测量技术的基本原理以及运用生物组织的光学模型,研究了4765,488,4965,5145,532nm激光及其线偏振激光辐照人膀胱癌组织的光衰减特性。结果表明在5个不同的激光波长范围内,KubelkaMunktwoflux模型下的人膀胱癌组织对不同波长的激光及线偏振激光的衰减特性是不同的,人膀胱癌组织对4765,4965,532nm激光及其线偏振激光的总衰减系数或有效衰减系数均具有显著性差异(P<005),而对488,5145nm波长的激光及其线偏振激光的总衰减系数或有效衰减系数则均没有显著性差异(P>005),人膀胱癌组织对532nm激光及其线偏振激光的总衰减系数或有效衰减系数均明显大于其他4个波长的Ar 激光及其线偏振激光的总衰减系数或有效衰减系数。在传输理论下人膀胱癌组织对5个不同波长的激光及其线偏振激光的总衰减系数均随着波长的增大而减小,人膀胱癌组织对4765,4965,5145nm波长的激光及其线偏振激光的总衰减系数均有显著性差异(P<005),其对488,532nm波长的激光及其线偏振激光的总衰减系数均没有显著性差异(P>005)。     

粗糙热传导表面下激光介质的热效应

在考虑激光介质与热沉不完全接触导热的情况下,用面热源自适应调整算法计算了激光介质的温度场,研究了其热效应.表面附近相位差存在起伏且深入一定深度使热效应复杂化.随抽运功率的增大,表面附近相位差的起伏增强,而起伏深度变化不明显;接触面积增大,相位差起伏减小,起伏的深度有所减小.抽运功率较小时,热致衍射损耗随抽运功率的增大近似线性增大,高斯光半径越大,增大的斜率越大,当抽运功率增加到一定程度时,热致衍射损耗增大的趋势减缓,半径大的减缓较明显.在抽运光功率变化范围内,半径大的高斯光热致衍射损耗大于半径小的.高斯光半径较小时,接触面积对热致衍射损耗的影响不明显,当高斯光半径较大时,接触面积减小热致衍射损耗增大.     

激光波长对纳米光纤俘获和输送聚苯乙烯微球的影响

研究激光波长对纳米光纤俘获和输送聚苯乙烯微球能力的影响.理论分析结果表明,当光纤直径和激光功率一定时,随着激光波长的增大,光纤外面倏逝波的分布范围和强度都变大,微球所受到的光梯度力和散射力也随之增大,这意味着纳米光纤俘获和输送微球的能力随着激光波长的增大而增强.实验现象和理论预测完全符合.将三种波长的激光分别导入直径为600 nm的光纤中,通过实验观察发现,随着激光波长的增大,俘获微球所需要的临界功率变小,意味着光纤俘获微球的能力增强;而当激光功率一定时,随着激光波长的增大,微球的运动速度也增大,说明光纤输送微球的能力增强.     

激光波长对拉曼散射水温遥感系统测温精度及探测深度的影响

机载激光拉曼散射雷达技术可以快速获取次表层海水温度的三维分布,具有重要的实用价值和经济价值.首先,从理论上分析了水的伸缩振动拉曼谱峰值位置和半高全宽与激发波长之间的对应关系,发现随着激发波长的增大,拉曼峰逐渐向长波方向移动,且拉曼光谱半高全宽显著增大.然后,实验测量了不同温度下450 nm激光和532 nm激光激发的水的拉曼光谱,对比验证了上述理论分析结果.并采用单高斯峰拟合法分析了两组拉曼光谱,拟合出高斯峰峰值位置与温度之间的关系,分析了激发波长对温度测量精度的影响.研究发现,采用较长波长的激发光可以提高拉曼光谱的测量精度,从而改善测温精度.最后,建立了拉曼散射雷达方程,分析了拉曼散射系数与激光波长之间的关系,研究了激光波长对雷达系统探测深度的影响.结果表明,激光波长对雷达系统探测深度有很大的影响,采用480 nm以下波长的激光时雷达系统探测深度较大,而采用长波段激光时雷达系统探测深度会大幅降低.实际系统设计中选取激光光源时需要综合考虑上述两方面的影响.     

热凝固致良性前列腺增生组织在590～1 064 nm的吸收和散射特性的变化

研究了自然的和热凝固的良性前列腺增生(BPH)组织在590～1064nm光谱范围的光学特性及其差异,实验采用带积分球附件的分光光度计以及反向倍增法获取组织样品的吸收和散射特性参数。结果表明:热凝固导致BPH组织在590～1064nm光谱范围的吸收系数明显地减小的,自然的和热凝固的BPH组织的吸收系数都有一个峰值在990nm处,其值分别为0.438和0.416mm-1,自然的和热凝固的BPH组织的吸收系数的最大差异在1064nm,其值为86.79%,其最小差异在920nm,其值为4.74%。热凝固导致BPH组织在600～1064nm光谱范围的约化散射系数明显地增大,而在590nm处,热凝固导致BPH组织的约化散射系数却是明显地减小,自然的和热凝固的BPH组织的约化散射系数都有一个峰值在970nm处,其值分别为1.090和1.449mm-1,其另一个峰值都在1050nm处,其值分别为1.116和1.627mm-1,自然的和热凝固的BPH组织的约化散射系数的最大差异在1060nm,其值为47.73%,其最小差异在600nm,其值为4.86%。     

Optical properties of normal and thermally coagulated chicken liver tissue measured ex-vivo with diffuse reflectance

The purpose of the present study is to determine the optical properties of normal and thermally coagulated chicken liver at 720, 740, 770, 810, 825 and 840 nm wavelengths of laser irradiation. So, we were able to evaluate these optical properties (absorption and scattering coefficients) with ex-vivo study using Kubelka Munk Model (KMM) from the radial dependence of the diffuse reflectance with femtosecond pulsed laser in near IR region. These coefficients were significantly increased with coagulation. The penetration depths of the diffused light have been reported to a maximum value of 8.12 ± 0.36 mm in normal liver and 2.49 ± 0.17 mm in coagulated liver at 840 nm showing increasing behavior towards IR region. The Monte Carlo simulation was used to check the theoretical validation of measured optical properties of the tissue that showed a good match with our experimental results. We believe that these differences in optical properties will be helpful for the understanding arid optimal use of laser applications in medicine and differential diagnosis of tissues by using different optical methods. Especially for the investigation of biological tissue for photodynamic therapy (PDT), the knowledge of the specific optical properties and their thermo-induced changes is important.     

良性前列腺增生组织对钛宝石激光的吸收和散射特性

研究了经尿道等离子体双极电切除术(PKRP)切除和经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)切除的前列腺增生(BPH)组织对640,660,680,700,720,740,760,780,800,820,840,860和880nm波长的钛宝石激光的光学特性及其差异,实验采用双积分球测量系统以及反向倍增法获取BPH组织的吸收和散射特性参数。结果表明:PKRP和TURP切除的BPH组织对这13个不同波长的激光的吸收系数和约化散射系数都是随着激光波长增大而明显减小的,PKRP切除的BPH组织对这同一波长的激光的吸收系数和约化散射系数都明显较TURP切除的BPH组织对相应的波长的激光的吸收系数和约化散射系数要小,PKRP和TURP切除的BPH组织的吸收系数以及约化散射系数的最大值都在640nm,其值分别为(0.885±0.022)和(0.955±0.024)mm-1以及(1.564±0.039)和(1.658±0.042)mm-1,其差异分别为7.91%以及6.01%,其最小值都在880nm,其值分别为(0.443±0.011)和(0.455±0.011)mm-1以及(1.117±0.028)和(1.197±0.030)mm-1,其差异分别为2.71%以及7.16%。PKRP和TURP切除的BPH组织对660nm的吸收系数的差异最大,其值为8.95%,其差异最小在860nm,其值为1.75%,PKRP和TURP切除的BPH组织对800nm的约化散射系数的差异最大,其值为9.13%,其差异最小在640nm,其值为6.01%。     

A double wavelength DFB laser with an identical active area for CWDM

A novel distribute feedback (DFB) laser which gave two different wavelengths under two distinct work conditions was fabricated. The laser consists of two Bragg gratings with different periods corresponding to wavelength spacing of 20 nm in an identical active area. When driving current was injected into one of the different sections separately, two different wavelengths at 1542.4 and 1562.5 nm were realized. The side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of 45 dB or more both for the two Bragg wavelengths were achieved. The fabricating process of the laser was just the same as that of traditional DFB laser diode. This device can be potentially used in coarse wavelength division multiplexer (CWDM) as a promising light source and the technology idea can be used to enlarge the transmission capacity in metro area network (MAN).     

Anisotropic photonic lattices and discrete solitons in photorefractive media

Table grapes were irradiated with UV nanosecond laser pulses in searching for resonant photo-elicitation of trans-resveratrol, a known antioxidant compound naturally produced by grapevines and other plants. To this end, the irradiation time as well as the wavelength dependence of the induced trans-resveratrol content was investigated by comparing the elicitation level of this compound at two laser wavelengths. One wavelength was selected right at the maximum of the absorption band (302.1 nm, the resonant wavelength for this compound) while the second was selected (300 nm, a non-resonant wavelength) such that trans-resveratrol absorption is negligible. It was found that the resonant irradiation enhances the resveratrol content in grapes by up to six times more than that of non-resonant irradiation, the rest of the conditions being the same. This work demonstrates how selective laser excitation of fruits can open new possibilities for the development of functional foods with enhanced nutritional and beneficial properties. PACS 42.62.-b; 82.50.Hp     

Stable Dual-Wavelength Fibre Laser with Bragg Gratings Fabricated in a Polarization-Maintaining Erbium-Doped Fibre

A new polarization-independent duai-wavelength fibre laser by fabricating a uniform FBG and a chirped FBG in a polarization-maintaining erbium-doped fibre （PM-EDF） is proposed and demonstrated. The wavelength spacing is 0.18nm and the optical signal-to-noise ratio is greater than 50dB with pump power of 246mW. Chirped FBG is used to make the reflectivity wavelengths of two PM-FBGs match easier. Since both EDF and FBGs are polarization-maintaining without splices and the two wavelengths are polarization-independent, the maximum amplitude variation and wavelength shifts for both lasing wavelength with 3-min intervals over a period of six hours are less than 0.2 dB and 0.005 nm, respectively, which shows stable dual-wavelength output.     

Multiwavelength Q-switched CO2 laser with continuous discharge

A low-pressure (20 mbar) CO₂ laser allows to extract pulses at several selected wavelengths simultaneously from the same active medium. We demonstrated this, using an industrial laser modified by a Q-switch and a resonator with two branches. In one branch the wavelengths are spatially separated, whereas in the other they oscillate in one common transverse mode. We designed a multi-wavelength resonator which requires a single additional reflector compared to usual laser cavities. It provided tunable oscillation at six wavelength simultaneously.